Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103204
Judith V. Bentancourt Rossoli , Lucía María Campero , Gastón Moré , Agustina Soto-Cabrera , Dadín P. Moore , Eleonora L. Morrell , María V. Scioli , Walter Basso , Yanina P. Hecker , Nathalia P. Scioscia
Rodents serve as reservoir hosts for many parasites, including the closely related intracellular protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, which are regarded as major causes of abortion in ruminants. This study investigated T. gondii and N. caninum infections in synanthropic (Muridae) and wild (Cricetidae) rodents from rural areas in the Pampas Region, Argentina, using histological, serological, and molecular methods. We also genetically characterized T. gondii isolates. A total of 356 rodents were captured, comprising both murid (Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus) and cricetid (Oxymycterus rufus, Necromys spp., Akodon azarae, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Calomys musculinus, C. laucha) species. Histological examination did not reveal tissue cysts of these parasites. However, antibodies for T. gondii and N. caninum were detected in 9.8 % (35/356) and 1.7 % (6/356) of the samples using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). T. gondii DNA was detected by qPCR in brain samples from two of the 41 seropositive rodents. Multilocus PCR-RFLP revealed atypical T. gondii genotypes in both samples. N. caninum DNA was not detected by PCR in any sample. This study provides the first serological and molecular evidence of T. gondii and N. caninum in Cricetidae rodents from Argentina, including the first genotyping data. The detection of T. gondii DNA exclusively in wild rodents highlights the role of wildlife in parasite transmission.
{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in naturally infected synanthropic (Muridae) and wild (Cricetidae) rodents from Argentina","authors":"Judith V. Bentancourt Rossoli , Lucía María Campero , Gastón Moré , Agustina Soto-Cabrera , Dadín P. Moore , Eleonora L. Morrell , María V. Scioli , Walter Basso , Yanina P. Hecker , Nathalia P. Scioscia","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rodents serve as reservoir hosts for many parasites, including the closely related intracellular protozoan parasites <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> and <em>Neospora caninum,</em> which are regarded as major causes of abortion in ruminants. This study investigated <em>T. gondii</em> and <em>N. caninum</em> infections in synanthropic (Muridae) and wild (Cricetidae) rodents from rural areas in the Pampas Region, Argentina, using histological, serological, and molecular methods. We also genetically characterized <em>T. gondii</em> isolates. A total of 356 rodents were captured, comprising both murid (<em>Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus</em>) and cricetid (<em>Oxymycterus rufus, Necromys</em> spp., <em>Akodon azarae, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Calomys musculinus, C. laucha</em>) species. Histological examination did not reveal tissue cysts of these parasites. However, antibodies for <em>T. gondii</em> and <em>N. caninum</em> were detected in 9.8 % (35/356) and 1.7 % (6/356) of the samples using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). <em>T. gondii</em> DNA was detected by qPCR in brain samples from two of the 41 seropositive rodents. Multilocus PCR-RFLP revealed atypical <em>T. gondii</em> genotypes in both samples. <em>N. caninum</em> DNA was not detected by PCR in any sample. This study provides the first serological and molecular evidence of <em>T. gondii</em> and <em>N. caninum</em> in Cricetidae rodents from Argentina, including the first genotyping data. The detection of <em>T. gondii</em> DNA exclusively in wild rodents highlights the role of wildlife in parasite transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 103204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145687849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103219
Thao Thi Bich Nguyen , Hafid Dahma , Veronique Dermauw , Dung Thi Bui , Bertrand Losson , Pierre Dorny , Dung Trung Do , Olivier Vandenberg
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease that affects human and animal health worldwide, especially in developing countries. Although fascioliasis is considered an emerging disease in Vietnam, community-based prevalence estimates are scarce. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of fascioliasis in northern Vietnam. In 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted involving 796 individuals from Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces; stool and blood samples were collected from its members. Stool samples were analyzed for Fasciola eggs using the Kato-Katz and formalin-ether concentration techniques, while serum samples were analyzed for anti-Fasciola antibodies using ELISA. All participants aged 15 years and older completed a questionnaire on demographic characteristics and culinary practices. No Fasciola eggs were detected in stool samples (0 %, 95 %CI: 0.00–0.46); however, 2.6 % of participants were seropositive for fascioliasis (21/796, 95 %CI: 1.7 % – 4.0 %). Multivariable logistic regression showed a significantly higher risk of being seropositive among individuals of non-Kinh ethnicity (OR = 14.03, 95 % CI: 2.39–82.17), and among farmers (OR = 3.42, 95 % CI: 1.04–11.25). Lack of awareness about fascioliasis was associated with higher seropositivity (OR = 0.31, 95 %CI: 0.11–0.87). Our findings indicate that fascioliasis is mesoendemic in northern and north central Vietnam. Targeted educational campaigns should explain how transmission can be interrupted.
{"title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of human fascioliasis in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces, Vietnam","authors":"Thao Thi Bich Nguyen , Hafid Dahma , Veronique Dermauw , Dung Thi Bui , Bertrand Losson , Pierre Dorny , Dung Trung Do , Olivier Vandenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease that affects human and animal health worldwide, especially in developing countries. Although fascioliasis is considered an emerging disease in Vietnam, community-based prevalence estimates are scarce. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of fascioliasis in northern Vietnam. In 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted involving 796 individuals from Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces; stool and blood samples were collected from its members. Stool samples were analyzed for <em>Fasciola</em> eggs using the Kato-Katz and formalin-ether concentration techniques, while serum samples were analyzed for anti-<em>Fasciola</em> antibodies using ELISA. All participants aged 15 years and older completed a questionnaire on demographic characteristics and culinary practices. No <em>Fasciola</em> eggs were detected in stool samples (0 %, 95 %CI: 0.00–0.46); however, 2.6 % of participants were seropositive for fascioliasis (21/796, 95 %CI: 1.7 % – 4.0 %). Multivariable logistic regression showed a significantly higher risk of being seropositive among individuals of non-Kinh ethnicity (OR = 14.03, 95 % CI: 2.39–82.17), and among farmers (OR = 3.42, 95 % CI: 1.04–11.25). Lack of awareness about fascioliasis was associated with higher seropositivity (OR = 0.31, 95 %CI: 0.11–0.87). Our findings indicate that fascioliasis is mesoendemic in northern and north central Vietnam. Targeted educational campaigns should explain how transmission can be interrupted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 103219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145678424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103218
Gabriela B. Bittencourt-Silva , Gema Alama-Bermejo , Rebecca Higham , Santiago R. Ron , Beth Okamura , Jeffrey W. Streicher
Among parasites with vertebrate hosts, myxozoans (Cnidaria) remain some of the least studied both taxonomically and geographically. We conducted the first reported surveys for myxozoans from amphibian hosts in Ecuador at two localities: a mid-elevation cloud forest on the Chocó region (western slopes of the Andes) and a lowland Amazonian tropical forest, east of the Andes. We sampled 177 gall bladders and 17 kidneys across the surveys. We found no evidence of myxozoans in the cloud forest site. Myxozoans of the genus Cystodiscus were encountered in the gallbladders of multiple amphibian species from the Amazonian rainforest site, including new host records. Our molecular phylogenies show that, while many of these myxozoans were referable to a clade of C. cf. immersus, we also discovered a divergent lineage of Cystodiscus in the gall bladder of a host that, unlike other known amphibian hosts, has arboreal oviposition. We describe this lineage as a new species, Cystodiscus insperatus n. sp., and infer transmission scenarios consistent with the unique ecology of its frog host. We also report for the first time molecular evidence of a possible new lineage of Sphaerospora living in the kidneys of Osteocephalus taurinus (Anura). Collectively, our study highlights the potential for (i) large biogeographic barriers (like the Andes) to influence the distribution of myxozoans and (ii) intermediate host ecology to drive the evolution of novel lineages of these parasites.
在以脊椎动物为寄主的寄生虫中，粘虫（刺胞虫）在分类学和地理上都是研究最少的。我们在厄瓜多尔的两个地方进行了首次两栖类黏液动物调查：Chocó地区（安第斯山脉西部斜坡）的中高海拔云雾森林和安第斯山脉东部的亚马逊低地热带森林。我们在调查中抽取了177个胆囊和17个肾脏。我们在云雾森林遗址没有发现黏液动物的证据。在亚马逊雨林遗址的多种两栖动物的胆囊中发现了囊盘属黏液动物，包括新的寄主记录。我们的分子系统发育表明，虽然这些黏液动物中的许多都与c.c.s immersus的一个分支有关，但我们也在宿主的胆囊中发现了一个不同的囊盘动物谱系，与其他已知的两栖动物宿主不同，它有树栖产卵。我们将这一谱系描述为一个新的物种，囊蝇insperatus n. sp.，并推断其传播情景与它的青蛙宿主的独特生态相一致。我们也首次报道了在牛头骨头（Osteocephalus taurinus, Anura）的肾脏中可能存在的Sphaerospora新谱系的分子证据。总的来说，我们的研究强调了(i)大型生物地理屏障（如安第斯山脉）影响黏着动物分布和（ii）中间宿主生态驱动这些寄生虫新谱系进化的潜力。
{"title":"Novel diversity and distributions of myxozoans in amphibians from Ecuador with the description of a new species of Cystodiscus","authors":"Gabriela B. Bittencourt-Silva , Gema Alama-Bermejo , Rebecca Higham , Santiago R. Ron , Beth Okamura , Jeffrey W. Streicher","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among parasites with vertebrate hosts, myxozoans (Cnidaria) remain some of the least studied both taxonomically and geographically. We conducted the first reported surveys for myxozoans from amphibian hosts in Ecuador at two localities: a mid-elevation cloud forest on the Chocó region (western slopes of the Andes) and a lowland Amazonian tropical forest, east of the Andes. We sampled 177 gall bladders and 17 kidneys across the surveys. We found no evidence of myxozoans in the cloud forest site. Myxozoans of the genus <em>Cystodiscus</em> were encountered in the gallbladders of multiple amphibian species from the Amazonian rainforest site, including new host records. Our molecular phylogenies show that, while many of these myxozoans were referable to a clade of <em>C.</em> cf. <em>immersus</em>, we also discovered a divergent lineage of <em>Cystodiscus</em> in the gall bladder of a host that, unlike other known amphibian hosts, has arboreal oviposition. We describe this lineage as a new species, <em>Cystodiscus insperatus</em> n. sp., and infer transmission scenarios consistent with the unique ecology of its frog host. We also report for the first time molecular evidence of a possible new lineage of <em>Sphaerospora</em> living in the kidneys of <em>Osteocephalus taurinus</em> (Anura). Collectively, our study highlights the potential for (i) large biogeographic barriers (like the Andes) to influence the distribution of myxozoans and (ii) intermediate host ecology to drive the evolution of novel lineages of these parasites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 103218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145678369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-30DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103213
Maíza M. Rodrigues , Raquel S.B. Câmara , Camila S. Freitas , Daniela P. Lage , Ana L. Silva , Mariana M. Cardoso , Nathália C. Galvani , Dóris M. Abrão , Breno L. Pimenta , Bárbara P.N. Assis , Ana T. Chaves , Grasiele S.V. Tavares , João A. Oliveira-da-Silva , Unaí Tupinambás , Manoel O. da Costa Rocha , Myron Christodoulides , Ricardo A. Machado-de-Ávila , Denise U. Gonçalves , Isabela A.G. Pereira , Eduardo A.F. Coelho
The diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) remains challenging, primarily due to the variable sensitivity and specificity of current laboratory tests. Moreover, most diagnostic methods rely on invasive blood collection and require laboratory infrastructure, limiting their accessibility. In this study, the Leishmania small myristoylated protein-3 (SMP-3) was evaluated as a potential diagnostic antigen for TL using both urine and serum samples. A total of 175 paired samples were analyzed, including 55 from TL patients, 45 from healthy individuals, and 75 from patients with cross-reactive diseases. The diagnostic performance of recombinant SMP-3 (rSMP-3), a predicted B-cell epitope from the SMP-3 sequence, and a soluble Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis antigen extract (SLA) were assessed using ELISA experiments. In urine-based ELISA, rSMP-3 demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa coefficient all reaching 100 %. The synthetic peptide yielded sensitivity of 87.3 %, specificity of 100 %, PPV of 1.0, NPV of 0.95, and a kappa of 0.89. In comparison, SLA showed lower performance with values of 76.6 % sensitivity, 93.3 % specificity, 0.84 PPV, 0.90 NPV, and 0.73 kappa coefficient. For serum-based ELISA, rSMP-3 also exhibited high diagnostic performance, with sensitivity of 90.9 %, specificity of 100 %, PPV of 1.0, NPV of 0.96, and a kappa of 0.93. The synthetic peptide reached 94.6 % sensitivity, 96.7 % specificity, 0.96 PPV, 0.95 NPV, and a kappa of 0.91. SLA again showed inferior results, with sensitivity of 50.9 %, specificity of 94.2 %, PPV of 0.94, NPV of 0.92, and a kappa coefficient of 0.50. Furthermore, a significant decline in SMP-3-specific IgG levels was observed six months post-treatment in TL patients, indicating its potential utility as a prognostic marker. When compared to a commercial diagnostic kit, SMP-3 demonstrated satisfactory performance. In conclusion, SMP-3 is a promising antigen for the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of TL and warrants further investigation as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for this neglected tropical disease.
{"title":"Recombinant small myristoylated protein-3 and synthetic peptide as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for tegumentary leishmaniasis","authors":"Maíza M. Rodrigues , Raquel S.B. Câmara , Camila S. Freitas , Daniela P. Lage , Ana L. Silva , Mariana M. Cardoso , Nathália C. Galvani , Dóris M. Abrão , Breno L. Pimenta , Bárbara P.N. Assis , Ana T. Chaves , Grasiele S.V. Tavares , João A. Oliveira-da-Silva , Unaí Tupinambás , Manoel O. da Costa Rocha , Myron Christodoulides , Ricardo A. Machado-de-Ávila , Denise U. Gonçalves , Isabela A.G. Pereira , Eduardo A.F. Coelho","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) remains challenging, primarily due to the variable sensitivity and specificity of current laboratory tests. Moreover, most diagnostic methods rely on invasive blood collection and require laboratory infrastructure, limiting their accessibility. In this study, the <em>Leishmania</em> small myristoylated protein-3 (SMP-3) was evaluated as a potential diagnostic antigen for TL using both urine and serum samples. A total of 175 paired samples were analyzed, including 55 from TL patients, 45 from healthy individuals, and 75 from patients with cross-reactive diseases. The diagnostic performance of recombinant SMP-3 (rSMP-3), a predicted B-cell epitope from the SMP-3 sequence, and a soluble <em>Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis</em> antigen extract (SLA) were assessed using ELISA experiments. In urine-based ELISA, rSMP-3 demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and kappa coefficient all reaching 100 %. The synthetic peptide yielded sensitivity of 87.3 %, specificity of 100 %, PPV of 1.0, NPV of 0.95, and a kappa of 0.89. In comparison, SLA showed lower performance with values of 76.6 % sensitivity, 93.3 % specificity, 0.84 PPV, 0.90 NPV, and 0.73 kappa coefficient. For serum-based ELISA, rSMP-3 also exhibited high diagnostic performance, with sensitivity of 90.9 %, specificity of 100 %, PPV of 1.0, NPV of 0.96, and a kappa of 0.93. The synthetic peptide reached 94.6 % sensitivity, 96.7 % specificity, 0.96 PPV, 0.95 NPV, and a kappa of 0.91. SLA again showed inferior results, with sensitivity of 50.9 %, specificity of 94.2 %, PPV of 0.94, NPV of 0.92, and a kappa coefficient of 0.50. Furthermore, a significant decline in SMP-3-specific IgG levels was observed six months post-treatment in TL patients, indicating its potential utility as a prognostic marker. When compared to a commercial diagnostic kit, SMP-3 demonstrated satisfactory performance. In conclusion, SMP-3 is a promising antigen for the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of TL and warrants further investigation as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for this neglected tropical disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 103213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145661673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103203
Jonah A. Nguyen , Lori Tolley-Jordan , Annie P. Slayton , Bradley M. Richardson , Thomas G. Rosser
Giant apple snails, Pomacea maculata (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae), are native to South America but are now invasively established in subtropical freshwater habitats worldwide. In May 2017, P. maculata from an urban pond in Mobile, Alabama, USA were found infected with a larval trematode, prompting further collections to determine prevalence and investigate effects of infection by snail sex and size. In total, 284 snails (n = 184 female, n = 100 male) were collected in May, August, and October of 2017 and 2018. Of these, 60 females and 23 males were infected with prevalence per sampling event ranging from 4 to 67 % in females and 0 to 47 % in males. Across all collections, average prevalence was 29.1 %, exceeding values previously reported for Pomacea spp. in their native or invasive ranges. Infection prevalence was positively associated with snail mass, especially in males, suggesting larger individuals are more likely to serve as hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of partial 28S ribosomal DNA sequences identified the trematode as a member of Phaneropsolidae (Microphalloidea), a family that infects ampullariid snails in their native range and includes Phaneropsolus spp., some of which are zoonotic. Comparisons of cercarial morphology against published descriptions complement the molecular results. This is the first report of a trematode infecting an invasive population of P. maculata. These methods and findings demonstrate the utility of simple tissue screening and 28S rDNA sequence data in the rapid detection and molecular identification of larval trematodes collected from invasive populations of snails, facilitated by a newly designed broad-range digenean primer.
{"title":"First report of a trematode infection in an invasive population of Pomacea maculata: Evidence of a phaneropsolid (Trematoda: Microphalloidea) and recommended methods for surveillance","authors":"Jonah A. Nguyen , Lori Tolley-Jordan , Annie P. Slayton , Bradley M. Richardson , Thomas G. Rosser","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Giant apple snails, <em>Pomacea maculata</em> (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae), are native to South America but are now invasively established in subtropical freshwater habitats worldwide. In May 2017, <em>P. maculata</em> from an urban pond in Mobile, Alabama, USA were found infected with a larval trematode, prompting further collections to determine prevalence and investigate effects of infection by snail sex and size. In total, 284 snails (<em>n</em> = 184 female, <em>n</em> = 100 male) were collected in May, August, and October of 2017 and 2018. Of these, 60 females and 23 males were infected with prevalence per sampling event ranging from 4 to 67 % in females and 0 to 47 % in males. Across all collections, average prevalence was 29.1 %, exceeding values previously reported for <em>Pomacea</em> spp. in their native or invasive ranges. Infection prevalence was positively associated with snail mass, especially in males, suggesting larger individuals are more likely to serve as hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of partial 28S ribosomal DNA sequences identified the trematode as a member of Phaneropsolidae (Microphalloidea), a family that infects ampullariid snails in their native range and includes <em>Phaneropsolus</em> spp., some of which are zoonotic. Comparisons of cercarial morphology against published descriptions complement the molecular results. This is the first report of a trematode infecting an invasive population of <em>P. maculata</em>. These methods and findings demonstrate the utility of simple tissue screening and 28S rDNA sequence data in the rapid detection and molecular identification of larval trematodes collected from invasive populations of snails, facilitated by a newly designed broad-range digenean primer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 103203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145637503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103202
Letícia Farto de Rossi , Bárbara Gonçalves , Henrique Frediani , Agnaldo Bruno Chies , Alessandre Hataka , Marcelo Ruiz , Wilson Baleotti , Eduardo Antonio Donadi , Luciamáre Perinetti Alves Martins
Inflammation is important mechanism in Chagas disease (CD) pathogenesis. Considering that CD treatment presents a limited efficacy and anticholinesterase drugs may have antiinflamamtory properties, they could be used as a therapeutic option. We decided evaluate the action of rivastigmine on the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway during the course of CD. For this, 120 “Swiss” mice were divided into three groups: 30, 60 and 180 days, and subdivided into four subgroups: Uninfected/untreated (CTRL); uninfected/treated with rivastigmine (RIV); infected/treated (INF + RIV) and infected/untreated (INF). The INF + RIV and INF groups were intraperitoneally inoculated with 5 × 104 trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi QM2 strain. Parasitemia, histopathological, GSH, FRAP, TBARS tissue, BChE, AChE and in silico analysis were determined. We observed a decrease in parasitemia and mortality in the animals of the INF + RIV group. The increase in GSH in the INF + RIV and INF groups indicated oxidative damage in the acute phase, nevertheless no significant difference was observed in FRAP, tissue and histopathological TBARS between the infected and control groups. An increase in BChE activity was observed in the INF + RIV and INF groups in all periods studied, yet, the AChE activity was lower in the INF and INF + RIV groups only at 60 days post-infection. In silico analysis revealed that AChE exerts a catalytic role on ACh through the catalytic triad (Ser200; HIS440; Glu327), rivastigmine being associated with the His440 binding site. Rivastigmine reduced parasitemia and mortality in vivo in the acute phase of infection, suggesting a potential modulatory role on the non-neuronal cholinergic pathway, although further studies are required to understand it.
{"title":"Effects of rivastigmine on the pathogenesis of the experimental trypanosomiasis","authors":"Letícia Farto de Rossi , Bárbara Gonçalves , Henrique Frediani , Agnaldo Bruno Chies , Alessandre Hataka , Marcelo Ruiz , Wilson Baleotti , Eduardo Antonio Donadi , Luciamáre Perinetti Alves Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inflammation is important mechanism in Chagas disease (CD) pathogenesis. Considering that CD treatment presents a limited efficacy and anticholinesterase drugs may have antiinflamamtory properties, they could be used as a therapeutic option. We decided evaluate the action of rivastigmine on the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway during the course of CD. For this, 120 “Swiss” mice were divided into three groups: 30, 60 and 180 days, and subdivided into four subgroups: Uninfected/untreated (CTRL); uninfected/treated with rivastigmine (RIV); infected/treated (INF + RIV) and infected/untreated (INF). The INF + RIV and INF groups were intraperitoneally inoculated with 5 × 10<sup>4</sup> trypomastigote forms of <em>Trypanosoma cruzi</em> QM2 strain<em>.</em> Parasitemia, histopathological, GSH, FRAP, TBARS tissue, BChE, AChE and <em>in silico</em> analysis were determined. We observed a decrease in parasitemia and mortality in the animals of the INF + RIV group. The increase in GSH in the INF + RIV and INF groups indicated oxidative damage in the acute phase, nevertheless no significant difference was observed in FRAP, tissue and histopathological TBARS between the infected and control groups. An increase in BChE activity was observed in the INF + RIV and INF groups in all periods studied, yet, the AChE activity was lower in the INF and INF + RIV groups only at 60 days post-infection. <em>In silico</em> analysis revealed that AChE exerts a catalytic role on ACh through the catalytic triad (Ser<sup>200</sup>; HIS<sup>440</sup>; Glu<sup>327</sup>), rivastigmine being associated with the His<sup>440</sup> binding site. Rivastigmine reduced parasitemia and mortality <em>in vivo</em> in the acute phase of infection, suggesting a potential modulatory role on the non-neuronal cholinergic pathway, although further studies are required to understand it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 103202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145637509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103199
Supipi H. Wijesundara , T.C. Weeraratne , F. Noordeen , W.A. Priyanka P. de Silva
Aedes albopictus is a key vector of arboviral transmission, and its widespread adaptability to diverse breeding habitats makes control efforts challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial communities and physicochemical characteristics of Ae. albopictus breeding sites across selected localities in Sri Lanka and to assess their potential influence on adult mosquito fitness using adult body size as an indicator. A total of 133 positive breeding sites were surveyed across eight districts. Breeding sites were categorized by premise type, container type, nature (natural or artificial), and as indoor or outdoor. From a subset of 73 representing breeding sites, microbial cultures were isolated, and bacterial diversities were assessed. Adult emergence rate was recorded under standardized rearing conditions, and female body size was estimated using wing length measurements. Physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids, were reported for each breeding site. Each breeding site consisted of 2–6 distinct bacterial morphotypes, with Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter proteolyticus, and Bacillus subtilis as the most frequently reported species. The physicochemical properties of the breeding water (temperature, conductivity, TDS, and DO) were significantly different between sites (P < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the diversity of bacteria and the wing length of mosquitoes. A relatively weak correlation was noted between the body size measurements and the bacterial abundance. A moderate explanatory power was present between water quality parameters, microbial composition, and the adult Ae. albopictus body size (R2 = 27.7 %).
{"title":"Microbiome and physicochemical properties of breeding waters of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in Sri Lanka","authors":"Supipi H. Wijesundara , T.C. Weeraratne , F. Noordeen , W.A. Priyanka P. de Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aedes albopictus</em> is a key vector of arboviral transmission, and its widespread adaptability to diverse breeding habitats makes control efforts challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial communities and physicochemical characteristics of <em>Ae. albopictus</em> breeding sites across selected localities in Sri Lanka and to assess their potential influence on adult mosquito fitness using adult body size as an indicator. A total of 133 positive breeding sites were surveyed across eight districts. Breeding sites were categorized by premise type, container type, nature (natural or artificial), and as indoor or outdoor. From a subset of 73 representing breeding sites, microbial cultures were isolated, and bacterial diversities were assessed. Adult emergence rate was recorded under standardized rearing conditions, and female body size was estimated using wing length measurements. Physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids, were reported for each breeding site. Each breeding site consisted of 2–6 distinct bacterial morphotypes, with <em>Aeromonas hydrophila, Acinetobacter proteolyticus</em>, and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> as the most frequently reported species. The physicochemical properties of the breeding water (temperature, conductivity, TDS, and DO) were significantly different between sites (<em>P</em> < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the diversity of bacteria and the wing length of mosquitoes. A relatively weak correlation was noted between the body size measurements and the bacterial abundance. A moderate explanatory power was present between water quality parameters, microbial composition, and the adult <em>Ae. albopictus</em> body size (R<sup>2</sup> = 27.7 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145564964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103201
Alaa A. Noor , Hazar S. Saleh , Fadhil A. AL-Abady
Infertility remains a multifactorial medical challenge, particularly when its etiology is obscure. This study investigated whether Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), the causative agent of amebiasis known for its invasive and cytolytic potential, could be associated with male infertility through potential targeting of reproductive tissues. Twenty-four adult male rats were equally divided into control and infected groups. Following infection, mating trials were conducted to assess fertility outcomes. Testicular and epididymal tissues were collected for PCR-based parasite detection, histological examination, sperm analysis (count, motility, morphology), and serum hormonal assessment, including testosterone (T), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and estradiol (E2).
PCR detected E. histolytica DNA in the testes and epididymis of infected males, suggesting possible tissue invasion. Histopathological examination revealed extensive degeneration of seminiferous tubules and depletion of spermatogenic cells. Correspondingly, infected males showed severe spermatogenic failure, with drastically reduced sperm count (1.46 ± 0.13 vs. 46.90 ± 1.00 × 106/mL, P < 0.05), elevated immotile sperm (98.08 ± 0.51 % vs. 25.08 ± 0.51 %), and increased morphological abnormalities (76.33 ± 1.01 % vs. 13.00 ± 0.68 %). Endocrine disruption was also evident, with decreased T (0.250 ± 0.029 vs. 0.727 ± 0.039 ng/mL) and FSH (0.456 ± 0.009 vs. 0.724 ± 0.024 mIU/mL), alongside elevated PRL (0.442 ± 0.007 vs. 0.219 ± 0.013 ng/mL) and E2 (621.0 ± 32.04 vs. 405.5 ± 12.48 pg/mL) (P < 0.05); LH levels remained unchanged (P = 0.260). Importantly, infected males exhibited complete fertility failure (0 % pregnancy rate).
Collectively, these findings suggest a potential link between E. histolytica infection and impaired male reproductive function. The consistent pattern of pathological, spermatogenic, and endocrine alterations provides preliminary evidence for further investigation into this association, though additional studies are needed to confirm causality and clinical relevance.
不孕症仍然是一个多因素的医学挑战，特别是当其病因不明时。本研究调查了溶组织内阿米巴（E. histolytica），阿米巴病的病原体，以其侵袭性和细胞溶解性而闻名，是否可能通过潜在的生殖组织靶向与男性不育有关。24只成年雄性大鼠平均分为对照组和感染组。感染后，进行交配试验以评估生育结果。采集睾丸和附睾组织，进行pcr法寄生虫检测、组织学检查、精子分析（计数、活力、形态）和血清激素评估，包括睾酮(T)、促卵泡激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、催乳素（PRL）和雌二醇（E2）。聚合酶链反应（PCR）在感染雄虫的睾丸和附睾中检测到溶组织芽胞杆菌DNA，提示可能存在组织入侵。组织病理学检查显示精小管广泛变性和生精细胞耗竭。相应的，感染的男性表现出严重的生精功能衰竭，精子数量急剧减少(1.46 ± 0.13 vs. 46.90 ± 1.00 × 106/mL， P
{"title":"Re-evaluating the unknown causes of male infertility: Amebiasis as an emerging etiology","authors":"Alaa A. Noor , Hazar S. Saleh , Fadhil A. AL-Abady","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infertility remains a multifactorial medical challenge, particularly when its etiology is obscure. This study investigated whether <em>Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica</em>), the causative agent of amebiasis known for its invasive and cytolytic potential, could be associated with male infertility through potential targeting of reproductive tissues. Twenty-four adult male rats were equally divided into control and infected groups. Following infection, mating trials were conducted to assess fertility outcomes. Testicular and epididymal tissues were collected for PCR-based parasite detection, histological examination, sperm analysis (count, motility, morphology), and serum hormonal assessment, including testosterone (T), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and estradiol (E2).</div><div>PCR detected <em>E. histolytica</em> DNA in the testes and epididymis of infected males, suggesting possible tissue invasion. Histopathological examination revealed extensive degeneration of seminiferous tubules and depletion of spermatogenic cells. Correspondingly, infected males showed severe spermatogenic failure, with drastically reduced sperm count (1.46 ± 0.13 vs. 46.90 ± 1.00 × 10<sup>6</sup>/mL, <em>P</em> < 0.05), elevated immotile sperm (98.08 ± 0.51 % vs. 25.08 ± 0.51 %), and increased morphological abnormalities (76.33 ± 1.01 % vs. 13.00 ± 0.68 %). Endocrine disruption was also evident, with decreased T (0.250 ± 0.029 vs. 0.727 ± 0.039 ng/mL) and FSH (0.456 ± 0.009 vs. 0.724 ± 0.024 mIU/mL), alongside elevated PRL (0.442 ± 0.007 vs. 0.219 ± 0.013 ng/mL) and E2 (621.0 ± 32.04 vs. 405.5 ± 12.48 pg/mL) (<em>P</em> < 0.05); LH levels remained unchanged (<em>P</em> = 0.260). Importantly, infected males exhibited complete fertility failure (0 % pregnancy rate).</div><div>Collectively, these findings suggest a potential link between <em>E. histolytica</em> infection and impaired male reproductive function. The consistent pattern of pathological, spermatogenic, and endocrine alterations provides preliminary evidence for further investigation into this association, though additional studies are needed to confirm causality and clinical relevance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2025.103198
Shen Yuan , Qiang Wei , Yulu Liu , Yuzhou Gong , Deliang Li , Jianguo Xiang , Fengwen Pan , Jianbo Yu , Shisi Ren , Xinhua Liu
Myxosporean infections in frogs have been reported in countries worldwide. This study conducted a survey of myxosporean infection in cultured frogs in China, and identified a new species of Cystodiscus in Pelophylax nigromaculatus. This new species, named Cystodiscus nigromaculatus sp. n., was exclusively located in the gallbladder of P. nigromaculatus. The observed plasmodia appeared as oval formations within the bile, reaching sizes of up to 1.2 mm in diameter. Mature myxospores ellipsoid to ovoid in shape, measuring 13.6 ± 0.4 (13.0–14.6) μm in length and 7.8 ± 0.5 (6.8–8.9) μm in width, with a slightly curved ridge along the myxospore's medial axis. The polar capsules pyriform and uniform in size, measuring 4.3 ± 0.3 (3.7–4.9) μm long and 3.5 ± 0.2 (3.0–3.9) μm wide, with polar tubules coiled into 3–5 turns. The pairwise genetic distances and varying numbers of base differences among C. nigromaculatus sp. n. and other Cystodiscus spp. with available 18S rRNA gene sequences in GenBank ranged from 0.092/75 (C. axonis, MZ412745) to 0.111/89 (C. australis, HQ822149). Phylogenetic analysis placed C. nigromaculatus sp. n. as an early-diverging species within the Cystodiscus clade, with strong support values.
{"title":"Cystodiscus nigromaculatus sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxidiidae) infecting the gallbladder of the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus in China","authors":"Shen Yuan , Qiang Wei , Yulu Liu , Yuzhou Gong , Deliang Li , Jianguo Xiang , Fengwen Pan , Jianbo Yu , Shisi Ren , Xinhua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Myxosporean infections in frogs have been reported in countries worldwide. This study conducted a survey of myxosporean infection in cultured frogs in China, and identified a new species of <em>Cystodiscus</em> in <em>Pelophylax nigromaculatus</em>. This new species, named <em>Cystodiscus nigromaculatus</em> sp. n., was exclusively located in the gallbladder of <em>P. nigromaculatus.</em> The observed plasmodia appeared as oval formations within the bile, reaching sizes of up to 1.2 mm in diameter. Mature myxospores ellipsoid to ovoid in shape, measuring 13.6 ± 0.4 (13.0–14.6) μm in length and 7.8 ± 0.5 (6.8–8.9) μm in width, with a slightly curved ridge along the myxospore's medial axis. The polar capsules pyriform and uniform in size, measuring 4.3 ± 0.3 (3.7–4.9) μm long and 3.5 ± 0.2 (3.0–3.9) μm wide, with polar tubules coiled into 3–5 turns. The pairwise genetic distances and varying numbers of base differences among <em>C. nigromaculatus</em> sp. n. and other <em>Cystodiscus</em> spp. with available 18S rRNA gene sequences in GenBank ranged from 0.092/75 (<em>C. axonis</em>, MZ412745) to 0.111/89 (<em>C. australis</em>, HQ822149). Phylogenetic analysis placed <em>C. nigromaculatus</em> sp. n. as an early-diverging species within the <em>Cystodiscus</em> clade, with strong support values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"111 ","pages":"Article 103198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145564859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malaria parasites proliferate within red blood cells (RBCs), making host genetic polymorphisms related to RBC proteins a significant factor in the natural selection process for malaria infection. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of RBC polymorphisms associated with malaria infection among populations living in two malaria-endemic regions: the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Malaysian borders. DNA samples were analysed for RBC genetic diversity, including MN antigen, MNS blood group subtype Miltenberger (Mia), Duffy antigen (including the Duffy gene promoter), and complement receptor-1 (CR-1) polymorphisms at position 981 using PCR-based techniques. The polymorphisms were categorised based on malaria infection status and further analysed to assess their association with malaria risk. A total of 616 blood samples were included in the analysis, comprising 270 samples from individuals infected with malaria and 346 samples from non-infected participants. Notable genotypes observed in malaria-infected and non-infected samples included the MM antigen (61.1 % vs. 46.5 %) and NN antigen (22.2 % vs. 11.1 %) [OR; 3.7 (2.0–6.7), p < 0.0001], as well as the FYA/FYA or FYA/FYB genotypes with the wild-type Duffy blood group promoter (76.1 % vs. 46.9 %) [OR; 4.7 (3.0–7.3), p < 0.0001]. Geographic analysis revealed distinct genetic distributions in each study area. These genetic polymorphisms suggest that the majority of the population in these regions is at increased risk of malaria infection. Understanding the genetic diversity of RBC membrane polymorphisms provides valuable insights for future epidemiological studies and the development of targeted malaria control strategies.
疟疾寄生虫在红细胞内增殖，使得与红细胞蛋白相关的宿主遗传多态性成为疟疾感染自然选择过程中的一个重要因素。本研究旨在研究生活在泰国-缅甸和泰国-马来西亚边境两个疟疾流行地区的人群中与疟疾感染相关的红细胞多态性的流行情况。利用pcr技术分析DNA样本的红细胞遗传多样性，包括MN抗原、MNS血型Miltenberger亚型（Mia）、Duffy抗原（包括Duffy基因启动子）和981位补体受体-1 （CR-1）多态性。根据疟疾感染状况对多态性进行分类，并进一步分析其与疟疾风险的关系。共有616份血样被纳入分析，其中270份血样来自疟疾感染者，346份血样来自未受感染的参与者。在疟疾感染和非感染样本中观察到的显著基因型包括MM抗原（61.1 %对46.5 %）和NN抗原（22.2% %对11.1 %）[OR；3.7 (2.0-6.7), p
{"title":"Red blood cell membrane protein polymorphisms related to risk of malaria infection in the population living in malaria-endemic areas of Thailand: An analytic cross-sectional study","authors":"Phunuch Muhamad , Luxsana Panrit , Orranee Srikhamdokkhae , Kotchakorn Laohapensaeng , Mayuri Tarasuk , Salmeeyah Sa-I , Kesara Na-Bangchang","doi":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.parint.2025.103197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria parasites proliferate within red blood cells (RBCs), making host genetic polymorphisms related to RBC proteins a significant factor in the natural selection process for malaria infection. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of RBC polymorphisms associated with malaria infection among populations living in two malaria-endemic regions: the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Malaysian borders. DNA samples were analysed for RBC genetic diversity, including MN antigen, MNS blood group subtype Miltenberger (Mi<sup>a</sup>), Duffy antigen (including the Duffy gene promoter), and complement receptor-1 (CR-1) polymorphisms at position 981 using PCR-based techniques. The polymorphisms were categorised based on malaria infection status and further analysed to assess their association with malaria risk. A total of 616 blood samples were included in the analysis, comprising 270 samples from individuals infected with malaria and 346 samples from non-infected participants. Notable genotypes observed in malaria-infected and non-infected samples included the MM antigen (61.1 % vs. 46.5 %) and NN antigen (22.2 % vs. 11.1 %) [OR; 3.7 (2.0–6.7), <em>p</em> < 0.0001], as well as the FYA/FYA or FYA/FYB genotypes with the wild-type Duffy blood group promoter (76.1 % vs. 46.9 %) [OR; 4.7 (3.0–7.3), <em>p</em> < 0.0001]. Geographic analysis revealed distinct genetic distributions in each study area. These genetic polymorphisms suggest that the majority of the population in these regions is at increased risk of malaria infection. Understanding the genetic diversity of RBC membrane polymorphisms provides valuable insights for future epidemiological studies and the development of targeted malaria control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19983,"journal":{"name":"Parasitology International","volume":"112 ","pages":"Article 103197"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145564928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号