Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad7649
Lu Tian, Rui Zhang, Yong Wang, Bingchuan Xie, Haixuan Li and Yueyan Ren
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a new dimension for improving channel capacity and has been widely studied by scientists. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research on antennas and electromagnetic (EM) beams containing OAM, demonstrating its excellent ability in communication. This article proposes a Ka-band multi-mode orbital angular momentum reflectarray antenna (RA) capable of generating four vortex EM beams with four modes (l = −1, 0, +1, +2). The proposed unit cell can cover a 360-degree reflection phase range with a magnitude above 0.88, achieved through a combination of variable-sized and delay-line units. Furthermore, the unit cell’s mirror configuration allows for cross-polarization rejection. Based on these unit cells, a square reflectarray antenna (25 × 25 elements) is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results demonstrate that the 1 dB bandwidths for four modes are 25.81% (27–35 GHz, l = −1), 31.25% (27–37 GHz, l = 0), 28.57% (27–36 GHz, l = +1), and 20.69% (26–32 GHz, l = +2), respectively. Notably, the 3 dB gain bandwidths of all modes exceed 40%, with the maximum 3 dB bandwidth reaching 47.62% at mode l = +1. Furthermore, all vortex EM beams of this proposed RA maintain mode purities exceeding 70% within 3 dB bandwidths.
轨道角动量（OAM）是提高信道容量的一个新维度，已被科学家广泛研究。近年来，对含有轨道角动量的天线和电磁（EM）波束的研究日益增多，显示了其在通信中的卓越能力。本文提出了一种 Ka 波段多模轨道角动量反射阵列天线（RA），能够产生四种模式（l = -1、0、+1、+2）的涡旋电磁波束。通过可变尺寸单元和延迟线单元的组合，拟议的单元可覆盖 360 度的反射相位范围，幅度超过 0.88。此外，该单元的镜面配置还可实现跨偏振抑制。基于这些单元，设计、制造并测量了一个方形反射阵列天线（25 × 25 个元件）。测量结果表明，四种模式的 1 dB 带宽分别为 25.81% (27-35 GHz, l = -1), 31.25% (27-37 GHz, l = 0), 28.57% (27-36 GHz, l = +1) 和 20.69% (26-32 GHz, l = +2)。值得注意的是，所有模式的 3 dB 增益带宽都超过了 40%，模式 l = +1 时的最大 3 dB 带宽达到了 47.62%。此外，该拟议 RA 的所有涡旋电磁波束都能在 3 dB 带宽内保持超过 70% 的模式纯度。
{"title":"Multi-polarized four-mode wideband vortex electromagnetic beams generation through reflective metasurface in Ka-band","authors":"Lu Tian, Rui Zhang, Yong Wang, Bingchuan Xie, Haixuan Li and Yueyan Ren","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad7649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad7649","url":null,"abstract":"Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a new dimension for improving channel capacity and has been widely studied by scientists. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research on antennas and electromagnetic (EM) beams containing OAM, demonstrating its excellent ability in communication. This article proposes a Ka-band multi-mode orbital angular momentum reflectarray antenna (RA) capable of generating four vortex EM beams with four modes (l = −1, 0, +1, +2). The proposed unit cell can cover a 360-degree reflection phase range with a magnitude above 0.88, achieved through a combination of variable-sized and delay-line units. Furthermore, the unit cell’s mirror configuration allows for cross-polarization rejection. Based on these unit cells, a square reflectarray antenna (25 × 25 elements) is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results demonstrate that the 1 dB bandwidths for four modes are 25.81% (27–35 GHz, l = −1), 31.25% (27–37 GHz, l = 0), 28.57% (27–36 GHz, l = +1), and 20.69% (26–32 GHz, l = +2), respectively. Notably, the 3 dB gain bandwidths of all modes exceed 40%, with the maximum 3 dB bandwidth reaching 47.62% at mode l = +1. Furthermore, all vortex EM beams of this proposed RA maintain mode purities exceeding 70% within 3 dB bandwidths.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad78ca
Ye Ming Qing, Zhaoyan Yang, Yunxia Wang, Yongze Ren and Jun Wu
The interplay between light and matter has fostered innovative research in surface plasmons, specifically in graphene, due to its tunable Fermi energy and reduced losses in the infrared and terahertz spectra. This study explores the anisotropic coupling of nonlocalized surface plasmons in graphene with localized magnetic polaritons (MP) in a silicon carbide (SiC) array. By adjusting graphene’s Fermi energy and polarization angle, we successfully achieved hybrid coupling, giving rise to three clearly distinguishable hybridized states. Using the coupled oscillator model as a framework, we conducted an analysis of the intricate multimode coupling and accurately ascertained the weighting efficiencies of the individual modes comprising the hybrids. By integrating the design principles of space-time coding metasurfaces, we successfully broadened the scope of the application, extending its reach from the near-field to the far-field. These novel discoveries pave new paths for advancements in thermal emitters, photonic systems, energy conversion technologies, and the creation of cutting-edge plasmonic devices.
{"title":"Polarization-dependent near-field coupling and far-field harmonic modulation in a graphene-based plasmonic nanostructure","authors":"Ye Ming Qing, Zhaoyan Yang, Yunxia Wang, Yongze Ren and Jun Wu","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad78ca","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad78ca","url":null,"abstract":"The interplay between light and matter has fostered innovative research in surface plasmons, specifically in graphene, due to its tunable Fermi energy and reduced losses in the infrared and terahertz spectra. This study explores the anisotropic coupling of nonlocalized surface plasmons in graphene with localized magnetic polaritons (MP) in a silicon carbide (SiC) array. By adjusting graphene’s Fermi energy and polarization angle, we successfully achieved hybrid coupling, giving rise to three clearly distinguishable hybridized states. Using the coupled oscillator model as a framework, we conducted an analysis of the intricate multimode coupling and accurately ascertained the weighting efficiencies of the individual modes comprising the hybrids. By integrating the design principles of space-time coding metasurfaces, we successfully broadened the scope of the application, extending its reach from the near-field to the far-field. These novel discoveries pave new paths for advancements in thermal emitters, photonic systems, energy conversion technologies, and the creation of cutting-edge plasmonic devices.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad7767
Yan Li, Bin Yang and Aihui Zhou
In this paper, by studying a class of 1-D Sturm-Liouville problems with periodic coefficients, we show and classify the solutions of periodic Schrödinger equations in a multidimensional case, which tells that not all the solutions are Bloch solutions. In addition, we also provide several properties of the solutions and quasimomenta and illustrate the relationship between bounded solutions and Bloch solutions.
{"title":"A Mathematical Aspect of Bloch’s Theorem","authors":"Yan Li, Bin Yang and Aihui Zhou","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad7767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad7767","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, by studying a class of 1-D Sturm-Liouville problems with periodic coefficients, we show and classify the solutions of periodic Schrödinger equations in a multidimensional case, which tells that not all the solutions are Bloch solutions. In addition, we also provide several properties of the solutions and quasimomenta and illustrate the relationship between bounded solutions and Bloch solutions.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad7893
Tengfei Xu, Shengli Pu, Siyang Huang and Yu Ji
A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensor using a negative curvature circular side-polished photonic crystal fiber was proposed. The sensor’s sensitivity was analyzed using the finite element method. The impact of structural parameters was investigated. The sensor exhibits an average wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 7846 nm/RIU in the refractive index range of 1.370–1.396 and 2350 nm/RIU in the range of 1.330–1.370, with maximum WS of 46000 nm/RIU. For refractive index and magnetic field dual-parameter sensing, the simultaneously obtained magnetic field sensitivity is 0.84 nm/mT. The proposed SPR sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity, making it suitable for refractive index and magnetic field sensing applications.
{"title":"Dual-channel photonic crystal fiber dual-parameter sensor exploiting surface plasmon resonance","authors":"Tengfei Xu, Shengli Pu, Siyang Huang and Yu Ji","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad7893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad7893","url":null,"abstract":"A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensor using a negative curvature circular side-polished photonic crystal fiber was proposed. The sensor’s sensitivity was analyzed using the finite element method. The impact of structural parameters was investigated. The sensor exhibits an average wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 7846 nm/RIU in the refractive index range of 1.370–1.396 and 2350 nm/RIU in the range of 1.330–1.370, with maximum WS of 46000 nm/RIU. For refractive index and magnetic field dual-parameter sensing, the simultaneously obtained magnetic field sensitivity is 0.84 nm/mT. The proposed SPR sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity, making it suitable for refractive index and magnetic field sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad7897
Yogita M Mahatekar and Pushpendra Kumar
In this paper, we develop a novel numerical scheme, namely ‘NPCM-PCDE,’ to integrate fractional ordinary differential equations with proportional Caputo derivatives of the type pcDαu(t) = f1(t, u(t)), t ≥ 0, 0 < α < 1 involving a non-linear operator f1. A new method is developed using a natural discretization of the proportional Caputo derivative and the decomposition method to decompose the non-linear operator f1. The error and stability analyses for the proposed method are provided. Some illustrated examples are given to compare the solution curves graphically with the exact solution and to prove the utility and efficiency of the method. The proposed NPCM-PCDE is found to be efficient, easy to implement, convergent, and stable.
{"title":"A novel numerical method to solve fractional ordinary differential equations with proportional Caputo derivatives","authors":"Yogita M Mahatekar and Pushpendra Kumar","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad7897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad7897","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we develop a novel numerical scheme, namely ‘NPCM-PCDE,’ to integrate fractional ordinary differential equations with proportional Caputo derivatives of the type pcDαu(t) = f1(t, u(t)), t ≥ 0, 0 < α < 1 involving a non-linear operator f1. A new method is developed using a natural discretization of the proportional Caputo derivative and the decomposition method to decompose the non-linear operator f1. The error and stability analyses for the proposed method are provided. Some illustrated examples are given to compare the solution curves graphically with the exact solution and to prove the utility and efficiency of the method. The proposed NPCM-PCDE is found to be efficient, easy to implement, convergent, and stable.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad77f9
Pengli Shu, Xin Tian, Qiang Guo, Xiaosen Ren, Bohui Zhao, Huanfei Wen, Jun Tang, Yanjun Li, Sugawara Yasuhiro, Zongmin Ma and Jun Liu
A detailed understanding of the geometric structure and electronic properties of gold nanoparticles on the ceria surface is crucial for comprehending their unique catalytic activity. Using the first-principles method based on density functional theory, the adsorption of Aux (x = 1–4) clusters on the CeO2(111) surface was studied. It was discovered that the standing configurations of Au2 and Au3, as well as the tetrahedral structure of Au4, are the most stable adsorption structures. The stability of these configurations is jointly determined by the number and strength of Au-Au bonds, the Au-O bonding energy, and the interaction dynamics between the clusters and the substrate. The analysis of Bader charge, difference charge density and density of states suggested that lattice relaxation and electronic localization occur in the reduced Ce3+. The reduced amount and location of Ce3+ are significantly influenced by the position and charge transfer amount of Aux cluster. The adsorption of CO on Au4/CeO2(111) indicated that stronger Au-C bonding energy due to the hybridization of Au-5d and C-2p, thereby enhancing the catalytic activity for CO oxidation reactions.
{"title":"Investigation into geometric configurations and electronic properties of CeO2-supported gold clusters","authors":"Pengli Shu, Xin Tian, Qiang Guo, Xiaosen Ren, Bohui Zhao, Huanfei Wen, Jun Tang, Yanjun Li, Sugawara Yasuhiro, Zongmin Ma and Jun Liu","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad77f9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad77f9","url":null,"abstract":"A detailed understanding of the geometric structure and electronic properties of gold nanoparticles on the ceria surface is crucial for comprehending their unique catalytic activity. Using the first-principles method based on density functional theory, the adsorption of Aux (x = 1–4) clusters on the CeO2(111) surface was studied. It was discovered that the standing configurations of Au2 and Au3, as well as the tetrahedral structure of Au4, are the most stable adsorption structures. The stability of these configurations is jointly determined by the number and strength of Au-Au bonds, the Au-O bonding energy, and the interaction dynamics between the clusters and the substrate. The analysis of Bader charge, difference charge density and density of states suggested that lattice relaxation and electronic localization occur in the reduced Ce3+. The reduced amount and location of Ce3+ are significantly influenced by the position and charge transfer amount of Aux cluster. The adsorption of CO on Au4/CeO2(111) indicated that stronger Au-C bonding energy due to the hybridization of Au-5d and C-2p, thereby enhancing the catalytic activity for CO oxidation reactions.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad7898
Pu Wang, Xiaojun Liu, Jing Xu and Chenhao Lu
For the bit-level image encryption algorithms, pixel values and positions can be changed simultaneously. The operation can enhance the security of image encryption but will require the complicated calculations. Therefore, high security and suitable computation for a new algorithm are needed to be considered. In this paper, a novel image encryption algorithm, which combines the bit-level encryption and the pixel-level encryption methods, is proposed based on the cycle replacement. Firstly, a new 2-dimensional (2D) map with a hyperbolic cosine function (2D-Cosh map) is introduced, which has rich and complex dynamics. Based on the chaotic characteristic of the map, an image encryption algorithm is introduced via the substitution of bit of pixels which can scramble the pixels, and change the image pixel positions effectively. Numerical simulation and security analysis are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm. From which we can see that the correlation coefficients are almost 0, average entropy = 7.9973, average NPCR = 99.6104%, and average UACI = 33.4664%. It is clear that the algorithm is resistant to differential attacks, interference attacks, and can reduce the correlation of adjacent pixels of the encrypted image greatly. Meanwhile, the algorithm has no limit for the size of a color image in the process of the encryption.
{"title":"A novel image encryption method based on the cycle replacement","authors":"Pu Wang, Xiaojun Liu, Jing Xu and Chenhao Lu","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad7898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad7898","url":null,"abstract":"For the bit-level image encryption algorithms, pixel values and positions can be changed simultaneously. The operation can enhance the security of image encryption but will require the complicated calculations. Therefore, high security and suitable computation for a new algorithm are needed to be considered. In this paper, a novel image encryption algorithm, which combines the bit-level encryption and the pixel-level encryption methods, is proposed based on the cycle replacement. Firstly, a new 2-dimensional (2D) map with a hyperbolic cosine function (2D-Cosh map) is introduced, which has rich and complex dynamics. Based on the chaotic characteristic of the map, an image encryption algorithm is introduced via the substitution of bit of pixels which can scramble the pixels, and change the image pixel positions effectively. Numerical simulation and security analysis are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm. From which we can see that the correlation coefficients are almost 0, average entropy = 7.9973, average NPCR = 99.6104%, and average UACI = 33.4664%. It is clear that the algorithm is resistant to differential attacks, interference attacks, and can reduce the correlation of adjacent pixels of the encrypted image greatly. Meanwhile, the algorithm has no limit for the size of a color image in the process of the encryption.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad77fa
Najwan Alsadat, Amal S Hassan, Mohammed Elgarhy, Vasili B V Nagarjuna, Sid Ahmed Benchiha and Ahmed M Gemeay
It is impossible to overstate the importance of using trigonometric functions appropriately in distribution theory. The main contribution of the research is to construct a flexible trigonometric extension of the power XLindley distribution. More specifically, we build an innovative two-parameter lifetime distribution known as the sine power XLindley distribution (SPXLD) using characteristics from the sine-generated family of distributions. As the main motivational fact, it provides an attractive alternative to the power Lindley, power XLindley, weighted Lindley, and extended power Lindley distributions; it may be better able to model lifetime phenomena presenting data of leptokurtic and platkurtic nature. In contrast to the increasing, decreasing, and reversed-j-shaped hazard rate function, the density exhibits asymmetric shapes with varying peakedness levels. Several significant characteristics are illustrated, including moments, the quantile function, the probability density function in series representation, the stress-strength reliability, and incomplete moments. To analyze the behavior of the suggested distribution, sixteen estimation techniques are applied, such as the maximum likelihood, percentiles, some methods of minimum distances, some methods based on minimum and maximum spacing distances, and the Kolmogorov method. After that, an extensive simulation study and the examination of two survival real datasets are used to show the viability, usefulness, and adaptability of the SPXLD. Relevant goodness of fit criteria demonstrates that the SPXLD fits several current distributions.
{"title":"A novel asymmetric extension of power XLindley distribution: properties, inference and applications to engineering data","authors":"Najwan Alsadat, Amal S Hassan, Mohammed Elgarhy, Vasili B V Nagarjuna, Sid Ahmed Benchiha and Ahmed M Gemeay","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad77fa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad77fa","url":null,"abstract":"It is impossible to overstate the importance of using trigonometric functions appropriately in distribution theory. The main contribution of the research is to construct a flexible trigonometric extension of the power XLindley distribution. More specifically, we build an innovative two-parameter lifetime distribution known as the sine power XLindley distribution (SPXLD) using characteristics from the sine-generated family of distributions. As the main motivational fact, it provides an attractive alternative to the power Lindley, power XLindley, weighted Lindley, and extended power Lindley distributions; it may be better able to model lifetime phenomena presenting data of leptokurtic and platkurtic nature. In contrast to the increasing, decreasing, and reversed-j-shaped hazard rate function, the density exhibits asymmetric shapes with varying peakedness levels. Several significant characteristics are illustrated, including moments, the quantile function, the probability density function in series representation, the stress-strength reliability, and incomplete moments. To analyze the behavior of the suggested distribution, sixteen estimation techniques are applied, such as the maximum likelihood, percentiles, some methods of minimum distances, some methods based on minimum and maximum spacing distances, and the Kolmogorov method. After that, an extensive simulation study and the examination of two survival real datasets are used to show the viability, usefulness, and adaptability of the SPXLD. Relevant goodness of fit criteria demonstrates that the SPXLD fits several current distributions.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad6fd8
Mark Koch, Richie Yeung and Quanlong Wang
Recent advances in classical simulation of Clifford+T circuits make use of the ZX calculus to iteratively decompose and simplify magic states into stabiliser terms We improve on this method by studying stabiliser decompositions of ZX diagrams involving the triangle operation. We show that this technique greatly speeds up the simulation of quantum circuits involving multi-controlled gates which can be naturally represented using triangles. We implement our approach in the QuiZX library (2022 A. Kissinger amd J. van de Wetering Quantum Science and Technology7, 044001), (2022 A. Kissinger et al F. Le Gall and T. Morimae, ed. 17th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2022), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) 232, Schloss Dagstuhl—Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, pp 5:1–5:13) and demonstrate a significant simulation speed-up (up to multiple orders of magnitude) for random circuits and a variation of previously used benchmarking circuits. Furthermore, we use our software to contract diagrams representing the gradient variance of parametrised quantum circuits, which yields a tool for the automatic numerical detection of the barren plateau phenomenon in ansätze used for quantum machine learning. Compared to traditional statistical approaches, our method yields exact values for gradient variances and only requires contracting a single diagram. The performance of this tool is competitive with tensor network approaches, as demonstrated with benchmarks against the quimb library (2018 J. Gray Journal of Open Source Software3, 819).
我们通过研究涉及三角形运算的 ZX 图的稳定器分解，改进了这种方法。我们的研究表明，这种技术大大加快了涉及多控制门的量子电路仿真速度，而多控制门可以自然地使用三角形来表示。我们在 QuiZX 库中实现了我们的方法（2022 A. Kissinger amd J. van de Wetering Quantum Science and Technology7, 044001），（2022 A. Kissinger et al F. Le Gall and T. Morimae, eds.17th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2022), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) 232, Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, pp 5:1-5:13），并展示了随机电路和以前使用的基准电路变体的显著模拟速度提升（高达多个数量级）。此外，我们还利用我们的软件收缩了代表参数化量子电路梯度方差的图表，从而产生了一种用于量子机器学习的自动数值检测荒芜高原现象的工具。与传统的统计方法相比，我们的方法能得到梯度方差的精确值，而且只需要收缩一张图。该工具的性能可与张量网络方法相媲美，与 quimb 库（2018 J. Gray Journal of Open Source Software3, 819）的基准测试也证明了这一点。
{"title":"Contraction of ZX diagrams with triangles via stabiliser decompositions","authors":"Mark Koch, Richie Yeung and Quanlong Wang","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad6fd8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6fd8","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in classical simulation of Clifford+T circuits make use of the ZX calculus to iteratively decompose and simplify magic states into stabiliser terms We improve on this method by studying stabiliser decompositions of ZX diagrams involving the triangle operation. We show that this technique greatly speeds up the simulation of quantum circuits involving multi-controlled gates which can be naturally represented using triangles. We implement our approach in the QuiZX library (2022 A. Kissinger amd J. van de Wetering Quantum Science and Technology7, 044001), (2022 A. Kissinger et al F. Le Gall and T. Morimae, ed. 17th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2022), Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) 232, Schloss Dagstuhl—Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, Dagstuhl, Germany, pp 5:1–5:13) and demonstrate a significant simulation speed-up (up to multiple orders of magnitude) for random circuits and a variation of previously used benchmarking circuits. Furthermore, we use our software to contract diagrams representing the gradient variance of parametrised quantum circuits, which yields a tool for the automatic numerical detection of the barren plateau phenomenon in ansätze used for quantum machine learning. Compared to traditional statistical approaches, our method yields exact values for gradient variances and only requires contracting a single diagram. The performance of this tool is competitive with tensor network approaches, as demonstrated with benchmarks against the quimb library (2018 J. Gray Journal of Open Source Software3, 819).","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad78c7
Neetu Agrawal
The surface states of topological insulators are characterized by spin-momentum locking, where the electron spin is locked perpendicular to its momentum. This property is preserved under gate potentials which can be used to manipulate spin currents without an external magnetic field enhancing the prospects for spintronic applications. Here, we investigate the scattering of the wave functions of topological surface states within the circular n-p junction positioned on the upper surface of the quintuple-layered three-dimensional topological insulator. With the analytical calculations we explain the scattering of these surface states in such systems.
{"title":"Quantum transport of topological surface states in presence of circular n-p junctions","authors":"Neetu Agrawal","doi":"10.1088/1402-4896/ad78c7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad78c7","url":null,"abstract":"The surface states of topological insulators are characterized by spin-momentum locking, where the electron spin is locked perpendicular to its momentum. This property is preserved under gate potentials which can be used to manipulate spin currents without an external magnetic field enhancing the prospects for spintronic applications. Here, we investigate the scattering of the wave functions of topological surface states within the circular n-p junction positioned on the upper surface of the quintuple-layered three-dimensional topological insulator. With the analytical calculations we explain the scattering of these surface states in such systems.","PeriodicalId":20067,"journal":{"name":"Physica Scripta","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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