This paper studies how the nature of managerial skills affects firms’ governance decisions. As required skills shift from firm specific toward more general abilities, replacing an underperforming CEO with an outside hire becomes more profitable for shareholders. Therefore, firms adopt stronger governance arrangements to limit the entrenchment of incumbent CEOs and exploit the improved opportunities offered by the market for talent. The analysis rationalizes the observed trend toward stronger corporate governance and offers novel empirical predictions concerning the relationship between managerial entrenchment, firm size, and the nature of managerial skills.
{"title":"Managerial Entrenchment and the Market for Talent","authors":"F. Feriozzi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1342989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1342989","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper studies how the nature of managerial skills affects firms’ governance decisions. As required skills shift from firm specific toward more general abilities, replacing an underperforming CEO with an outside hire becomes more profitable for shareholders. Therefore, firms adopt stronger governance arrangements to limit the entrenchment of incumbent CEOs and exploit the improved opportunities offered by the market for talent. The analysis rationalizes the observed trend toward stronger corporate governance and offers novel empirical predictions concerning the relationship between managerial entrenchment, firm size, and the nature of managerial skills.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"16 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129605737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks the solution how to influence investors’ behavior and their ability to invest responsibly. The aim is to extend the traditional approach to portfolio selection by adding ethical dimension to risk/return analysis. The first part of this study is a review of different methods of presenting the SRI outperformance – from matching approach and fund benchmarking to comparison of the performance of SRI index with the traditional non-screened indices. The second part compares the significance of financial outperformance of companies considered as socially responsible over any other companies from American stock markets. The last section of this paper contains the results of the performance analysis of socially screened companies over the last five years. These results support the hypothesis that social screens help investors to pick financially strong companies that give favorable risk-expected return relation.
{"title":"SRI? I Don’t Buy it! (Because You’re Selling it Wrong)","authors":"Piotr Kaźmierkiewicz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1687117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1687117","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks the solution how to influence investors’ behavior and their ability to invest responsibly. The aim is to extend the traditional approach to portfolio selection by adding ethical dimension to risk/return analysis. The first part of this study is a review of different methods of presenting the SRI outperformance – from matching approach and fund benchmarking to comparison of the performance of SRI index with the traditional non-screened indices. The second part compares the significance of financial outperformance of companies considered as socially responsible over any other companies from American stock markets. The last section of this paper contains the results of the performance analysis of socially screened companies over the last five years. These results support the hypothesis that social screens help investors to pick financially strong companies that give favorable risk-expected return relation.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124393715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-09DOI: 10.15358/0340-1650-2009-8-402
Rüdiger Hahn
In recent years, the segment of the world's poor has moved into the focus of business and academia. This trend was accelerated by stagnation tendencies in the industrialized world together with comparatively high growth rates in developing countries. Under the headline Base of the Pyramid, innovative business models utilizing market chances and resources in this segment are being discussed. The paper analyses various approaches of an inclusion of a formerly unnoticed part of the world population and illustrates further enhancements of such approaches as well as limitations of this thinking. In den letzten Jahren ist das Bevolkerungssegment der "Armsten der Welt" verstarkt in das Blickfeld von Unternehmenspraxis und Forschung geruckt, u. a. forciert durch Stagnationstendenzen in den Industrielandern bei zugleich hohen Wachstumsraten in Entwicklungslandern. Unter dem Stichwort "Base of the Pyramid“ werden dabei innovative Geschaftsmodelle zur Nutzung bisher vernachlassigter unternehmerischer Chancen auf Absatz- und auf Beschaffungsmarkten in diesem Segment diskutiert. Der Beitrag erortert verschiedene Ansatze einer dazu erforderlichen Integration zuvor zumeist unbeachteter Bevolkerungsgruppen und illustriert zugleich Erweiterungsmoglichkeiten wie auch Grenzen dieses Denkens.
{"title":"The 'Base of the Pyramid'-Concept: Integrative Business Models in Developing Countries (Das Konzept 'Base of the Pyramid': Integrative Geschäftsmodelle in Entwicklungsländern)","authors":"Rüdiger Hahn","doi":"10.15358/0340-1650-2009-8-402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2009-8-402","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the segment of the world's poor has moved into the focus of business and academia. This trend was accelerated by stagnation tendencies in the industrialized world together with comparatively high growth rates in developing countries. Under the headline Base of the Pyramid, innovative business models utilizing market chances and resources in this segment are being discussed. The paper analyses various approaches of an inclusion of a formerly unnoticed part of the world population and illustrates further enhancements of such approaches as well as limitations of this thinking. In den letzten Jahren ist das Bevolkerungssegment der \"Armsten der Welt\" verstarkt in das Blickfeld von Unternehmenspraxis und Forschung geruckt, u. a. forciert durch Stagnationstendenzen in den Industrielandern bei zugleich hohen Wachstumsraten in Entwicklungslandern. Unter dem Stichwort \"Base of the Pyramid“ werden dabei innovative Geschaftsmodelle zur Nutzung bisher vernachlassigter unternehmerischer Chancen auf Absatz- und auf Beschaffungsmarkten in diesem Segment diskutiert. Der Beitrag erortert verschiedene Ansatze einer dazu erforderlichen Integration zuvor zumeist unbeachteter Bevolkerungsgruppen und illustriert zugleich Erweiterungsmoglichkeiten wie auch Grenzen dieses Denkens.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128539494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While many rating systems seek to help buyers overcome information asymmetries when making purchasing decisions, we investigate how these ratings also influence the companies being rated. We hypothesize that ratings are particularly likely to spur responses from firms that receive poor ratings, and especially those that face lower-cost opportunities to improve or that anticipate greater benefits from doing do. We test our hypotheses in the context of corporate environmental ratings that guide investors to select “socially responsible,” and avoid “socially irresponsible,” companies. We examine how several hundred firms respond to corporate environmental ratings issued by a prominent independent social rating agency, and take advantage of an exogenous shock that occurred when the agency expanded the scope of its ratings. Our study is among the first to theorize about the impact of ratings on subsequent performance, and we introduce important contingencies that influence firm response. These theoretical advances inform stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and economic theory.
{"title":"How Firms Respond to Being Rated","authors":"A. Chatterji, M. Toffel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1018719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1018719","url":null,"abstract":"While many rating systems seek to help buyers overcome information asymmetries when making purchasing decisions, we investigate how these ratings also influence the companies being rated. We hypothesize that ratings are particularly likely to spur responses from firms that receive poor ratings, and especially those that face lower-cost opportunities to improve or that anticipate greater benefits from doing do. We test our hypotheses in the context of corporate environmental ratings that guide investors to select “socially responsible,” and avoid “socially irresponsible,” companies. We examine how several hundred firms respond to corporate environmental ratings issued by a prominent independent social rating agency, and take advantage of an exogenous shock that occurred when the agency expanded the scope of its ratings. Our study is among the first to theorize about the impact of ratings on subsequent performance, and we introduce important contingencies that influence firm response. These theoretical advances inform stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and economic theory.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"261 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124274969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay explores the relationship between commerce and culture in the context of the recent debate over the social effect of Wal-Mart. In spite of much public debate, little is known about how Wal-Mart affects values. Using data collected from multiple sources, we show there is little evidence that Wal-Mart makes communities more conservative or more progressive.
{"title":"Wal-Mart and Values: Painting the Town Red?","authors":"Art Carden, Charles Courtemanche, Jeremy Meiners","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.996164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.996164","url":null,"abstract":"This essay explores the relationship between commerce and culture in the context of the recent debate over the social effect of Wal-Mart. In spite of much public debate, little is known about how Wal-Mart affects values. Using data collected from multiple sources, we show there is little evidence that Wal-Mart makes communities more conservative or more progressive.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116093122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-28DOI: 10.5465/AMJ.2009.37315471
P. Leonardi, Michele H. Jackson, Amer Diwan
This article explores why engineering students are committed to counterproductive practices. Student informants’ work practices appeared to coincide with lay stereotypes about what “good engineers” do, and they sought to justify those practices as rational. This externalization encouraged them to perform these practices more frequently. We characterize the relationship between the enactment of norms and the externalization of work practices as a dialectical process that helps explain why the students could not conceive of changing their practices. We draw implications for theory on occupational socialization and for the management of engineering work from our findings.
{"title":"The Enactment-Externalization Dialectic: Rationalization and the Persistence of Counter-Productive Technology Design Practices in Student Engineering","authors":"P. Leonardi, Michele H. Jackson, Amer Diwan","doi":"10.5465/AMJ.2009.37315471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.37315471","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores why engineering students are committed to counterproductive practices. Student informants’ work practices appeared to coincide with lay stereotypes about what “good engineers” do, and they sought to justify those practices as rational. This externalization encouraged them to perform these practices more frequently. We characterize the relationship between the enactment of norms and the externalization of work practices as a dialectical process that helps explain why the students could not conceive of changing their practices. We draw implications for theory on occupational socialization and for the management of engineering work from our findings.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133361425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using a recent innovative Oregon sustainable corporation law as a springboard, this article argues for requiring all transnational corporations to be chartered as sustainable corporations. Given the far-reaching effects of their operations and their uniquely powerful role, the global wealth that has been accumulated in these organizations must be fundamentally redirected toward creating a sustainable world. As a privilege of doing transnational business, transnational corporations should be required to incorporate environmental and social responsibility into their corporate charters - the document that sets forth the prime mission of the corporation and its directors, essentially baking sustainability into the corporate DNA of transnational corporations. To be both effective and to harness the entrepreneurial creativity of these organizations, the sustainable corporation charter must be implemented per provisions that require transnational corporations to develop corporate sustainability strategies in accordance with the guidance provided by the implementing provisions. The implementing provisions should also require that the transnational corporations monitor and report in a standardized manner compliance with the corporate sustainability strategy, with sustainability-related laws, and with nonbinding environmental, labor, human rights, corruption, and other sustainability-related standards. The sustainable corporation charter requirement should be imposed as a matter of international law, through an international convention and administered by an international commission. The requirements should be directly applicable to transnational corporations as a condition of doing transnational business. The commission should be authorized to take enforcement action directly against the corporation. In addition, both home and host nations to transnational corporations should agree to compel the corporations - either incorporated in that nation or doing business in that nation - to comply with the sustainable corporation charter requirement as a condition of doing any business. Nations that fail to join the international convention, or that fail to enforce the international convention, should be subject to mandatory trade and other economic sanctions by all signatories to the international agreement. We can no longer allow transnational corporations to aggregate the bulk of societal wealth and then operate in an environmentally and socially irresponsible manner. The proposals in this article are one step toward turning transnational corporations into sustainable corporations.
{"title":"Chartering Sustainable Transnational Corporations","authors":"Susan L. Smith","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1335035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1335035","url":null,"abstract":"Using a recent innovative Oregon sustainable corporation law as a springboard, this article argues for requiring all transnational corporations to be chartered as sustainable corporations. Given the far-reaching effects of their operations and their uniquely powerful role, the global wealth that has been accumulated in these organizations must be fundamentally redirected toward creating a sustainable world. As a privilege of doing transnational business, transnational corporations should be required to incorporate environmental and social responsibility into their corporate charters - the document that sets forth the prime mission of the corporation and its directors, essentially baking sustainability into the corporate DNA of transnational corporations. To be both effective and to harness the entrepreneurial creativity of these organizations, the sustainable corporation charter must be implemented per provisions that require transnational corporations to develop corporate sustainability strategies in accordance with the guidance provided by the implementing provisions. The implementing provisions should also require that the transnational corporations monitor and report in a standardized manner compliance with the corporate sustainability strategy, with sustainability-related laws, and with nonbinding environmental, labor, human rights, corruption, and other sustainability-related standards. The sustainable corporation charter requirement should be imposed as a matter of international law, through an international convention and administered by an international commission. The requirements should be directly applicable to transnational corporations as a condition of doing transnational business. The commission should be authorized to take enforcement action directly against the corporation. In addition, both home and host nations to transnational corporations should agree to compel the corporations - either incorporated in that nation or doing business in that nation - to comply with the sustainable corporation charter requirement as a condition of doing any business. Nations that fail to join the international convention, or that fail to enforce the international convention, should be subject to mandatory trade and other economic sanctions by all signatories to the international agreement. We can no longer allow transnational corporations to aggregate the bulk of societal wealth and then operate in an environmentally and socially irresponsible manner. The proposals in this article are one step toward turning transnational corporations into sustainable corporations.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127212434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Where the concepts of free markets and capitalism have been lauded to bring freedom and choice, they have been held responsible for bringing much worldwide social and economic disparity. Critics have blamed them for widespread crime, corruption and poverty. Wary of such consequences, entrepreneurs have come with an innovative idea - running businesses on a no-loss basis, combined with a social and moral cause. This paper looks at the core concepts that lie at the heart of capitalism and free markets, and redefines the enterprise as an entity that not only operates to maximise profits, but also works towards a righteous cause. The paper discusses the basic features of a social business enterprise (SBE) and provides an illustration of the theoretical framework; the second part of the paper presents the case of Grameen- Danone Foods Limited (GDFL), a social business enterprise. It carries a detailed analysis of its rationale, incorporation, product, operations, and the challenges it currently faces. The paper concludes with a note on the benefits which such a social enterprise brings, and surmises future prospects.
{"title":"Social Business Enterprises - Maximising Social Benefits or Maximising Profits? The Case of Grameen-Danone Foods Limited","authors":"A. Ghalib, F. Hossain","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1265652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1265652","url":null,"abstract":"Where the concepts of free markets and capitalism have been lauded to bring freedom and choice, they have been held responsible for bringing much worldwide social and economic disparity. Critics have blamed them for widespread crime, corruption and poverty. Wary of such consequences, entrepreneurs have come with an innovative idea - running businesses on a no-loss basis, combined with a social and moral cause. This paper looks at the core concepts that lie at the heart of capitalism and free markets, and redefines the enterprise as an entity that not only operates to maximise profits, but also works towards a righteous cause. The paper discusses the basic features of a social business enterprise (SBE) and provides an illustration of the theoretical framework; the second part of the paper presents the case of Grameen- Danone Foods Limited (GDFL), a social business enterprise. It carries a detailed analysis of its rationale, incorporation, product, operations, and the challenges it currently faces. The paper concludes with a note on the benefits which such a social enterprise brings, and surmises future prospects.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126534412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is an attempt to give a short description of the theoretical literature focusing on different conceptual models of corporate governance and empirical studies relating to whether good corporate governance leads to better firm performance. Majority of the literature has been found to focus on the relationship between shareholders, directors, and management. The findings of these empirical studies are mixed and as a result, it is often difficult for users to draw any firm conclusion on the relationship. On the other hand, studies undertaken considering the overall corporate governance mostly provide evidence of significant relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. However, whether better corporate governance causes higher firm performance is still remains a valid research question for reasons like ambiguity regarding the direction of causality.
{"title":"Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: Theory and Evidence from Literature","authors":"P. Biswas, Md. Hamid Ullah Bhuiyan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1257617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1257617","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an attempt to give a short description of the theoretical literature focusing on different conceptual models of corporate governance and empirical studies relating to whether good corporate governance leads to better firm performance. Majority of the literature has been found to focus on the relationship between shareholders, directors, and management. The findings of these empirical studies are mixed and as a result, it is often difficult for users to draw any firm conclusion on the relationship. On the other hand, studies undertaken considering the overall corporate governance mostly provide evidence of significant relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. However, whether better corporate governance causes higher firm performance is still remains a valid research question for reasons like ambiguity regarding the direction of causality.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"134 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131004167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The views on the objectives of a firm are many, varied and some are contradicting. This paper attempts to identify the primary objective of a firm from the primary objective of an economy and synthesizes the hitherto different objectives to get a holistic view. This has interesting implications for the recent environmental concerns, social responsibility of business, and questions the need for a separate theory of public firm.
{"title":"Firm's Objectives: A Synthesis","authors":"Chendrayan Chendroyaperumal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1334727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1334727","url":null,"abstract":"The views on the objectives of a firm are many, varied and some are contradicting. This paper attempts to identify the primary objective of a firm from the primary objective of an economy and synthesizes the hitherto different objectives to get a holistic view. This has interesting implications for the recent environmental concerns, social responsibility of business, and questions the need for a separate theory of public firm.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131119114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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