We investigated the industrial use of ion exchange technology as well as the modeling of fixed bed, multicomponent ion exchange processes. In this paper we report on both fields of this research. We have developed a complex technology for the selective separation of the long-live radionuclides and the partial recycling of boric acid from radioactive evaporator bottom residue. A wastewater treatment system has been developed by using a cesium-selective inorganic ion exchanger. The selective separation of 137Cs, 134Cs from high salt concentration and strongly alkaline evaporator bottom residue in Paks NPP has a volume reduction factor of about 3500–6500 at the value of the decontamination factor DF > 100, for the samples of four evaporator bottom residue tanks of the NPP. Some important classes of ion exchangers do possess uniform internal pore structures and bring all parts of the solíd structure into much closer contact with the liquid. Such materials are porous organic resins. For these types of exchangers, we have modified Mansour's multicomponent adsorption model and developed a computer program to describe multicomponent breakthrough, cocurrent, and counter-current elution curves for ion exchangers. In addition, we have developed a subroutine for the calculation of multicomponent ion exchange kinetics according to Nernst-Planck equation and successfully tested it. This subroutine will be added to the multicomponent ion exchange breakthrough and elution simulation program to have a real multicomponent ion exchange simulation program. In this paper we report about these research results too.
{"title":"Research in Industrial Use of Ion Exchange and Simulation","authors":"G. Pátzay, Emil Csonka","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22490","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the industrial use of ion exchange technology as well as the modeling of fixed bed, multicomponent ion exchange processes. In this paper we report on both fields of this research. We have developed a complex technology for the selective separation of the long-live radionuclides and the partial recycling of boric acid from radioactive evaporator bottom residue. A wastewater treatment system has been developed by using a cesium-selective inorganic ion exchanger. The selective separation of 137Cs, 134Cs from high salt concentration and strongly alkaline evaporator bottom residue in Paks NPP has a volume reduction factor of about 3500–6500 at the value of the decontamination factor DF > 100, for the samples of four evaporator bottom residue tanks of the NPP. Some important classes of ion exchangers do possess uniform internal pore structures and bring all parts of the solíd structure into much closer contact with the liquid. Such materials are porous organic resins. For these types of exchangers, we have modified Mansour's multicomponent adsorption model and developed a computer program to describe multicomponent breakthrough, cocurrent, and counter-current elution curves for ion exchangers. In addition, we have developed a subroutine for the calculation of multicomponent ion exchange kinetics according to Nernst-Planck equation and successfully tested it. This subroutine will be added to the multicomponent ion exchange breakthrough and elution simulation program to have a real multicomponent ion exchange simulation program. In this paper we report about these research results too.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"45 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139268729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andor Vancza, Marcell Levente Kapta, Mariann Papp, György Vankó, Tamás Keszthelyi
We previously studied the effect of 4' substitution in iron(II)-bis-terpyridine complexes, showing that the photoexcited high-spin quintet-state is stabilized by electron-donating substituents. In this paper we explore the effects of electron-donating ( X = NH2 , Cl ) and withdrawing ( X = NO2 ) substituents in the 5,5" positions on the stability and lifetime of the quintet-state. We used a simple densitiy-functional theory (DFT) based method that had been proven fairly accurate in the case of 4' substitution to estimate the energy barrier of the quintet-singlet transition and thereby predict the quintet state lifetime. We synthetized the complexes and used ultrafast transient optical absorption spectroscopy to experimentally determine the quintet lifetimes, in order to test the applicability of these quantum-chemistry based predictive methods for these side-ring substitution cases. UV-Visible spectra of the complexes have shown that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and ligand-localized transitions of these complexes change according to the previous observations. We have shown that in the 5,5" positions, electron withdrawing groups stabilize the quintet state, while donating groups destabilize it. This is in stark contrast to the effects previously observed for the 4' case, and indicates that unlike the latter case, the simple concept of inductive and mesomeric effects may not be adequate to describe the changes due to 5,5" substitution, warranting further study of the area.
{"title":"Determining the Quintet Lifetimes in Side-ring Substituted [Fe(terpy)2]2+ Complexes","authors":"Andor Vancza, Marcell Levente Kapta, Mariann Papp, György Vankó, Tamás Keszthelyi","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22748","url":null,"abstract":"We previously studied the effect of 4' substitution in iron(II)-bis-terpyridine complexes, showing that the photoexcited high-spin quintet-state is stabilized by electron-donating substituents. In this paper we explore the effects of electron-donating ( X = NH2 , Cl ) and withdrawing ( X = NO2 ) substituents in the 5,5\" positions on the stability and lifetime of the quintet-state. We used a simple densitiy-functional theory (DFT) based method that had been proven fairly accurate in the case of 4' substitution to estimate the energy barrier of the quintet-singlet transition and thereby predict the quintet state lifetime. We synthetized the complexes and used ultrafast transient optical absorption spectroscopy to experimentally determine the quintet lifetimes, in order to test the applicability of these quantum-chemistry based predictive methods for these side-ring substitution cases. UV-Visible spectra of the complexes have shown that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and ligand-localized transitions of these complexes change according to the previous observations. We have shown that in the 5,5\" positions, electron withdrawing groups stabilize the quintet state, while donating groups destabilize it. This is in stark contrast to the effects previously observed for the 4' case, and indicates that unlike the latter case, the simple concept of inductive and mesomeric effects may not be adequate to describe the changes due to 5,5\" substitution, warranting further study of the area.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"31 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139270413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Szabina Molnár, Dalma Szombathy, E. Vaszita, Mónika Molnár
The soil degradation processes may cause long-term serious problems in various areas of life on Earth, thus mitigation of these processes by environmental-friendly, innovative soil protection methods is necessary. Biochar produced from organic wastes or by-products by pyrolysis may have several positive properties as additive in soil improvement technologies. In our complex research applying a tiered approach we assessed the main properties of a beech-wood biochar produced from a high volume by-product of a food industry technology. Then we studied in 4-months microcosm experiments the applicability of this biochar as amendment mixed into an acidic, degraded sandy soil. In addition, to forecast the long-term effects of the biochar, artificial physical and biological aging experiments were conducted.Based on the results, the beech-wood biochar was able to shift the acidic pH of the soil to the alkaline range and the electric conductivity of the soil increased with incremental biochar doses. Biochar addition significantly increased the microbial activity, as well. The results had clearly shown that during the mid-term experiment not even the highest biochar dose (15%) had inhibitive effect, but it rather improved several soil parameters. Furthermore, the biochar had positive effect on the soil water holding capacity, and the available soil nutrient and organic matter content. The results of the aging experiments generally showed also favourable effects and demonstrated that the aging-mediated changes differed according to the soil types. Therefore, we have concluded that biochar application requires a char by char and soil by soil testing prior to field application.
{"title":"Tiered Approach for Assessing the Effective and Safe Applicability of Beech Wood Biochar for Soil Improvement","authors":"Szabina Molnár, Dalma Szombathy, E. Vaszita, Mónika Molnár","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22844","url":null,"abstract":"The soil degradation processes may cause long-term serious problems in various areas of life on Earth, thus mitigation of these processes by environmental-friendly, innovative soil protection methods is necessary. Biochar produced from organic wastes or by-products by pyrolysis may have several positive properties as additive in soil improvement technologies. In our complex research applying a tiered approach we assessed the main properties of a beech-wood biochar produced from a high volume by-product of a food industry technology. Then we studied in 4-months microcosm experiments the applicability of this biochar as amendment mixed into an acidic, degraded sandy soil. In addition, to forecast the long-term effects of the biochar, artificial physical and biological aging experiments were conducted.Based on the results, the beech-wood biochar was able to shift the acidic pH of the soil to the alkaline range and the electric conductivity of the soil increased with incremental biochar doses. Biochar addition significantly increased the microbial activity, as well. The results had clearly shown that during the mid-term experiment not even the highest biochar dose (15%) had inhibitive effect, but it rather improved several soil parameters. Furthermore, the biochar had positive effect on the soil water holding capacity, and the available soil nutrient and organic matter content. The results of the aging experiments generally showed also favourable effects and demonstrated that the aging-mediated changes differed according to the soil types. Therefore, we have concluded that biochar application requires a char by char and soil by soil testing prior to field application.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"50 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teszt_10.26_Accept","authors":"Author Teszt, Alma Véghseő","doi":"10.3311/ppch.23606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.23606","url":null,"abstract":"Teszt_10.26_Accept","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dorottya Fruzsina Bánhegyi, János Madarász, Elemér Fogassy, Emese Pálovics, György Pokol
Crystalline unit cell structure of anhydrous title compound, diantipyrinylmethane (CAS Registry No. 1251-85-0), a substance usually obtained as a by-product in Mannich type reactions of antipyrine, has been modelled by the help of powder X-ray diffraction, applying the DASH software package and crystal coordinates coming from former single crystal X-ray structure determinations (CSD codes FADDIY and FADDIY01) of its monohydrate. The unit cell of the anhydrate compound belongs to the monoclinic space group P21/a, with unit cell parameters of a = 14.604, b = 9.858, c = 14.509 Å, β = 95.56 °, V = 2078.9 Å3, Z = 4, Z ' = 1. Comparisons of FT-IR spectrum and thermal behavior of the anhydrous and monohydrated forms confirm differences in degree of hydration and solid state structure, while those of 1H- and 13C NMR-spectra show their molecular identity.
摘要采用DASH软件包，利用先前单晶x射线结构测定(CSD代码FADDIY和FADDIY01)的晶体坐标，利用粉末x射线衍射对无水化合物二安提比林基甲烷(CAS注册号1251-85-0)的晶体单位细胞结构进行了建模。无水化合物的单元胞属于单斜空间群P21/a，单元胞参数为a = 14.604, b = 9.858, c = 14.509 Å， β = 95.56°，V = 2078.9 Å3, Z = 4, Z ' = 1。通过FT-IR光谱和热行为的比较，证实了水化程度和固态结构的差异，而1H-和13C核磁共振光谱显示了它们的分子特性。
{"title":"Crystalline Forms of 4,4'-Methylenediantipyrine: Crystallographic Unit Cell for the Anhydrous Form, from Laboratory Powder XRD Pattern by DASH Program Package","authors":"Dorottya Fruzsina Bánhegyi, János Madarász, Elemér Fogassy, Emese Pálovics, György Pokol","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22950","url":null,"abstract":"Crystalline unit cell structure of anhydrous title compound, diantipyrinylmethane (CAS Registry No. 1251-85-0), a substance usually obtained as a by-product in Mannich type reactions of antipyrine, has been modelled by the help of powder X-ray diffraction, applying the DASH software package and crystal coordinates coming from former single crystal X-ray structure determinations (CSD codes FADDIY and FADDIY01) of its monohydrate. The unit cell of the anhydrate compound belongs to the monoclinic space group P21/a, with unit cell parameters of a = 14.604, b = 9.858, c = 14.509 Å, β = 95.56 °, V = 2078.9 Å3, Z = 4, Z ' = 1. Comparisons of FT-IR spectrum and thermal behavior of the anhydrous and monohydrated forms confirm differences in degree of hydration and solid state structure, while those of 1H- and 13C NMR-spectra show their molecular identity.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136113550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microbial polyesters saw limited use in the field of tissue engineering, even though the biocompatibility of these polymers makes them ideal candidates for this role. The primary factor that hinders the proliferation of microbial polyesters in this market is that their processing with conventional techniques, such as electrospinning or 3D printing, is challenging. However, the full potential of these biopolymers could still be utilized by applying unconventional manufacturing methods, such as those based on the concept of salt leaching. An implementation of this concept facilitates the production of scaffolds that simultaneously have high porosity and excellent permeability. Moreover, the average pore size can also be varied in the range from 50 to 400 µm, which was reported to be optimal for the cultivation of eucaryotic cell cultures. By adjusting the pore size, the scaffold can be tailored to the eucaryotic cells the tissue consists of. Furthermore, we have developed an entirely new computational method for the approximation of the pore size distribution of the scaffolds. The method relies on 3D data reconstructed by the software of a digital optical microscope and also facilitates the modeling of the average pore size of scaffolds. Thus, besides the control of the pore size, our method enables its prediction as well.
{"title":"Preparation of Highly Porous Scaffolds with Controllable Pore Size from Microbial Polyesters","authors":"Péter Polyák, Ágoston Tóth, Dóra Tátraaljai","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22771","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial polyesters saw limited use in the field of tissue engineering, even though the biocompatibility of these polymers makes them ideal candidates for this role. The primary factor that hinders the proliferation of microbial polyesters in this market is that their processing with conventional techniques, such as electrospinning or 3D printing, is challenging. However, the full potential of these biopolymers could still be utilized by applying unconventional manufacturing methods, such as those based on the concept of salt leaching. An implementation of this concept facilitates the production of scaffolds that simultaneously have high porosity and excellent permeability. Moreover, the average pore size can also be varied in the range from 50 to 400 µm, which was reported to be optimal for the cultivation of eucaryotic cell cultures. By adjusting the pore size, the scaffold can be tailored to the eucaryotic cells the tissue consists of. Furthermore, we have developed an entirely new computational method for the approximation of the pore size distribution of the scaffolds. The method relies on 3D data reconstructed by the software of a digital optical microscope and also facilitates the modeling of the average pore size of scaffolds. Thus, besides the control of the pore size, our method enables its prediction as well.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136294806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Panna Vezse, Dániel Ster, Ádám Golcs, Péter Huszthy, Tünde Tóth
We present here a critical overview on the effects of the second heterocyclic subunit in a bisacridino-crown ether by the discussion of its role in modulating optochemical behavior and preference in molecular recognition. The preparation of a new bisacridono-crown ether is presented including synthetic difficulties, and its fluorescence properties and selectivity in formation of inclusion complexes with various cations are evaluated in the light of reported analogues.
{"title":"Two Acridone Units in One Crown Ether","authors":"Panna Vezse, Dániel Ster, Ádám Golcs, Péter Huszthy, Tünde Tóth","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22768","url":null,"abstract":"We present here a critical overview on the effects of the second heterocyclic subunit in a bisacridino-crown ether by the discussion of its role in modulating optochemical behavior and preference in molecular recognition. The preparation of a new bisacridono-crown ether is presented including synthetic difficulties, and its fluorescence properties and selectivity in formation of inclusion complexes with various cations are evaluated in the light of reported analogues.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135536405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beáta Szolnoki, Thuy Tien Nguyen Thanh, György Harakály
The synthesis methods of most parts of phosphorus (P)-based flame retardants apply harmful and toxic reagents, and the formation of byproducts is often inevitable. The synthesis of P-based flame retardants (FRs) according to the green chemistry approach has been investigated. Two FRs have been prepared via an addition reaction of phosphorus-pentoxide and alcohols. These molecules can be used as additive FRs after salt formation or as precursors for flame retardant surface treatments of natural fibers. The flame retardant efficacy of the synthesized additives was assessed in a bioepoxy resin system through UL-94 and limiting oxygen index tests, while their mode of action was determined by the investigation of gas-phase degradation products and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared adduct was also used in the formulation of a reactive flame-retardant surface treatment for cellulosic fibers. In TGA tests, the treated fibers produced significant amounts of char residue.
{"title":"Eco-friendly Synthesis of Novel Phosphorus Flame Retardants for Multiple Purposes","authors":"Beáta Szolnoki, Thuy Tien Nguyen Thanh, György Harakály","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22758","url":null,"abstract":"The synthesis methods of most parts of phosphorus (P)-based flame retardants apply harmful and toxic reagents, and the formation of byproducts is often inevitable. The synthesis of P-based flame retardants (FRs) according to the green chemistry approach has been investigated. Two FRs have been prepared via an addition reaction of phosphorus-pentoxide and alcohols. These molecules can be used as additive FRs after salt formation or as precursors for flame retardant surface treatments of natural fibers. The flame retardant efficacy of the synthesized additives was assessed in a bioepoxy resin system through UL-94 and limiting oxygen index tests, while their mode of action was determined by the investigation of gas-phase degradation products and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared adduct was also used in the formulation of a reactive flame-retardant surface treatment for cellulosic fibers. In TGA tests, the treated fibers produced significant amounts of char residue.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135816620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gergő Dániel Tóth, Gábor Koplányi, Balázs Kenéz, Diána Balogh-Weiser
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a therapeutic approach that involves the administration of specific enzymes to the patient in order to correct metabolic defects caused by enzyme deficiency. The formulation of ERTs involves the production, purification, and formulation of the enzyme into a stable and biologically active drug product, often using recombinant DNA technology. Non-systemic ERTs often involve the immobilization of the enzyme on a carrier, such as hydrogels, liposomes, or nanoparticles. ERT holds great promise for the treatment of a wide range of genetic disorders, and its success regarding lysosomal storage diseases, such as Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, and Pompe disease has paved the way for the development of similar therapies for other genetic disorders too.
{"title":"Nanoformulation of Therapeutic Enzymes: A Short Review","authors":"Gergő Dániel Tóth, Gábor Koplányi, Balázs Kenéz, Diána Balogh-Weiser","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22826","url":null,"abstract":"Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a therapeutic approach that involves the administration of specific enzymes to the patient in order to correct metabolic defects caused by enzyme deficiency. The formulation of ERTs involves the production, purification, and formulation of the enzyme into a stable and biologically active drug product, often using recombinant DNA technology. Non-systemic ERTs often involve the immobilization of the enzyme on a carrier, such as hydrogels, liposomes, or nanoparticles. ERT holds great promise for the treatment of a wide range of genetic disorders, and its success regarding lysosomal storage diseases, such as Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, and Pompe disease has paved the way for the development of similar therapies for other genetic disorders too.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135815566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Detector response of carboxylic acids (C2–C12, straight and branched chain) were investigated using a flame ionization detector (FID) in a capillary gas chromatographic system. The response of the FID for hydrocarbons is almost directly proportional to the carbon quantity introduced into the flame. Heteroatoms in the molecule reduce signal magnitude, depending on their quality and on the bond they are involved in. We expressed this reduced response with the effective carbon number (ECN). We determined the ECN contribution (ΔECN) of the carboxyl group on the alkyl skeleton. We examined how the responses of carboxylic acids change if trimethylsilyl derivatives are evaluated and we compared the ECN of the neat and derivatized form.
{"title":"Increasing Flame Ionization Detector Response by Silylation: The Effective Carbon Number of Carboxylic Acids","authors":"Judit Mátyási, Gyula Nyerges, József Balla","doi":"10.3311/ppch.22827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3311/ppch.22827","url":null,"abstract":"Detector response of carboxylic acids (C2–C12, straight and branched chain) were investigated using a flame ionization detector (FID) in a capillary gas chromatographic system. The response of the FID for hydrocarbons is almost directly proportional to the carbon quantity introduced into the flame. Heteroatoms in the molecule reduce signal magnitude, depending on their quality and on the bond they are involved in. We expressed this reduced response with the effective carbon number (ECN). We determined the ECN contribution (ΔECN) of the carboxyl group on the alkyl skeleton. We examined how the responses of carboxylic acids change if trimethylsilyl derivatives are evaluated and we compared the ECN of the neat and derivatized form.","PeriodicalId":19922,"journal":{"name":"Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135816189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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