African Americans in the United States are considerably less likely to own their homes compared to Whites. Differences in household income and other socio-economic and demographic characteristics can only partially explain this gap and previous studies suggest that the ‘unexplained’ gap has increased over time. In this paper we use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) intergenerational data, which provides information on household wealth, parental characteristics and macro-location choice. We find that African-American households are 6.5 percent less likely to own if only traditional explanatory variables are controlled for. However, the black-white homeownership gap disappears if differences in own and parental wealth and in the preferred macro-location type are accounted for.
{"title":"Explaining the Black-White Homeownership Gap: The Role of Own Wealth, Parental Externalities and Locational Preferences","authors":"C. Hilber, Yingchun Liu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1012380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1012380","url":null,"abstract":"African Americans in the United States are considerably less likely to own their homes compared to Whites. Differences in household income and other socio-economic and demographic characteristics can only partially explain this gap and previous studies suggest that the ‘unexplained’ gap has increased over time. In this paper we use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) intergenerational data, which provides information on household wealth, parental characteristics and macro-location choice. We find that African-American households are 6.5 percent less likely to own if only traditional explanatory variables are controlled for. However, the black-white homeownership gap disappears if differences in own and parental wealth and in the preferred macro-location type are accounted for.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"338 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116261149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This essay makes a conceptual distinction between societal categories, such as social networks, norms, and social status differentiation, on the one hand, and social capital, on the other. The former are institutional phenomena arising as outcomes of social-exchange games in which individual agents invest strategically in social capital. Recent development of neuroscience suggests the future possibility of measuring social payoffs in terms of tradeoff relationships with hedonic payoffs. This possibility may suggest that a linked-game approach to social capital and its implications for economic performance are more promising. This approach might make feasible an analysis of socioeconomic network that is not possible using an economic or sociological approach in isolation. Particularly, this essay suggests a way to apply the linked-game approach to the problem of the tragedy of the commons, which is becoming one of most acute public issues of our time.
{"title":"'Individual' Social Capital, 'Social' Networks, and Their Linkages to Economic Game","authors":"M. Aoki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1029156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1029156","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This essay makes a conceptual distinction between societal categories, such as social networks, norms, and social status differentiation, on the one hand, and social capital, on the other. The former are institutional phenomena arising as outcomes of social-exchange games in which individual agents invest strategically in social capital. Recent development of neuroscience suggests the future possibility of measuring social payoffs in terms of tradeoff relationships with hedonic payoffs. This possibility may suggest that a linked-game approach to social capital and its implications for economic performance are more promising. This approach might make feasible an analysis of socioeconomic network that is not possible using an economic or sociological approach in isolation. Particularly, this essay suggests a way to apply the linked-game approach to the problem of the tragedy of the commons, which is becoming one of most acute public issues of our time.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124880278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of social interactions as drivers of economic dynamics represents a growing field of the economics of complexity. Social interactions are a specific form of interdependence whereby the changes in the behavior of other agents affect the structure of the utility functions for households and of the production functions for producers. In this paper, we apply the general concept of social interactions to the area of the economics of innovation and technological change. In particular, we discuss how both the knowledge spillovers literature and the Schumpeterian notion of creative reaction can be reconciled within a general framework building on the concept of social interactions within complex dynamics. The paper presents an empirical analysis of firm level total factor productivity (TFP) for a sample of 7020 Italian manufacturing companies observed during years 1996-2005. We show that changes in firm level TFP are significantly affected by localised social interactions. Such evidence is robust to the introduction of appropriate regional and sectoral controls, as well as to econometric specifications accounting for potential endogeneity problems. Moreover, we find evidence suggesting that changes in competitive pressure, namely the creative reaction channel, significantly affect firm level TFP with and additive effect with respect to localised social interactions deriving from knowledge spillovers.
{"title":"Complexity and Innovation: Social Interactions and Firm Level Total Factor Productivity","authors":"C. Antonelli, Giuseppe Scellato","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.999294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.999294","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of social interactions as drivers of economic dynamics represents a growing field of the economics of complexity. Social interactions are a specific form of interdependence whereby the changes in the behavior of other agents affect the structure of the utility functions for households and of the production functions for producers. In this paper, we apply the general concept of social interactions to the area of the economics of innovation and technological change. In particular, we discuss how both the knowledge spillovers literature and the Schumpeterian notion of creative reaction can be reconciled within a general framework building on the concept of social interactions within complex dynamics. The paper presents an empirical analysis of firm level total factor productivity (TFP) for a sample of 7020 Italian manufacturing companies observed during years 1996-2005. We show that changes in firm level TFP are significantly affected by localised social interactions. Such evidence is robust to the introduction of appropriate regional and sectoral controls, as well as to econometric specifications accounting for potential endogeneity problems. Moreover, we find evidence suggesting that changes in competitive pressure, namely the creative reaction channel, significantly affect firm level TFP with and additive effect with respect to localised social interactions deriving from knowledge spillovers.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122423512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an ongoing social battle over the power to determine the legal, ethical, and economic substance of the regime that governs corporations and specifies their powers and duties with regard to the protection of human rights. Whereas for much of the history of the modern corporation its object and purpose were widely considered to be settled by domestic law, custom, and social contract, revelations of massive corporate fraud at Enron et al., environmental disasters at Bhopal and in Alaska, allegations of corporate complicity in widespread violations of human rights in the developing world, and the gathering transnational strength of the human rights movement have unraveled this common understanding to form two contending camps with ideologically opposed visions of how corporations should be structured and held responsible for harms connected to their conduct. Both contend upon the terrain mapped out by a new social movement, entitled corporate social responsibility [CSR], which engages a variety of state and non-state actors in contestation over a host of political and legal projects designed by their architects to restrain corporations in their pursuit of self-interest and to hold them accountable to constituencies other than shareholders for their performance along dimensions such as the protection of the environment and human rights. For much of the past two decades the struggle between the two leading paradigms of corporate governance - shareholder theory and stakeholder theory - and, in turn, the evolution of the CSR movement, has been fought within the academy. However, the wave of corporate scandals in the first few years of the third millennium and the increasing sophistication of the international human rights movement have combined to draw the battle out of the academy and into new arenas - judicial, legislative, and regulatory. In this new phase of ideological and political contestation, the champions of shareholder theory are, naturally, many (and perhaps most) corporations and their shareholders. On the other side of the equation, a broad spectrum of nongovernmental organizations [NGOs] - pressure groups, charities, religious groups, interested individuals, and other entities organized around specific themes such as the promotion and protection of human rights, labor rights, indigenous rights, women's rights, and the environment - are the major proponents of stakeholder theory and of a much more expansive view of the obligations owed by corporations to constituencies under the rubric of CSR. What seem like vastly divergent interests, normative commitments, and worldviews of corporations on the one hand and human rights NGOs on the other would suggest the conclusion that conflict is inevitable and cooperation is impossible, especially in the emotion-laden and politically sensitive issue-area of human rights. This conclusion might appear all the more logical in light of the salience of CSR to the international human rights movement
{"title":"Beyond Good and Evil: Toward a Solution of the Conflict between Corporate Profits and Human Rights","authors":"W. Bradford","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.991241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.991241","url":null,"abstract":"There is an ongoing social battle over the power to determine the legal, ethical, and economic substance of the regime that governs corporations and specifies their powers and duties with regard to the protection of human rights. Whereas for much of the history of the modern corporation its object and purpose were widely considered to be settled by domestic law, custom, and social contract, revelations of massive corporate fraud at Enron et al., environmental disasters at Bhopal and in Alaska, allegations of corporate complicity in widespread violations of human rights in the developing world, and the gathering transnational strength of the human rights movement have unraveled this common understanding to form two contending camps with ideologically opposed visions of how corporations should be structured and held responsible for harms connected to their conduct. Both contend upon the terrain mapped out by a new social movement, entitled corporate social responsibility [CSR], which engages a variety of state and non-state actors in contestation over a host of political and legal projects designed by their architects to restrain corporations in their pursuit of self-interest and to hold them accountable to constituencies other than shareholders for their performance along dimensions such as the protection of the environment and human rights. For much of the past two decades the struggle between the two leading paradigms of corporate governance - shareholder theory and stakeholder theory - and, in turn, the evolution of the CSR movement, has been fought within the academy. However, the wave of corporate scandals in the first few years of the third millennium and the increasing sophistication of the international human rights movement have combined to draw the battle out of the academy and into new arenas - judicial, legislative, and regulatory. In this new phase of ideological and political contestation, the champions of shareholder theory are, naturally, many (and perhaps most) corporations and their shareholders. On the other side of the equation, a broad spectrum of nongovernmental organizations [NGOs] - pressure groups, charities, religious groups, interested individuals, and other entities organized around specific themes such as the promotion and protection of human rights, labor rights, indigenous rights, women's rights, and the environment - are the major proponents of stakeholder theory and of a much more expansive view of the obligations owed by corporations to constituencies under the rubric of CSR. What seem like vastly divergent interests, normative commitments, and worldviews of corporations on the one hand and human rights NGOs on the other would suggest the conclusion that conflict is inevitable and cooperation is impossible, especially in the emotion-laden and politically sensitive issue-area of human rights. This conclusion might appear all the more logical in light of the salience of CSR to the international human rights movement","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130631829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous research on union wage effects in Australia has focused on the central parts of the conditional wage distribution. This study uses quantile regression models to examine whether the union wage effect varies across the (conditional) wage distribution. The data draw upon the first four waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Union wage premiums are found across almost the entire wage distribution for both males and females. While for males it is evident that the union wage effect decreases when moving up the wage distribution, the effect for females is relatively stable except at the extremities of the distribution. Overall, unions are found to have a larger effect on male than on female wages. The decomposition results show that for males, the union wage effect explains a substantial proportion of the observed wage gap between union and non-union workers; this is not the case for females.
{"title":"Union Wage Effects in Australia: Are There Variations in Distribution?","authors":"L. Cai, Amy Y. C. Liu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.995977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.995977","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research on union wage effects in Australia has focused on the central parts of the conditional wage distribution. This study uses quantile regression models to examine whether the union wage effect varies across the (conditional) wage distribution. The data draw upon the first four waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Union wage premiums are found across almost the entire wage distribution for both males and females. While for males it is evident that the union wage effect decreases when moving up the wage distribution, the effect for females is relatively stable except at the extremities of the distribution. Overall, unions are found to have a larger effect on male than on female wages. The decomposition results show that for males, the union wage effect explains a substantial proportion of the observed wage gap between union and non-union workers; this is not the case for females.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127837826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the latest version available of "Do We Know What Works": A Systematic Review of Impact Evaluations of Social Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean?. The document reviews social programs placing emphasis on extracting lessons from those that have been evaluated in order to assess the development effectiveness of these interventions.
{"title":"Do We Know What Works? A Systematic Review of Impact Evaluations of Social Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"C. Bouillon, Luis Tejerina","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.996502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.996502","url":null,"abstract":"This is the latest version available of \"Do We Know What Works\": A Systematic Review of Impact Evaluations of Social Programs in Latin America and the Caribbean?. The document reviews social programs placing emphasis on extracting lessons from those that have been evaluated in order to assess the development effectiveness of these interventions.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127327803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyze the effect of Wal-Mart's entry into the grocery market using a unique store-level price panel data set. We use ordinary least squares and two instrumental-variables specifications to estimate the effect of Wal-Mart's entry on competitors' prices of 24 grocery items across several categories. Wal-Mart's price advantage over competitors for these products averages approximately 10%. On average, competitors' response to entry by a Wal-Mart Supercenter is a price reduction of 1–1.2%, mostly due to smaller-scale competitors; the response of the “Big Three” supermarket chains (Albertson's, Safeway, and Kroger) is less than half that size. Low-end grocery stores, which compete more directly with Wal-Mart, cut their prices more than twice as much as higher-end stores. We confirm our results using a falsification exercise, in which we test for Wal-Mart's effect on prices of services that it does not provide, such as movie tickets and dry-cleaning services.
{"title":"The Evolving Food Chain: Competitive Effects of Wal-Mart's Entry into the Supermarket Industry","authors":"Emek Basker, M. Noel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.994460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.994460","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the effect of Wal-Mart's entry into the grocery market using a unique store-level price panel data set. We use ordinary least squares and two instrumental-variables specifications to estimate the effect of Wal-Mart's entry on competitors' prices of 24 grocery items across several categories. Wal-Mart's price advantage over competitors for these products averages approximately 10%. On average, competitors' response to entry by a Wal-Mart Supercenter is a price reduction of 1–1.2%, mostly due to smaller-scale competitors; the response of the “Big Three” supermarket chains (Albertson's, Safeway, and Kroger) is less than half that size. Low-end grocery stores, which compete more directly with Wal-Mart, cut their prices more than twice as much as higher-end stores. We confirm our results using a falsification exercise, in which we test for Wal-Mart's effect on prices of services that it does not provide, such as movie tickets and dry-cleaning services.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133328259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We test whether Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is driven by strategic considerations by empirically studying the link between competition and firms' social performance. We find that firms in more competitive industries have better social ratings. In particular, we show that (i) different market concentration proxies are negatively related to widely used CSR measures; (ii) that an increase in competition due to higher import penetration leads to superior CSR performance; (iii) that firms in more competitive environments have a superior environmental performance, measured by firm pollution levels; and (iv) that more product competition is associated to a larger within-industry CSR variance. We interpret these results as evidence that CSR is strategically chosen.
{"title":"When Necessity Becomes a Virtue: The Effect of Product Market Competition on Corporate Social Responsibility","authors":"Daniel Fernandez-Kranz, Juan Santaló","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.997007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.997007","url":null,"abstract":"We test whether Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is driven by strategic considerations by empirically studying the link between competition and firms' social performance. We find that firms in more competitive industries have better social ratings. In particular, we show that (i) different market concentration proxies are negatively related to widely used CSR measures; (ii) that an increase in competition due to higher import penetration leads to superior CSR performance; (iii) that firms in more competitive environments have a superior environmental performance, measured by firm pollution levels; and (iv) that more product competition is associated to a larger within-industry CSR variance. We interpret these results as evidence that CSR is strategically chosen.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125423310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As John D. Donahue explains: sometimes corporate social responsibility is simple hokum. More often it is sincere but incoherent, wishful thinking. Introducing social objectives that might, in the misty long run, align with shareholder interests threatens to muddy private-sector accountability. Corporate social responsibility can thus become both irresponsible and anti-social. With this in mind, we draw on the notion of externalities from economics and cost-benefit analysis from capital budgeting literature to suggest some rules that could help managers make wiser choices. The first rule: Pay attention to competencies when developing program alternatives and attend carefully to their execution, remembering always that management attention is a scarce resource. The second rule: Develop a framework to assess all corporate initiatives, not just social programs or short-term, profit-driven programs in isolation.
正如John D. Donahue所解释的那样:有时候企业社会责任只是简单的空话。更多的时候，它是真诚的，但不连贯，一厢情愿的想法。从模糊的长期来看，引入可能与股东利益一致的社会目标，可能会使私营部门的问责变得模糊。因此，企业的社会责任可能变得既不负责任又反社会。考虑到这一点，我们借鉴了经济学中的外部性概念和资本预算文献中的成本效益分析，提出了一些规则，可以帮助管理者做出更明智的选择。第一条规则:在开发备选方案时要注意能力，并仔细关注它们的执行，始终记住管理层的注意力是一种稀缺资源。第二条规则:制定一个框架来评估所有公司的举措，而不仅仅是社会项目或短期的、逐利的项目。
{"title":"A Tough-Minded, but Sympathetic, Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility","authors":"E. Maltz, D. J. Ringold, F. Thompson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.989812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.989812","url":null,"abstract":"As John D. Donahue explains: sometimes corporate social responsibility is simple hokum. More often it is sincere but incoherent, wishful thinking. Introducing social objectives that might, in the misty long run, align with shareholder interests threatens to muddy private-sector accountability. Corporate social responsibility can thus become both irresponsible and anti-social. With this in mind, we draw on the notion of externalities from economics and cost-benefit analysis from capital budgeting literature to suggest some rules that could help managers make wiser choices. The first rule: Pay attention to competencies when developing program alternatives and attend carefully to their execution, remembering always that management attention is a scarce resource. The second rule: Develop a framework to assess all corporate initiatives, not just social programs or short-term, profit-driven programs in isolation.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122563760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the hostile work environment suits that have been filed in expressive workplaces: workplaces that create, distribute or facilitate expression that is protected by the First Amendment. It concludes that these cases pose a danger to the public discourse at large by chilling offensive speech dealing with race, sex, gender and religion. Next, it explains how the hostile work environment action violates the First Amendment when it is applied to expressive workplaces, noting how the action does not fall under any of the recognized exceptions to First Amendment protection. Finally, it proposes that expressive workplaces be given a limited exemption from hostile work environment suits, subject to reasonable accommodation.
{"title":"The Expressive Workplace Doctrine: Protecting the Public Discourse from Hostile Work Environment Actions","authors":"Jonathan L. Segal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.975380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.975380","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the hostile work environment suits that have been filed in expressive workplaces: workplaces that create, distribute or facilitate expression that is protected by the First Amendment. It concludes that these cases pose a danger to the public discourse at large by chilling offensive speech dealing with race, sex, gender and religion. Next, it explains how the hostile work environment action violates the First Amendment when it is applied to expressive workplaces, noting how the action does not fall under any of the recognized exceptions to First Amendment protection. Finally, it proposes that expressive workplaces be given a limited exemption from hostile work environment suits, subject to reasonable accommodation.","PeriodicalId":199069,"journal":{"name":"SEIN Social Impacts of Business eJournal","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114230952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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