J. Lay, Toman Omar Mahmoud, George Michuki M'Mukaria
Engagement in non-agricultural activities in rural areas can be classified into survival-led or opportunity-led. Survival-led diversification would decrease inequality by increasing the incomes of poorer households and thus reduce poverty. By contrast, opportunity-led diversification would increase inequality and have a minor effect on poverty, as it tends to be confined to non-poor households. Using data from Western Kenya, we confirm the existence of the differently motivated diversification strategies. Yet, the poverty and inequality implications differ somewhat from our expectations. Our findings indicate that in addition to asset constraints, rural households also face limited or relatively risky high-return opportunities outside agriculture. JEL classification: Q12, O17, I31
{"title":"Boda-Bodas Rule: Non-Agricultural Activities and Their Inequality Implications in Western Kenya","authors":"J. Lay, Toman Omar Mahmoud, George Michuki M'Mukaria","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.983913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.983913","url":null,"abstract":"Engagement in non-agricultural activities in rural areas can be classified into survival-led or opportunity-led. Survival-led diversification would decrease inequality by increasing the incomes of poorer households and thus reduce poverty. By contrast, opportunity-led diversification would increase inequality and have a minor effect on poverty, as it tends to be confined to non-poor households. Using data from Western Kenya, we confirm the existence of the differently motivated diversification strategies. Yet, the poverty and inequality implications differ somewhat from our expectations. Our findings indicate that in addition to asset constraints, rural households also face limited or relatively risky high-return opportunities outside agriculture. JEL classification: Q12, O17, I31","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116646573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the relationship between parental employment and time with children in Spain. We find large differences across genders in basic primary and secondary childcare, but not in quality primary childcare. The analysis shows no significant differences in quality primary childcare across employment status. Furthermore, the results indicate that more educated parents allocate more time to primary care. The study also suggests that a work schedule that finishes no later than 6 pm would raise significantly the time allocated to childcare by working parents.
{"title":"Time with Children and Parental Employment (El Tiempo con los Hijos y la Actividad Laboral de los Padres)","authors":"Maria Gutiérrez-Domènech","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1018895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1018895","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies the relationship between parental employment and time with children in Spain. We find large differences across genders in basic primary and secondary childcare, but not in quality primary childcare. The analysis shows no significant differences in quality primary childcare across employment status. Furthermore, the results indicate that more educated parents allocate more time to primary care. The study also suggests that a work schedule that finishes no later than 6 pm would raise significantly the time allocated to childcare by working parents.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116466648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Angers, D. Desjardins, G. Dionne, B. Dostie, F. Guertin
We propose a parametric model based on the Poisson distribution that permits to take into account both unobserved worker and workplace heterogeneity as long as both effects are nested. By assuming that workplace and worker unobserved heterogeneity components follow a gamma and a Dirichlet distribution respectively, we obtain a closed form for the unconditional density function. We estimate the model to obtain the determinants of absenteeism using linked employer-employee Canadian data from the Workplace and Employee Survey (2003). Coefficient estimates are interpreted in the framework of the typical labor-leisure model. We show that omitting unobserved heterogeneity on either side of the employment relationship leads to notable biases in the estimated coefficients. In particular, the impact of wages on absences is underestimated in simpler models.
{"title":"Poisson Models with Employer-Employee Unobserved Heterogeneity: An Application to Absence Data","authors":"J. Angers, D. Desjardins, G. Dionne, B. Dostie, F. Guertin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.988986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.988986","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a parametric model based on the Poisson distribution that permits to take into account both unobserved worker and workplace heterogeneity as long as both effects are nested. By assuming that workplace and worker unobserved heterogeneity components follow a gamma and a Dirichlet distribution respectively, we obtain a closed form for the unconditional density function. We estimate the model to obtain the determinants of absenteeism using linked employer-employee Canadian data from the Workplace and Employee Survey (2003). Coefficient estimates are interpreted in the framework of the typical labor-leisure model. We show that omitting unobserved heterogeneity on either side of the employment relationship leads to notable biases in the estimated coefficients. In particular, the impact of wages on absences is underestimated in simpler models.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133333768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catholic social teaching is, by design, ill-suited to abstract formulation. It can be understood only through exploration in the context of pressing social problems. At the same time, the value of the teaching emanates from its grounding in truths that are not cabined by the contingent nature of modern epistemological understanding. The Church offers lessons to particular participants in a particular scene of the human drama because its foundational principles speak to all participants in the human drama, everywhere and in every age. Nowhere is this attribute reflected more clearly than in discussions of the two pillars of Catholic social teaching - solidarity and subsidiarity. In simple terms, solidarity represents the "commitment to the good of one's neighbor," and subsidiarity represents the conviction that "needs are best understood and satisfied by people who are closest to them." The relevance of the interplay between these principles becomes clear against the background provided by the expanding norms of consumer autonomy in American law. Increasingly, the state has taken upon itself the responsibility to compel providers to honor the individual consumer's decisions, regardless of how morally problematic those decisions might be from the provider's perspective. Examples of this trend abound when it comes to the provision of goods such as health care, education, and law. This chapter - part of a forthcoming volume titled Recovering Self-Evident Truths: Catholic Perspectives on American Law - introduces solidarity and subsidiarity into the conversation.
{"title":"Solidarity, Subsidiarity, and the Consumerist Impetus of American Law","authors":"Robert K. Vischer","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt3fgpt7.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt3fgpt7.10","url":null,"abstract":"Catholic social teaching is, by design, ill-suited to abstract formulation. It can be understood only through exploration in the context of pressing social problems. At the same time, the value of the teaching emanates from its grounding in truths that are not cabined by the contingent nature of modern epistemological understanding. The Church offers lessons to particular participants in a particular scene of the human drama because its foundational principles speak to all participants in the human drama, everywhere and in every age. Nowhere is this attribute reflected more clearly than in discussions of the two pillars of Catholic social teaching - solidarity and subsidiarity. In simple terms, solidarity represents the \"commitment to the good of one's neighbor,\" and subsidiarity represents the conviction that \"needs are best understood and satisfied by people who are closest to them.\" The relevance of the interplay between these principles becomes clear against the background provided by the expanding norms of consumer autonomy in American law. Increasingly, the state has taken upon itself the responsibility to compel providers to honor the individual consumer's decisions, regardless of how morally problematic those decisions might be from the provider's perspective. Examples of this trend abound when it comes to the provision of goods such as health care, education, and law. This chapter - part of a forthcoming volume titled Recovering Self-Evident Truths: Catholic Perspectives on American Law - introduces solidarity and subsidiarity into the conversation.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114733798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People like their names enough to unconsciously approach consciously-avoided name-resembling outcomes. Baseball players avoid strikeouts, but players with strikeout-signifying K-initials strike out more than others (Study 1). All students want A's, but C- and D-initialed students find initial-resembling outcomes less aversive and achieve lower GPAs (Study 2), particularly if they like their initials (Study 3). Because lower GPAs lead to lesser graduate schools, C- and D-initialed students go to lower ranked law schools than their A- and B-initialed counterparts (Study 4). Finally, in an experimental design, participants perform worse when a consolation prize shares their first initial (Study 5). These findings provide striking evidence that unconscious wants can insidiously undermine conscious pursuits.
{"title":"Moniker Maladies: When Names Sabotage Success","authors":"Leif D. Nelson, J. Simmons","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.946249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.946249","url":null,"abstract":"People like their names enough to unconsciously approach consciously-avoided name-resembling outcomes. Baseball players avoid strikeouts, but players with strikeout-signifying K-initials strike out more than others (Study 1). All students want A's, but C- and D-initialed students find initial-resembling outcomes less aversive and achieve lower GPAs (Study 2), particularly if they like their initials (Study 3). Because lower GPAs lead to lesser graduate schools, C- and D-initialed students go to lower ranked law schools than their A- and B-initialed counterparts (Study 4). Finally, in an experimental design, participants perform worse when a consolation prize shares their first initial (Study 5). These findings provide striking evidence that unconscious wants can insidiously undermine conscious pursuits.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"42 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122746368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the relationship between education and unemployment in Post-Apartheid South Africa, and probes the argument that employment growth has been inhibited particularly by skills constraints. We use probit regression analysis to show that higher education protected against unemployment in both 1995 and 2003, and that overall, the relative benefits to tertiary education rose over the period. We show also that these aggregate trends mask substantial variation among race groups and within race groups, among men and women. However, after taking into account changes in the survey instruments used to measure employment, we find only modest evidence of skills-intensive employment growth. Rather, the increase in formally qualified labour was considerably larger than the increase in demand for skilled and semi-skilled labour over the period, and so unemployment rates even among graduates increased over the period.
{"title":"Unemployment, Education and Skills Constraints in Post-Apartheid South Africa","authors":"R. Dias, D. Posel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.982046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.982046","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the relationship between education and unemployment in Post-Apartheid South Africa, and probes the argument that employment growth has been inhibited particularly by skills constraints. We use probit regression analysis to show that higher education protected against unemployment in both 1995 and 2003, and that overall, the relative benefits to tertiary education rose over the period. We show also that these aggregate trends mask substantial variation among race groups and within race groups, among men and women. However, after taking into account changes in the survey instruments used to measure employment, we find only modest evidence of skills-intensive employment growth. Rather, the increase in formally qualified labour was considerably larger than the increase in demand for skilled and semi-skilled labour over the period, and so unemployment rates even among graduates increased over the period.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127302123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By introducing the concept of "social asset specificity," this paper presents an attempt to analyze public institutions and macro-level institutional change. Social asset is defined as the aggregate of all physical asset, human asset, political, social and legal rules, and so on, that are controlled by the whole society. I distinguish two dimensions of social asset specificity, namely VSAS and HSAS, that measure the idiosyncrasy of the social asset's future productive power and current exchange value, respectively. In a neoclassical world, these two dimensions are the same; but for macro-social institutions, they are different. A theoretical framework is then developed to analyze economic reform strategies in transitional economies. In some sense, this approach also represents a positive view of transaction cost that is complementary to the conventional negative view.
{"title":"Social Asset Specificity and a Positive View of Transaction Cost","authors":"F. Deng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.962795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.962795","url":null,"abstract":"By introducing the concept of \"social asset specificity,\" this paper presents an attempt to analyze public institutions and macro-level institutional change. Social asset is defined as the aggregate of all physical asset, human asset, political, social and legal rules, and so on, that are controlled by the whole society. I distinguish two dimensions of social asset specificity, namely VSAS and HSAS, that measure the idiosyncrasy of the social asset's future productive power and current exchange value, respectively. In a neoclassical world, these two dimensions are the same; but for macro-social institutions, they are different. A theoretical framework is then developed to analyze economic reform strategies in transitional economies. In some sense, this approach also represents a positive view of transaction cost that is complementary to the conventional negative view.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132943612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We review The Great Indian Poverty Debate edited by Angus Deaton and Valerie Kozel. The volume has great value as a survey of the complex issues involved in estimating poverty in India, which have recently been the subject of substantial controversy. However, the volume has notable omissions. The official poverty lines presently applied in India are of doubtful value, especially in the assessment of poverty trends. We propose an alternative approach to defining and updating poverty lines for India, by anchoring them in the real requirements of achieving elementary human capabilities.
{"title":"Indian Poverty Estimates: How Great is the Debate?","authors":"S. Reddy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.959861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.959861","url":null,"abstract":"We review The Great Indian Poverty Debate edited by Angus Deaton and Valerie Kozel. The volume has great value as a survey of the complex issues involved in estimating poverty in India, which have recently been the subject of substantial controversy. However, the volume has notable omissions. The official poverty lines presently applied in India are of doubtful value, especially in the assessment of poverty trends. We propose an alternative approach to defining and updating poverty lines for India, by anchoring them in the real requirements of achieving elementary human capabilities.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124893880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Gulf Coast residents, community groups, and policy makers have a uniquely powerful and dynamic charge - rebuild a great city. The chosen vehicle for housing redevelopment in Louisiana is the Road Home, a federally funded program designed to combine administrative flexibility while protecting the homeowner status of Katrina-displacees. The Road Home provides renovation grants of up to $150,000 for Katrina-displaced homeowners to rebuild storm damaged residences. While the basic tenets of the Road Home are largely commendable, the program remains fundamentally flawed because it fails to protect Louisiana's most politically and economically vulnerable residents. In an effort to concentrate post-disaster redevelopment, the Road Home administrators will deny renovation grants to qualified residents living in neighborhoods where too few homeowners are returning to rebuild their community. This Comment argues that the restriction triggers federal displacement benefits under the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act (URA). The URA's displacement benefits will be triggered by certain Road Home property acquisitions under a theory of functional displacement.
{"title":"The Quiet of Dissolution: Post-Disaster Redevelopment and Status Preserving Compensation","authors":"David V. Simunovich","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.957366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.957366","url":null,"abstract":"In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Gulf Coast residents, community groups, and policy makers have a uniquely powerful and dynamic charge - rebuild a great city. The chosen vehicle for housing redevelopment in Louisiana is the Road Home, a federally funded program designed to combine administrative flexibility while protecting the homeowner status of Katrina-displacees. The Road Home provides renovation grants of up to $150,000 for Katrina-displaced homeowners to rebuild storm damaged residences. While the basic tenets of the Road Home are largely commendable, the program remains fundamentally flawed because it fails to protect Louisiana's most politically and economically vulnerable residents. In an effort to concentrate post-disaster redevelopment, the Road Home administrators will deny renovation grants to qualified residents living in neighborhoods where too few homeowners are returning to rebuild their community. This Comment argues that the restriction triggers federal displacement benefits under the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act (URA). The URA's displacement benefits will be triggered by certain Road Home property acquisitions under a theory of functional displacement.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134208444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The word poverty it self is subjective and refers to some sort of deficiency of resources. It is relative word, however it has been defined by many experts and institutes differently. Every society is fighting against poverty by using various means. Cooperative organisation is one of the institutional means which can help reducing poverty of the members of the society. The small piece of paper written here was published in 'PAC' community concerned with poverty on the platform of World Bank, was published on its PAC site in year 2003.
{"title":"Poverty Reduction Strategies through Cooperatives","authors":"V. Sapovadia","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.958048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.958048","url":null,"abstract":"The word poverty it self is subjective and refers to some sort of deficiency of resources. It is relative word, however it has been defined by many experts and institutes differently. Every society is fighting against poverty by using various means. Cooperative organisation is one of the institutional means which can help reducing poverty of the members of the society. The small piece of paper written here was published in 'PAC' community concerned with poverty on the platform of World Bank, was published on its PAC site in year 2003.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114493572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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