Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103051
Joseph Okani Honger , Christiana Adukwei Amoatey , Isaac Bedu , Doreen Naa Sackey , Karen Saahene Agyekum , Shadrach Coffie , Benjamin Otu
An investigation was conducted to identify the causal agent of a new stylar end rot disease affecting guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits in Ghana. Symptomatic fruits were collected at random from fields in the Eastern region of Ghana. and fungal isolates were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics, supported by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) regions. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae was consistently isolated and confirmed as pathogenic through Koch's postulates, producing similar symptoms on inoculated fruits. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the isolates with reference L. pseudotheobromae strains with high bootstrap support (99 %). This represents the first report of L. pseudotheobromae associated with guava stylar end rot in Ghana, warranting inclusion in the country's plant disease checklist.
{"title":"First report of a stylar end rot disease of guava fruits caused by Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae in Ghana","authors":"Joseph Okani Honger , Christiana Adukwei Amoatey , Isaac Bedu , Doreen Naa Sackey , Karen Saahene Agyekum , Shadrach Coffie , Benjamin Otu","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An investigation was conducted to identify the causal agent of a new stylar end rot disease affecting guava (<em>Psidium guajava</em> L.) fruits in Ghana. Symptomatic fruits were collected at random from fields in the Eastern region of Ghana. and fungal isolates were identified based on cultural and morphological characteristics, supported by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α) regions. <em>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</em> was consistently isolated and confirmed as pathogenic through Koch's postulates, producing similar symptoms on inoculated fruits. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the isolates with reference <em>L. pseudotheobromae</em> strains with high bootstrap support (99 %). This represents the first report of <em>L. pseudotheobromae</em> associated with guava stylar end rot in Ghana, warranting inclusion in the country's plant disease checklist.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103051"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103047
Abdelrahman R. Ahmed , Mohammad Danish , Mohammad Shahid , Mohd Sajid Ansari , Haiam O. Elkatry , Mohamed El Oirdi , Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail , Heba I. Mohamed
The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) poses a significant threat to global tomato production. The Fly ash (FA) and beneficial rhizobacteria have gained attention as sustainable, low-toxicity, and cost-effective alternatives to synthetic nematicides. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of FA, Priestia aryabhattai MD-27 strain and their combination against M. incognita through in vitro and greenhouse assays. Under in vitro conditions, treatments with 20 % FA, P. aryabhattai MD-27, and their combination showed significant nematicidal activity, causing juvenile mortality of 27.28 %, 45.65 %, and 84.26 %, respectively, and inhibiting egg hatching by 32.20 %, 55.60 %, and 85.50 %, respectively, after 48 h compared with the control. In greenhouse experiments, the application of FA and P. aryabhattai MD-27significantly reduced the nematode-induced stress, resulting in marked reductions in gall number (93 %), gall size (78 %), egg masses (89 %), soil population (90 %), root population (91 %), and root-knot index (50 %). The combined treatment (FA + MD-27) further enhanced plant growth and fruit development in nematode-infected plants. Biochemical analyses revealed that key defence and metabolism-related enzymes, including nitrate reductase (76.1 %), carbonic anhydrase (104.3 %), peroxidase (99.3 %), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (97.2 %), catalase (93.4 %), and superoxide dismutase (106.3 %) were significantly elevated, contributing to improved plant tolerance against nematode damage. These findings suggest that combining FA with P. aryabhattai MD-27 could serve as an effective and environmentally friendly approach for managing M. incognita in tomato cultivation.
{"title":"Integrated role of Priestia aryabhattai MD-27 and fly ash in tomato: A dual strategy for Meloidogyne incognita management and stress alleviation","authors":"Abdelrahman R. Ahmed , Mohammad Danish , Mohammad Shahid , Mohd Sajid Ansari , Haiam O. Elkatry , Mohamed El Oirdi , Ahmed Mahmoud Ismail , Heba I. Mohamed","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The root-knot nematode (<em>Meloidogyne incognita</em>) poses a significant threat to global tomato production. The Fly ash (FA) and beneficial rhizobacteria have gained attention as sustainable, low-toxicity, and cost-effective alternatives to synthetic nematicides. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of FA, <em>Priestia aryabhattai</em> MD-27 strain and their combination against <em>M. incognita</em> through <em>in vitro</em> and greenhouse assays. Under <em>in vitro</em> conditions, treatments with 20 % FA, <em>P. aryabhattai</em> MD-27, and their combination showed significant nematicidal activity, causing juvenile mortality of 27.28 %, 45.65 %, and 84.26 %, respectively, and inhibiting egg hatching by 32.20 %, 55.60 %, and 85.50 %, respectively, after 48 h compared with the control. In greenhouse experiments, the application of FA and <em>P. aryabhattai</em> MD-27significantly reduced the nematode-induced stress, resulting in marked reductions in gall number (93 %), gall size (78 %), egg masses (89 %), soil population (90 %), root population (91 %), and root-knot index (50 %). The combined treatment (FA + MD-27) further enhanced plant growth and fruit development in nematode-infected plants. Biochemical analyses revealed that key defence and metabolism-related enzymes, including nitrate reductase (76.1 %), carbonic anhydrase (104.3 %), peroxidase (99.3 %), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (97.2 %), catalase (93.4 %), and superoxide dismutase (106.3 %) were significantly elevated, contributing to improved plant tolerance against nematode damage. These findings suggest that combining FA with <em>P. aryabhattai</em> MD-27 could serve as an effective and environmentally friendly approach for managing <em>M. incognita</em> in tomato cultivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103047"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Bacillus velezensis isolate IBUN 2755 exhibits biocontrol activity against Burkholderia glumae in rice plants under field conditions. This study aimed to identify the potential mechanisms of action of IBUN 2755 against B. glumae. Therefore, random mutants were generated via UV irradiation and screened using an in vitro dual antagonism assay. Of the 830 mutants evaluated, one (130B) completely lost detectable antagonistic activity in both biomass and culture supernatant. This mutant also showed no activity against B. glumae in a substrate model assay using rice seedlings. Mutant 130B also showed altered biofilm formation compared to the wild-type isolate. The wild-type isolate induced systemic resistance, as shown by reduced disease symptoms and increased NPR1 gene expression compared with the non-inoculated control, whereas mutant 130B lacked this ability. Notably, mutant 130B showed a significant reduction in both the weight and yield of acid precipitated extracts from culture supernatants, compared to the wild-type IBUN 2755. It also lost the ability to produce surfactin-like compounds, as confirmed by HPLC analysis. Finally, the 130B mutant was sequenced using the Illumina platform, revealing five SNPs as putative mutated genes, compared to wild-type genome of the isolate. Among these, a mutation in the zwf gene is linked to the loss of surfactin production, as this gene is associated with the synthesis of antimicrobial precursors. In conclusion, surfactin-like compounds and the induction of plant resistance are suggested as key biocontrol mechanisms of the IBUN 2755 isolate against B. glumae in rice.
{"title":"Surfactin production and induced systemic resistance drive Bacillus velezensis IBUN 2755 to biocontrol of Burkholderia glumae in rice plants","authors":"Luz Adriana Pedraza , Camilo Ernesto López Carrascal , Freddy Alejandro Ramos , Daniel Uribe Velez","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> isolate IBUN 2755 exhibits biocontrol activity against <em>Burkholderia glumae</em> in rice plants under field conditions. This study aimed to identify the potential mechanisms of action of IBUN 2755 against <em>B. glumae</em>. Therefore, random mutants were generated via UV irradiation and screened using an <em>in vitro</em> dual antagonism assay. Of the 830 mutants evaluated, one (130B) completely lost detectable antagonistic activity in both biomass and culture supernatant. This mutant also showed no activity against <em>B. glumae</em> in a substrate model assay using rice seedlings. Mutant 130B also showed altered biofilm formation compared to the wild-type isolate. The wild-type isolate induced systemic resistance, as shown by reduced disease symptoms and increased <em>NPR1</em> gene expression compared with the non-inoculated control, whereas mutant 130B lacked this ability. Notably, mutant 130B showed a significant reduction in both the weight and yield of acid precipitated extracts from culture supernatants, compared to the wild-type IBUN 2755. It also lost the ability to produce surfactin-like compounds, as confirmed by HPLC analysis. Finally, the 130B mutant was sequenced using the Illumina platform, revealing five SNPs as putative mutated genes, compared to wild-type genome of the isolate. Among these, a mutation in the <em>zwf</em> gene is linked to the loss of surfactin production, as this gene is associated with the synthesis of antimicrobial precursors. In conclusion, surfactin-like compounds and the induction of plant resistance are suggested as key biocontrol mechanisms of the IBUN 2755 isolate against <em>B. glumae</em> in rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103033"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103044
Dongliang Fang , Shidong He , Lingli Li , Miao Zhou, Zheng Gao, Shuxin Zhang, Xiang Li
The rhizosphere microbiome, a collective community of microorganisms inhabiting the plant rhizosphere, plays a pivotal role in mediating plant resistance to Fusarium infection. As a key ecological barrier between plant roots and soil, this microbiome establishes a natural defense network against Fusarium via synergistic mechanisms, including antifungal metabolite production, ecological niche competition, and plant immune activation. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying plant-rhizosphere microbiome interactions remain incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how plants recruit beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms to counteract Fusarium infection, highlight the potential of the rhizosphere microbiome for biological control of Fusarium diseases, and discuss prospects for promoting sustainable agriculture through microbiome regulation.
{"title":"Host plants shape rhizosphere microbiomes to counteract Fusarium: molecular mechanisms and translational strategies","authors":"Dongliang Fang , Shidong He , Lingli Li , Miao Zhou, Zheng Gao, Shuxin Zhang, Xiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rhizosphere microbiome, a collective community of microorganisms inhabiting the plant rhizosphere, plays a pivotal role in mediating plant resistance to <em>Fusarium</em> infection. As a key ecological barrier between plant roots and soil, this microbiome establishes a natural defense network against <em>Fusarium</em> via synergistic mechanisms, including antifungal metabolite production, ecological niche competition, and plant immune activation. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying plant-rhizosphere microbiome interactions remain incompletely understood. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how plants recruit beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms to counteract <em>Fusarium</em> infection, highlight the potential of the rhizosphere microbiome for biological control of <em>Fusarium</em> diseases, and discuss prospects for promoting sustainable agriculture through microbiome regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 103044"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103045
Stanley Nyenje Mataka , Boyu Liu , Qunying Qin , Jianchao Hu , Jiayi Wang , Juan Gan , Ye Zhuang , Yi Zhou , Zhengxiang Sun
Rice sheath rot disease caused by Fusarium verticillioides is becoming a significant threat to rice production, directly impacting both quality and yield. Additionally, F. verticillioides secretes mycotoxins as secondary metabolites, posing serious food safety risks for humans and animals. Biocontrol methods using antagonistic microorganisms have emerged as a safe and effective alternative for suppressing pathogens. This study aimed to find a new potential biocontrol agent against rice sheath rot disease caused by F. verticillioides. Out of the 46 isolated bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of rice plants, Bacillus velezensis 3-SM, identified by morphological characterization and molecular techniques (16S rRNA & gyrA), exhibited the strongest inhibition rate of 79.27 ± 1.34 %. B. velezensis 3-SM demonstrated the ability to secrete extracellular enzymes (protease and cellulose) and produce siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid. B. velezensis 3-SM had a broad-spectrum effect, and its culture filtrate suppressed mycelial growth of F. verticillioides in a dose-dependent manner. B. velezensis 3-SM visibly deformed cell wall morphology, disrupted cell wall integrity, and induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the mycelia of the F. verticillioides. Components of ethyl acetate crude extracts were identified using Liquid Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry. Furthermore, B. velezensis 3-SM significantly reduced disease incidence by 61.71 %, promoted the growth of the treated rice seedlings, and increased activities of the defense-related enzymes in a pot experiment. The current study demonstrates B. velezensis 3-SM as a promising biocontrol agent, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.
{"title":"Isolation, identification, and biocontrol mechanisms of Bacillus velezensis 3-SM against sheath rot disease caused by Fusarium verticillioides","authors":"Stanley Nyenje Mataka , Boyu Liu , Qunying Qin , Jianchao Hu , Jiayi Wang , Juan Gan , Ye Zhuang , Yi Zhou , Zhengxiang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rice sheath rot disease caused by Fusarium verticillioides is</em> becoming a significant threat to rice production, directly impacting both quality and yield. <em>Additionally, F</em>. <em>verticillioides</em> secretes mycotoxins as secondary metabolites, posing serious <strong>food safety risks</strong> for humans and animals. B<strong>iocontrol methods</strong> using antagonistic microorganisms have emerged as a <strong>safe and effective alternative</strong> for suppressing pathogens. This study aimed to find a new potential biocontrol agent against rice sheath rot disease caused by <em>F</em>. <em>verticillioides.</em> Out of the 46 isolated bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of rice plants, <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> 3-SM, identified by morphological characterization and molecular techniques (16S rRNA & gyrA), exhibited the strongest inhibition rate of 79.27 ± 1.34 %. <em>B. velezensis</em> 3-SM demonstrated the ability to secrete extracellular enzymes (protease and cellulose) and produce siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid. <em>B. velezensis</em> 3-SM had a broad-spectrum effect, and its culture filtrate suppressed mycelial growth of <em>F</em>. <em>verticillioides</em> in a dose-dependent manner. <em>B. velezensis</em> 3-SM visibly deformed cell wall morphology, disrupted cell wall integrity, and induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the mycelia of the <em>F. verticillioides</em>. Components of ethyl acetate crude extracts were identified using Liquid Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry. Furthermore, <em>B. velezensis</em> 3-SM significantly reduced disease incidence by 61.71 %, promoted the growth of the treated rice seedlings, and increased activities of the defense-related enzymes in a pot experiment. The current study demonstrates <strong><em>B. velezensis</em> 3-SM</strong> as a promising biocontrol agent, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103045"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145578740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103038
Rashmi Jha , V. Manonmani , K. Sundaralingam , S. Vanitha , M. Gnanachitra , T. Kalaiselvi
Chemical use in agriculture has boosted crop yields to meet global food demands, but excessive or improper application disrupts the physical, chemical, and biological balance of soil, ultimately threatening soil health, human well-being, and long-term global food security. Biopriming has emerged as a sustainable and eco-efficient seed treatment that activates physiological and molecular defence responses in plants, offering an alternative to chemical priming methods. Inoculating seeds with beneficial microorganisms not only enhances seed vigour and stimulation of early germination but also triggers various plant defence mechanisms against pathogens. At the molecular level, biopriming modulates signalling pathways involving salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, reinforcing induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) mechanisms. Beneficial microbes involved in biopriming mediate vital biochemical transformations such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, potassium mobilisation, and siderophore-mediated micronutrient uptake, contributing to a nutritionally enriched and biologically active rhizosphere. In legumes, biopriming strengthens the symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium spp., improving nitrogen assimilation and soil fertility, particularly within organic and low-input farming systems. Thus, biopriming aligns perfectly with the goals of organic and sustainable agriculture, offering an advanced bio-intensification strategy for climate-resilient and resource-efficient crop production systems.
{"title":"Synergistic role of biopriming in boosting legume crop performance: A review","authors":"Rashmi Jha , V. Manonmani , K. Sundaralingam , S. Vanitha , M. Gnanachitra , T. Kalaiselvi","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical use in agriculture has boosted crop yields to meet global food demands, but excessive or improper application disrupts the physical, chemical, and biological balance of soil, ultimately threatening soil health, human well-being, and long-term global food security. Biopriming has emerged as a sustainable and eco-efficient seed treatment that activates physiological and molecular defence responses in plants, offering an alternative to chemical priming methods. Inoculating seeds with beneficial microorganisms not only enhances seed vigour and stimulation of early germination but also triggers various plant defence mechanisms against pathogens. At the molecular level, biopriming modulates signalling pathways involving salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, reinforcing induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) mechanisms. Beneficial microbes involved in biopriming mediate vital biochemical transformations such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, potassium mobilisation, and siderophore-mediated micronutrient uptake, contributing to a nutritionally enriched and biologically active rhizosphere. In legumes, biopriming strengthens the symbiotic relationship with <em>Rhizobium</em> spp., improving nitrogen assimilation and soil fertility, particularly within organic and low-input farming systems. Thus, biopriming aligns perfectly with the goals of organic and sustainable agriculture, offering an advanced bio-intensification strategy for climate-resilient and resource-efficient crop production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103038"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103041
Houyin Zhou , Kun Guo , Jingzhi Yang , Gul Umair , Xianhui Yin , Yue Ma , Jun Yuan
The Asian plum (Prunus salicina) is widely cultivated in China for its nutritional and economic importance. In 2024, a previously unreported fruit spot disease was observed on plums in Guizhou Province, China; affected fruit developed depressed lesions that progressed to rot, resulting in substantial economic losses. The causal agent was identified as Fusarium oxysporum based on morphology and a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of TEF1-α, RPB2, and TUB2. Pathogenicity assays that fulfilled Koch's postulates confirmed F. oxysporum as the etiological agent of the disease. Fungicide sensitivity of the F. oxysporum isolate was evaluated using the mycelial growth rate method across 13 active ingredients, and field efficacy trials were conducted with six fungicides. Prochloraz (45.0 % EW), tebuconazole (43.0 % SC), and azoxystrobin (25.0 % SC) strongly inhibited mycelial growth, with EC50 values of 0.0570, 0.0810, and 0.0592 μg mL, respectively. In field trials, prochloraz (45.0 % EW) and tebuconazole (43.0 % SC) provided excellent control of plum fruit spot, with control efficacies of 80.31 % and 78.39 % at 7 days and 76.55 % and 73.50 % at 14 days after the final application, respectively. To the present knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum causing fruit spot on plum in China, and the results identify effective chemical options for disease management.
{"title":"First report of Fusarium oxysporum causing fruit spot disease on Prunus salicina in China and evaluation of effective fungicides for control","authors":"Houyin Zhou , Kun Guo , Jingzhi Yang , Gul Umair , Xianhui Yin , Yue Ma , Jun Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Asian plum (<em>Prunus salicina</em>) is widely cultivated in China for its nutritional and economic importance. In 2024, a previously unreported fruit spot disease was observed on plums in Guizhou Province, China; affected fruit developed depressed lesions that progressed to rot, resulting in substantial economic losses. The causal agent was identified as <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> based on morphology and a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of <em>TEF1-α</em>, <em>RPB2</em>, and <em>TUB2</em>. Pathogenicity assays that fulfilled Koch's postulates confirmed <em>F. oxysporum</em> as the etiological agent of the disease. Fungicide sensitivity of the <em>F. oxysporum</em> isolate was evaluated using the mycelial growth rate method across 13 active ingredients, and field efficacy trials were conducted with six fungicides. Prochloraz (45.0 % EW), tebuconazole (43.0 % SC), and azoxystrobin (25.0 % SC) strongly inhibited mycelial growth, with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.0570, 0.0810, and 0.0592 μg mL, respectively. In field trials, prochloraz (45.0 % EW) and tebuconazole (43.0 % SC) provided excellent control of plum fruit spot, with control efficacies of 80.31 % and 78.39 % at 7 days and 76.55 % and 73.50 % at 14 days after the final application, respectively. To the present knowledge, this is the first report of <em>F. oxysporum</em> causing fruit spot on plum in China, and the results identify effective chemical options for disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103041"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103042
Bharathi K.B. , Sanath Kumar V.B. , Abhishek R. , Prasannakumar M.K. , Pallavi K.N. , J. Harish , Raveendra H.R. , Vijaykumar L. , Ashoka K.R. , Narayanareddy A.B.
Sheath rot poses a significant threat to rice cultivation, potentially leading to substantial yield losses. Understanding its morphological and genetic variability is crucial for effective disease management and resistance breeding. In this study, a total of 33 sheath rot diseased samples were collected from diverse rice-growing regions and subjected to integrated morphological, cultural and molecular characterisation. Significant morphological variability was observed in colony colour and growth rate among isolates. Molecular characterisation using ITS, RPB2 and Actin primers confirmed that twenty-one isolates were Sarocladium oryzae and twelve were Sarocladium attenuatum. Phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum likelihood method revealed distinct clades, supported by moderate to high bootstrap values, suggesting significant genetic divergence among isolates. Haplotype analysis based on 30 polymorphic sites identified 17 unique haplotypes, with Hap_4 being the most prevalent. Nucleotide diversity (π = 0.22) and average pairwise differences (k = 6.61) indicated substantial genetic variation, while demographic inference suggested a possible recent population expansion. The Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of Sarocladium populations revealed that the majority of genetic variation (84.99 %) resides within populations, while 15.00 % was attributed to variation among populations. The current study represents the first comprehensive multilocus (ITS, RPB2 and Actin) analysis of Sarocladium populations associated with rice sheath rot in Karnataka, India, integrating morphological, cultural and molecular data. The findings provide novel insights into the coexistence of S. oryzae and S. attenuatum within the same rice ecosystems and reveal substantial haplotype diversity, indicating ongoing evolutionary divergence and offers a baseline information for the development of sheath rot-resistant rice varieties and for designing region-specific disease management programs.
{"title":"Multi-locus analysis of genetic diversity and haplotype structure in Sarocladium spp. causing rice sheath rot in India","authors":"Bharathi K.B. , Sanath Kumar V.B. , Abhishek R. , Prasannakumar M.K. , Pallavi K.N. , J. Harish , Raveendra H.R. , Vijaykumar L. , Ashoka K.R. , Narayanareddy A.B.","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sheath rot poses a significant threat to rice cultivation, potentially leading to substantial yield losses. Understanding its morphological and genetic variability is crucial for effective disease management and resistance breeding. In this study, a total of 33 sheath rot diseased samples were collected from diverse rice-growing regions and subjected to integrated morphological, cultural and molecular characterisation. Significant morphological variability was observed in colony colour and growth rate among isolates. Molecular characterisation using <em>ITS</em>, <em>RPB2</em> and <em>Actin</em> primers confirmed that twenty-one isolates were <em>Sarocladium oryzae</em> and twelve were <em>Sarocladium attenuatum.</em> Phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum likelihood method revealed distinct clades, supported by moderate to high bootstrap values, suggesting significant genetic divergence among isolates. Haplotype analysis based on 30 polymorphic sites identified 17 unique haplotypes, with Hap_4 being the most prevalent. Nucleotide diversity (π = 0.22) and average pairwise differences (k = 6.61) indicated substantial genetic variation, while demographic inference suggested a possible recent population expansion. The Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of <em>Sarocladium</em> populations revealed that the majority of genetic variation (84.99 %) resides within populations, while 15.00 % was attributed to variation among populations. The current study represents the first comprehensive multilocus (<em>ITS</em>, <em>RPB2</em> and <em>Actin</em>) analysis of <em>Sarocladium</em> populations associated with rice sheath rot in Karnataka, India, integrating morphological, cultural and molecular data. The findings provide novel insights into the coexistence of <em>S. oryzae</em> and <em>S. attenuatum</em> within the same rice ecosystems and reveal substantial haplotype diversity, indicating ongoing evolutionary divergence and offers a baseline information for the development of sheath rot-resistant rice varieties and for designing region-specific disease management programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103042"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103043
Roya Kazemi, Naser Safaie, Mohammad Reza Atighi, Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV; Begomovirus solanumpalampurense) is an emerging pathogen that threatens tomato production throughout Southwest Asia, with limited control measures available. This study investigated the effectiveness of biological and chemical seed priming in improving growth and resistance of three tomato cultivars Moneymaker, Tabas, and Hybrid AZ15 against ToLCPalV infection as well as optimizing the concentration levels of these priming agents to achieve maximum resistance with minimal phytotoxic effects. Seeds were treated with Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma zelobreve, and β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) at different concentrations, and plants were assessed for symptom development, physiological traits, antioxidant activity, and viral accumulation. Primed plants showed a marked delay in symptom onset and a significant reduction in disease severity relative to untreated controls. Quantitative PCR confirmed lower viral DNA accumulation in most primed treatments, particularly in Moneymaker primed with T. zelobreve (109 CFU/ml) and Hybrid AZ15 treated with 10 mM BABA. Enhanced catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, coupled with elevated proline, chlorophyll, and carotenoid levels, reflected a priming-induced activation of systemic defense mechanisms. Growth performance, including plant biomass and leaf greenness, also improved under priming treatments. Overall, the findings demonstrate that both microbial and chemical priming can effectively enhance tomato resistance to ToLCPalV by modulating antioxidant systems and physiological stability, offering an environmentally compatible approach to disease management.
{"title":"Biological and chemical inducers modulate growth and defense mechanisms of tomato against tomato leaf curl Palampur virus","authors":"Roya Kazemi, Naser Safaie, Mohammad Reza Atighi, Masoud Shams-Bakhsh","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV; <em>Begomovirus solanumpalampurense</em>) is an emerging pathogen that threatens tomato production throughout Southwest Asia, with limited control measures available. This study investigated the effectiveness of biological and chemical seed priming in improving growth and resistance of three tomato cultivars Moneymaker, Tabas, and Hybrid AZ15 against ToLCPalV infection as well as optimizing the concentration levels of these priming agents to achieve maximum resistance with minimal phytotoxic effects. Seeds were treated with <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, <em>Trichoderma zelobreve</em>, and β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) at different concentrations, and plants were assessed for symptom development, physiological traits, antioxidant activity, and viral accumulation. Primed plants showed a marked delay in symptom onset and a significant reduction in disease severity relative to untreated controls. Quantitative PCR confirmed lower viral DNA accumulation in most primed treatments, particularly in Moneymaker primed with <em>T. zelobreve</em> (10<sup>9</sup> CFU/ml) and Hybrid AZ15 treated with 10 mM BABA. Enhanced catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities, coupled with elevated proline, chlorophyll, and carotenoid levels, reflected a priming-induced activation of systemic defense mechanisms. Growth performance, including plant biomass and leaf greenness, also improved under priming treatments. Overall, the findings demonstrate that both microbial and chemical priming can effectively enhance tomato resistance to ToLCPalV by modulating antioxidant systems and physiological stability, offering an environmentally compatible approach to disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 103043"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103040
Danish Nigar, Mohammad Saghir Khan
Okra, an economically significant vegetable crop, is highly vulnerable to wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum, leading to substantial yield reductions. This study probed the impact of F. oxysporum infection on morpho-physiological changes in okra plants and examined the efficacy of Priestia filamentosa, Bacillus halotolerans, and Pseudomonas fluorescens in wilt disease alleviation. The three bacteria exhibited biocontrol efficacy by producing antimicrobial metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes, inducing stress-mitigation. F. oxysporum infection caused pronounced wilting symptoms, vascular discoloration, and chlorosis, accompanied by significant reductions in plant height, dry matter accumulation, and photosynthetic pigments compared to uninfected plants. The scanning electron microscopy image revealed significant distortion in bacteria-treated fungal hyphae. The scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy images of roots and leaves displayed extensive cellular damage, characterized by disrupted epidermal layers and compromised vascular tissues. The level of non-enzymatic (proline and malondialdehyde) and enzymatic (antioxidants) stress markers was substantially reduced after inoculation of all bacteria together, indicating alleviation of oxidative stress compared to diseased plants. The bacterial inoculation, in contrast, improved physiological traits, biomass, chlorophyll formation, and modulated oxidative stress responses, leading to wilt disease suppression through lytic enzymes, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia production. These findings underscore the efficacious role of P. filamentosa, B. halotolerans, and P. fluorescens as sustainable biocontrol agents for managing okra wilt disease, offering an eco-friendly alternative to chemical interventions for improved vegetable productivity.
{"title":"Bacterial antagonism as a sustainable strategy for okra wilt disease management: Insights into biochemical and cellular alterations in Fusarium oxysporum infected plants","authors":"Danish Nigar, Mohammad Saghir Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pmpp.2025.103040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Okra, an economically significant vegetable crop, is highly vulnerable to wilt disease caused by <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em>, leading to substantial yield reductions. This study probed the impact of <em>F. oxysporum</em> infection on morpho-physiological changes in okra plants and examined the efficacy of <em>Priestia filamentosa</em>, <em>Bacillus halotolerans</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em> in wilt disease alleviation. The three bacteria exhibited biocontrol efficacy by producing antimicrobial metabolites and hydrolytic enzymes, inducing stress-mitigation. <em>F. oxysporum</em> infection caused pronounced wilting symptoms, vascular discoloration, and chlorosis, accompanied by significant reductions in plant height, dry matter accumulation, and photosynthetic pigments compared to uninfected plants. The scanning electron microscopy image revealed significant distortion in bacteria-treated fungal hyphae. The scanning electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy images of roots and leaves displayed extensive cellular damage, characterized by disrupted epidermal layers and compromised vascular tissues. The level of non-enzymatic (proline and malondialdehyde) and enzymatic (antioxidants) stress markers was substantially reduced after inoculation of all bacteria together, indicating alleviation of oxidative stress compared to diseased plants. The bacterial inoculation, in contrast, improved physiological traits, biomass, chlorophyll formation, and modulated oxidative stress responses, leading to wilt disease suppression through lytic enzymes, siderophores, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia production. These findings underscore the efficacious role of <em>P. filamentosa</em>, <em>B. halotolerans</em>, and <em>P. fluorescens</em> as sustainable biocontrol agents for managing okra wilt disease, offering an eco-friendly alternative to chemical interventions for improved vegetable productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20046,"journal":{"name":"Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology","volume":"142 ","pages":"Article 103040"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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