S. Gamayunov, I. Turchin, I. Fiks, K. Korchagina, M. Kleshnin, N. Shakhova
Abstract Background and objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been successfully used in clinical practice for decades; however, clinical outcome data are not always consistent resulting in a great necessity for real-time monitoring to predict the therapy outcome. Study design and methods: In a retrospective clinical study, 402 patients with non-melanoma skin malignancies were enrolled who underwent PDT treatment and fluorescence real-time imaging. The photosensitizer used was a chlorine e6 derivative (Fotoditazin®); the tumors were irradiated with a 662 nm continuous wave diode laser with fiber delivery system and total fluence of up to 300 J/cm2. The fluorescence imaging was performed using a commercially available system with a camera and bandpass filter in the range of 710–800 nm. Fluorescence contrast (FC) of the tumor (the ratio of the average fluorescence intensities in the tumor and the surrounding tissues) and its change during the PDT treatment (photobleaching, dFC) was measured. Then the correlation between the clinical outcome (tumor response and recurrence rate) and measured fluorescence parameters was evaluated. The follow-up period was 6–53 months (median, 28 months). Results: FC or dFC below their median values independently correspond to a significant increase in tumor recurrence rate (p<0.05), and slight increase of partial or no tumor response cases. Tumor response is better correlated with the value of FC, and not correlated with the photobleaching. Conclusion: Baseline FC and its change after PDT treatment may serve as a predictor of recurrence. This finding is a step towards individualized PDT cancer treatment.
{"title":"Fluorescence imaging for photodynamic therapy of non-melanoma skin malignancies – A retrospective clinical study","authors":"S. Gamayunov, I. Turchin, I. Fiks, K. Korchagina, M. Kleshnin, N. Shakhova","doi":"10.1515/plm-2015-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2015-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been successfully used in clinical practice for decades; however, clinical outcome data are not always consistent resulting in a great necessity for real-time monitoring to predict the therapy outcome. Study design and methods: In a retrospective clinical study, 402 patients with non-melanoma skin malignancies were enrolled who underwent PDT treatment and fluorescence real-time imaging. The photosensitizer used was a chlorine e6 derivative (Fotoditazin®); the tumors were irradiated with a 662 nm continuous wave diode laser with fiber delivery system and total fluence of up to 300 J/cm2. The fluorescence imaging was performed using a commercially available system with a camera and bandpass filter in the range of 710–800 nm. Fluorescence contrast (FC) of the tumor (the ratio of the average fluorescence intensities in the tumor and the surrounding tissues) and its change during the PDT treatment (photobleaching, dFC) was measured. Then the correlation between the clinical outcome (tumor response and recurrence rate) and measured fluorescence parameters was evaluated. The follow-up period was 6–53 months (median, 28 months). Results: FC or dFC below their median values independently correspond to a significant increase in tumor recurrence rate (p<0.05), and slight increase of partial or no tumor response cases. Tumor response is better correlated with the value of FC, and not correlated with the photobleaching. Conclusion: Baseline FC and its change after PDT treatment may serve as a predictor of recurrence. This finding is a step towards individualized PDT cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79877301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biophotonics is a rapidly emerging area of photonics, which offers novel tools for non-invasive diagnostics (including imaging modalities), therapy and surgery [1– 6]. Over the last decade, a number of biomedical optical techniques have been introduced into clinical practice thanks to their perceived safety and efficiency. Optical imaging modalities combine non-invasiveness with high spatial resolution and specificity, greatly benefiting from employing fluorescent agents and nanoparticles with high optical absorption. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides a high treatment efficacy and has only a weak impact on surrounding normal tissues resulting in an outstanding cosmetic outcome. Laser surgery ensures good functional results due to minimally invasive tissue removal. This special issue of Photonics & Lasers in Medicine features papers based on selected talks delivered at the conferences “Optical Bioimaging” and “Nanobiophotonics”, and at the satellite workshop on “Clinical Biophotonics” held at the 5th International Symposium “Topical Problems of Biophotonics”. The symposium takes place biannually in the Volga River region, and in 2015, it was organized by the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy and University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. The symposium brought together 186 researchers from 18 countries to give nine plenary talks, 70 invited talks, 43 contributed papers, four sponsor presentations and 27 poster presentations. The aim of this special issue is to give an overview of the state-of-the-art development in optical biomedical imaging as well as the treatment techniques and their translation into clinical practice. It covers a wide range of problems in medical biophotonics varying from fundamental aspects of light-tissue interaction to principles of image formation and processing and the particular application of optical techniques and devices in the clinical environment. Special attention is given to PDT as it is one of the most promising techniques for cancer treatment. In a review article, Bown [7] highlights the state of the art and background of PDT for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, including the latest clinical studies in that area. A retrospective study is presented of the PDT of non-melanoma skin malignancies using fluorescence imaging monitoring by Gamayunov et al. [8]. Two preclinical studies focus on optically aided investigations of drugs for chemotherapy [9] and PDT [10].
{"title":"From optical bioimaging to clinical biophotonics","authors":"M. Kirillin, N. Shakhova, I. Turchin","doi":"10.1515/plm-2016-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2016-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Biophotonics is a rapidly emerging area of photonics, which offers novel tools for non-invasive diagnostics (including imaging modalities), therapy and surgery [1– 6]. Over the last decade, a number of biomedical optical techniques have been introduced into clinical practice thanks to their perceived safety and efficiency. Optical imaging modalities combine non-invasiveness with high spatial resolution and specificity, greatly benefiting from employing fluorescent agents and nanoparticles with high optical absorption. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides a high treatment efficacy and has only a weak impact on surrounding normal tissues resulting in an outstanding cosmetic outcome. Laser surgery ensures good functional results due to minimally invasive tissue removal. This special issue of Photonics & Lasers in Medicine features papers based on selected talks delivered at the conferences “Optical Bioimaging” and “Nanobiophotonics”, and at the satellite workshop on “Clinical Biophotonics” held at the 5th International Symposium “Topical Problems of Biophotonics”. The symposium takes place biannually in the Volga River region, and in 2015, it was organized by the Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy and University of Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. The symposium brought together 186 researchers from 18 countries to give nine plenary talks, 70 invited talks, 43 contributed papers, four sponsor presentations and 27 poster presentations. The aim of this special issue is to give an overview of the state-of-the-art development in optical biomedical imaging as well as the treatment techniques and their translation into clinical practice. It covers a wide range of problems in medical biophotonics varying from fundamental aspects of light-tissue interaction to principles of image formation and processing and the particular application of optical techniques and devices in the clinical environment. Special attention is given to PDT as it is one of the most promising techniques for cancer treatment. In a review article, Bown [7] highlights the state of the art and background of PDT for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, including the latest clinical studies in that area. A retrospective study is presented of the PDT of non-melanoma skin malignancies using fluorescence imaging monitoring by Gamayunov et al. [8]. Two preclinical studies focus on optically aided investigations of drugs for chemotherapy [9] and PDT [10].","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75091890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Objective: The results of a feasibility study of the application of PEG-300 and fructose as two independent optical clearing agents for the reduction of light scattering in biological tissues are presented. Materials and methods: An OCT system operating at 1300 nm was used to study optical clearing effects. In in-vitro experiments in mice (n=2) an increase of the imaging depth was observed after intravenous injection of PEG-300 alone and in combination with intradermal injection of fructose. The optical clearing effect was also studied for the first time in two mice in vivo using intravenous injection of PEG-300 or solution of hemoglobin. Results: The intradermal injection of fructose in combination with the intravenous injection of PEG-300 led to a rapid optical clearing effect. In the experiments on mice in vivo the injection of PEG-300 or hemoglobin solution into the tail vein of the living mice allowed for a rapid enhancement of the vein wall and the surrounding tissue image contrast. Conclusion: The experiments on mice have clearly demonstrated that intradermal and intravenous injections of optical clearing agents enhanced light transport through the skin and blood vessels.
{"title":"Enhancement of OCT imaging by blood optical clearing in vessels – A feasibility study","authors":"O. Zhernovaya, V. Tuchin, M. Leahy","doi":"10.1515/plm-2016-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2016-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: The results of a feasibility study of the application of PEG-300 and fructose as two independent optical clearing agents for the reduction of light scattering in biological tissues are presented. Materials and methods: An OCT system operating at 1300 nm was used to study optical clearing effects. In in-vitro experiments in mice (n=2) an increase of the imaging depth was observed after intravenous injection of PEG-300 alone and in combination with intradermal injection of fructose. The optical clearing effect was also studied for the first time in two mice in vivo using intravenous injection of PEG-300 or solution of hemoglobin. Results: The intradermal injection of fructose in combination with the intravenous injection of PEG-300 led to a rapid optical clearing effect. In the experiments on mice in vivo the injection of PEG-300 or hemoglobin solution into the tail vein of the living mice allowed for a rapid enhancement of the vein wall and the surrounding tissue image contrast. Conclusion: The experiments on mice have clearly demonstrated that intradermal and intravenous injections of optical clearing agents enhanced light transport through the skin and blood vessels.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81412838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is a device that emits light beams of specific wavelength and is able to transform other energies into electromagnetic radiation [1]. Depending on the medium they use, lasers can be solid-state lasers [ruby or neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers], liquid-state lasers (dye lasers), gas lasers (helium, heliumneon and excimer lasers) or semi-conductor lasers (also called diode lasers). The laser’s first medical use was to repair detached retinas by means of spot welding in ophthalmology [2]. However, dermatologists, especially Dr. Leon Goldman, played an important role in the further development and application of medical lasers. Goldman first used the laser in the field of dermatology to treat tattoos using a ruby laser, with 500-ms pulses [3]. As a result, he is often referred to as the “godfather of lasers in medicine and surgery” [4]. Light therapy, also called phototherapy or heliotherapy, classically refers to the use of ultraviolet (UV) light in the management of disease conditions. Phototherapy has been used for centuries to treat skin disorders. Most of the insights into the therapeutic benefit of phototherapy, that have been gained over time, have been related to observed effects of natural sunlight. It was not until the 20th century that artificial light sources were developed to utilize UV light for medical purposes. Niels Finsen was the first person to treat a cutaneous mycobacterial infection of the skin by the focused delivery of UV light for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize [5]. The development continued and in the middle of the 20th century, ultraviolet B (UVB) and psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) phototherapy were used, primarily for treatment of psoriasis. More recently further research has led to the application of broadband UVB (290–320 nm), narrowband UVB (311–313 nm), 308 nm excimer lasers, and UVA-1 (340–400 nm) irradiation. Laser and light technology and its use in dermatology is a rapidly advancing field. Laser and light sources are also being used in combination with pharmacological agents to optimize the therapeutic outcome [6]. This issue of Photonics & Lasers in Medicine presents some encouraging efforts in the application of lasers and light-based therapy especially in vascular diseases and dermatophyte fungi. Therefore, the present editorial aims to briefly discuss the use of lasers and light-based therapies for various skin conditions including vascular, fungal infections and other diseases such as inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions.
{"title":"Light and lasers for vascular and skin diseases: From bench to clinic – An update","authors":"Xiuli Wang","doi":"10.1515/plm-2016-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2016-0022","url":null,"abstract":"The laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is a device that emits light beams of specific wavelength and is able to transform other energies into electromagnetic radiation [1]. Depending on the medium they use, lasers can be solid-state lasers [ruby or neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers], liquid-state lasers (dye lasers), gas lasers (helium, heliumneon and excimer lasers) or semi-conductor lasers (also called diode lasers). The laser’s first medical use was to repair detached retinas by means of spot welding in ophthalmology [2]. However, dermatologists, especially Dr. Leon Goldman, played an important role in the further development and application of medical lasers. Goldman first used the laser in the field of dermatology to treat tattoos using a ruby laser, with 500-ms pulses [3]. As a result, he is often referred to as the “godfather of lasers in medicine and surgery” [4]. Light therapy, also called phototherapy or heliotherapy, classically refers to the use of ultraviolet (UV) light in the management of disease conditions. Phototherapy has been used for centuries to treat skin disorders. Most of the insights into the therapeutic benefit of phototherapy, that have been gained over time, have been related to observed effects of natural sunlight. It was not until the 20th century that artificial light sources were developed to utilize UV light for medical purposes. Niels Finsen was the first person to treat a cutaneous mycobacterial infection of the skin by the focused delivery of UV light for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize [5]. The development continued and in the middle of the 20th century, ultraviolet B (UVB) and psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) phototherapy were used, primarily for treatment of psoriasis. More recently further research has led to the application of broadband UVB (290–320 nm), narrowband UVB (311–313 nm), 308 nm excimer lasers, and UVA-1 (340–400 nm) irradiation. Laser and light technology and its use in dermatology is a rapidly advancing field. Laser and light sources are also being used in combination with pharmacological agents to optimize the therapeutic outcome [6]. This issue of Photonics & Lasers in Medicine presents some encouraging efforts in the application of lasers and light-based therapy especially in vascular diseases and dermatophyte fungi. Therefore, the present editorial aims to briefly discuss the use of lasers and light-based therapies for various skin conditions including vascular, fungal infections and other diseases such as inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77095103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minglei Wei, Haiyan Zhang, Peiru Wang, Bo Wang, Lei Shi, Guolong Zhang, Xiuli Wang
Abstract Objective: To explore the effects of 532 nm continuous laser combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) versus 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) on a chicken comb model of vascular malformation. Study design: Ninety adult male chickens were divided into three groups (A, B and C). One comb side of the chickens was taken randomly as the treatment side, and the other side as the self-control side. Group A was irradiated once with a 532 nm continuous laser after a single intravenous injection of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME). In group B treatment side of combs was irradiated once with a 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). In the control group C, the combs were treated neither with photosensitizer nor with irradiation. Results: Compared with the self-control sides, part of the treated combs were blanched after HMME-PDT while the histopathology showed an absence of erythrocytes and the vessel lumina were obliterated, leaving the normal overlying epidermis completely intact. At the same time selective destruction of the capillaries in the target area and obvious reduction of vascular vessel number were seen (p<0.01). In nine cases (30%) treatment was completely ineffective resulting in a total effective rate of 70% (21 cases). No scar formation was observed at all. After PDL treatment most of the treated combs were blanched while histopathology showed an absence of erythrocytes and the vessel lumina were obliterated, leaving the overlying epidermis with slight injuries and scabs. Here again, destruction of the capillaries in the target area and obvious reduction of vascular vessel number (p<0.01) were obtained. The total effective rate was 93% (28 cases); in two cases scars occurred. The combs of the control group showed no change compared with self-control sides (p>0.05). Conclusion: In the chicken comb model it was shown that both 532 nm HMME-PDT and 595 nm PDL treatment could damage capillaries in the superficial dermis of combs. The 532 nm HMME-PDT had fewer side effects compared with 595 nm PDL, but the inefficiency rate of 532 nm HMME-PDT group was higher than the 595 nm PDL group. No significant difference was observed in the macroscopic and histopathological results of both groups (p>0.05).
{"title":"A study on the effects of 532 nm continuous laser combined with photodynamic therapy versus 595 nm pulsed dye laser on a chicken comb model of vascular malformation","authors":"Minglei Wei, Haiyan Zhang, Peiru Wang, Bo Wang, Lei Shi, Guolong Zhang, Xiuli Wang","doi":"10.1515/plm-2016-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2016-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: To explore the effects of 532 nm continuous laser combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) versus 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL) on a chicken comb model of vascular malformation. Study design: Ninety adult male chickens were divided into three groups (A, B and C). One comb side of the chickens was taken randomly as the treatment side, and the other side as the self-control side. Group A was irradiated once with a 532 nm continuous laser after a single intravenous injection of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME). In group B treatment side of combs was irradiated once with a 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). In the control group C, the combs were treated neither with photosensitizer nor with irradiation. Results: Compared with the self-control sides, part of the treated combs were blanched after HMME-PDT while the histopathology showed an absence of erythrocytes and the vessel lumina were obliterated, leaving the normal overlying epidermis completely intact. At the same time selective destruction of the capillaries in the target area and obvious reduction of vascular vessel number were seen (p<0.01). In nine cases (30%) treatment was completely ineffective resulting in a total effective rate of 70% (21 cases). No scar formation was observed at all. After PDL treatment most of the treated combs were blanched while histopathology showed an absence of erythrocytes and the vessel lumina were obliterated, leaving the overlying epidermis with slight injuries and scabs. Here again, destruction of the capillaries in the target area and obvious reduction of vascular vessel number (p<0.01) were obtained. The total effective rate was 93% (28 cases); in two cases scars occurred. The combs of the control group showed no change compared with self-control sides (p>0.05). Conclusion: In the chicken comb model it was shown that both 532 nm HMME-PDT and 595 nm PDL treatment could damage capillaries in the superficial dermis of combs. The 532 nm HMME-PDT had fewer side effects compared with 595 nm PDL, but the inefficiency rate of 532 nm HMME-PDT group was higher than the 595 nm PDL group. No significant difference was observed in the macroscopic and histopathological results of both groups (p>0.05).","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86438233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lasers, applications and technologies","authors":"R. Sroka, L. Lilge","doi":"10.1515/plm-2016-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2016-0035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83113884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lívia Assis, A. I. Moretti, Sabrina Messa Peviani, J. Durigan, T. Russo, N. Rodrigues, J. Bastos, V. Cury, H. P. de Souza, N. Parizotto
Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo response of two different laser fluences (4 and 8 J/cm2) on molecular markers involved in muscle repair after a cryolesion of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Study design: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into six groups: control (C); normal/uninjured TA muscle treated with either 4 J/cm2 (L4J) or 8 J/cm2 (L8J) laser irradiation; injured TA muscle without treatment (IC); and injured TA muscle treated with either 4 J/cm2 (IL4J) or 8 J/cm2 (IL8J) laser irradiation. The injured region was irradiated daily for 5 consecutive days, starting immediately after the cryolesion was set using a GaAlAs laser (continuous wave; wavelength, 830 nm; tip area, 0.0028 cm2; power, 20 mW). The animals were euthanized on the sixth day after injury. The injured right TA muscles were removed for histological evaluation, zymography, and immunoblotting and biotin switch analyses. Nitrite and nitrate plasma levels were measured to evaluate the nitric oxide (NO) production. Results: After low-level laser therapy (LLLT), in both injured treatment groups (IL4J and IL8J) the injured area was reduced, the NO production decreased and the S-nitrosated COX-2 was lowered. Moreover, both laser fluences increased the activity and expression of MMP-2. Conclusion: These results suggest that LLLT, for both fluences, could be an efficient therapeutic approach to modulate molecules involved in injured muscle, accelerating regeneration process.
{"title":"Low-level laser therapy enhances muscle regeneration through modulation of inflammatory markers","authors":"Lívia Assis, A. I. Moretti, Sabrina Messa Peviani, J. Durigan, T. Russo, N. Rodrigues, J. Bastos, V. Cury, H. P. de Souza, N. Parizotto","doi":"10.1515/plm-2016-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2016-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo response of two different laser fluences (4 and 8 J/cm2) on molecular markers involved in muscle repair after a cryolesion of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Study design: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly distributed into six groups: control (C); normal/uninjured TA muscle treated with either 4 J/cm2 (L4J) or 8 J/cm2 (L8J) laser irradiation; injured TA muscle without treatment (IC); and injured TA muscle treated with either 4 J/cm2 (IL4J) or 8 J/cm2 (IL8J) laser irradiation. The injured region was irradiated daily for 5 consecutive days, starting immediately after the cryolesion was set using a GaAlAs laser (continuous wave; wavelength, 830 nm; tip area, 0.0028 cm2; power, 20 mW). The animals were euthanized on the sixth day after injury. The injured right TA muscles were removed for histological evaluation, zymography, and immunoblotting and biotin switch analyses. Nitrite and nitrate plasma levels were measured to evaluate the nitric oxide (NO) production. Results: After low-level laser therapy (LLLT), in both injured treatment groups (IL4J and IL8J) the injured area was reduced, the NO production decreased and the S-nitrosated COX-2 was lowered. Moreover, both laser fluences increased the activity and expression of MMP-2. Conclusion: These results suggest that LLLT, for both fluences, could be an efficient therapeutic approach to modulate molecules involved in injured muscle, accelerating regeneration process.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74253907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Spezzia-Mazzocco, S. Torres-Hurtado, J. Ramirez-San-Juan, R. Ramos-García
Abstract Background and objectives: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a technique that combines the photoactivation properties of an innocuous chromophore or photosensitizer (PS) and light, producing reactive oxygen molecules that trigger cell death processes. In this study the in-vitro application of aPDT to fight fungal infections was investigated using methylene blue (MB) as the PS. Materials and methods: The antimicrobial PDT process was carried out with MB and red laser light (λ=633 nm) to activate the PS. Testing was performed with suspensions of various species of dermatophyte fungi (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum), including a fungus, which to our knowledge, has not been previously studied using this dye (Trichophyton tonsurans). For T. tonsurans further optimization tests were carried out. Results and discussion: The fungicidal effect of MB-aPDT was evident. Microsporum strains were slightly more sensitivity to the treatment than Trichophyton strains. The response of T. tonsurans to aPDT was less than to the other fungi tested under the same conditions, or even with higher fluence. However, repetitive aPDT treatment with very low doses of light can achieve a good effectiveness with this strain effecting total growth inhibition. Light may even disturb fungi growth in some circumstances, especially in strain such as T. tonsurans. Conclusion: This study with Trichophyton and Microsporum strains showed that MB was an effective PS to inhibit fungal growth through aPDT, reaching a total inhibition in most of the fungi tested. It was found that repeated exposure with low-power light within the framework of aPDT treatment can achieve better results than a single exposure at higher power.
{"title":"In-vitro effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue in two different genera of dermatophyte fungi","authors":"T. Spezzia-Mazzocco, S. Torres-Hurtado, J. Ramirez-San-Juan, R. Ramos-García","doi":"10.1515/plm-2016-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2016-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and objectives: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a technique that combines the photoactivation properties of an innocuous chromophore or photosensitizer (PS) and light, producing reactive oxygen molecules that trigger cell death processes. In this study the in-vitro application of aPDT to fight fungal infections was investigated using methylene blue (MB) as the PS. Materials and methods: The antimicrobial PDT process was carried out with MB and red laser light (λ=633 nm) to activate the PS. Testing was performed with suspensions of various species of dermatophyte fungi (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum), including a fungus, which to our knowledge, has not been previously studied using this dye (Trichophyton tonsurans). For T. tonsurans further optimization tests were carried out. Results and discussion: The fungicidal effect of MB-aPDT was evident. Microsporum strains were slightly more sensitivity to the treatment than Trichophyton strains. The response of T. tonsurans to aPDT was less than to the other fungi tested under the same conditions, or even with higher fluence. However, repetitive aPDT treatment with very low doses of light can achieve a good effectiveness with this strain effecting total growth inhibition. Light may even disturb fungi growth in some circumstances, especially in strain such as T. tonsurans. Conclusion: This study with Trichophyton and Microsporum strains showed that MB was an effective PS to inhibit fungal growth through aPDT, reaching a total inhibition in most of the fungi tested. It was found that repeated exposure with low-power light within the framework of aPDT treatment can achieve better results than a single exposure at higher power.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82974927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This special issue of Photonics & Lasers in Medicine on singlet molecular oxygen and photodynamic effects is divided into two sections. The first deals with 38 short reports submitted to the First Sino-German Symposium on “Singlet molecular oxygen and photodynamic effects”, which was held in Fuzhou (the capital city of Fujian province), China, from 23 to 28 March 2015. The second part includes two original contributions related to singlet oxygen (O2) mediated photodynamic effects. Singlet oxygen, the lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, is a highly oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS) that plays an important role in numerous chemical and photochemical reactions in different biological systems [1–3]. In particular, O2 is widely accepted as being the key reactive species mediating the photodynamic effect via type-II of photosensitization [4, 5]. This effect is the basic mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and is used for treatment of superficial tumors, agerelated macular degeneration, localized infection, and several benign skin conditions [6, 7]. Currently PDT is the subject of research as an alternative method for replacing antibiotics or biocides in the deactivation of harmful microorganisms such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria or mold fungi on surfaces [8–10]. The aim of the Sino-German Symposium was to highlight not only the molecular mechanisms of photosensitized O2 generation and quenching in biological systems but also to show possible ways of enhancing the luminescence signal. The symposium was also dedicated to giving an overview of the whole spectrum of possible applications of photodynamic effects. Also quantified techniques for O2 production during photosensitization are of immense importance for research and clinical practice. With regard to the photodynamic effects induced by the O2, the 10 main topics of this symposium were: O2 generation and detection, newly-emerging multifunctional photosensitizers and targeting carrier systems, photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms, enhancement of O2 generation, general aspects and new approaches of PDT, novel sensitive techniques for monitoring PDT, dosimetry and predicting the biological responses, clinical PDT and recent advances in PDT [11]. One main objective of the symposium was to bringing together experts from diverse areas such as chemistry, physics, optical engineering, materials, biological sciences and clinical medicine, and to create a productive platform for brainstorming. During the symposium, a round-table discussion was organized to establish a possible long-term academic collaboration including scientific aspects and student exchange between Chinese and German research groups, with a special emphasis on the clinical translation research on the detection of O2 luminescence. This issue also includes two original contributions related to O2 mediated photodynamic effects. In order to enhance the photodynamic effects, Kasimova et al. [12] reported about
{"title":"Singlet oxygen mediated photodynamic effects","authors":"Buhong Li, B. Röder","doi":"10.1515/plm-2015-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2015-0035","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue of Photonics & Lasers in Medicine on singlet molecular oxygen and photodynamic effects is divided into two sections. The first deals with 38 short reports submitted to the First Sino-German Symposium on “Singlet molecular oxygen and photodynamic effects”, which was held in Fuzhou (the capital city of Fujian province), China, from 23 to 28 March 2015. The second part includes two original contributions related to singlet oxygen (O2) mediated photodynamic effects. Singlet oxygen, the lowest excited electronic state of molecular oxygen, is a highly oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS) that plays an important role in numerous chemical and photochemical reactions in different biological systems [1–3]. In particular, O2 is widely accepted as being the key reactive species mediating the photodynamic effect via type-II of photosensitization [4, 5]. This effect is the basic mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and is used for treatment of superficial tumors, agerelated macular degeneration, localized infection, and several benign skin conditions [6, 7]. Currently PDT is the subject of research as an alternative method for replacing antibiotics or biocides in the deactivation of harmful microorganisms such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria or mold fungi on surfaces [8–10]. The aim of the Sino-German Symposium was to highlight not only the molecular mechanisms of photosensitized O2 generation and quenching in biological systems but also to show possible ways of enhancing the luminescence signal. The symposium was also dedicated to giving an overview of the whole spectrum of possible applications of photodynamic effects. Also quantified techniques for O2 production during photosensitization are of immense importance for research and clinical practice. With regard to the photodynamic effects induced by the O2, the 10 main topics of this symposium were: O2 generation and detection, newly-emerging multifunctional photosensitizers and targeting carrier systems, photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms, enhancement of O2 generation, general aspects and new approaches of PDT, novel sensitive techniques for monitoring PDT, dosimetry and predicting the biological responses, clinical PDT and recent advances in PDT [11]. One main objective of the symposium was to bringing together experts from diverse areas such as chemistry, physics, optical engineering, materials, biological sciences and clinical medicine, and to create a productive platform for brainstorming. During the symposium, a round-table discussion was organized to establish a possible long-term academic collaboration including scientific aspects and student exchange between Chinese and German research groups, with a special emphasis on the clinical translation research on the detection of O2 luminescence. This issue also includes two original contributions related to O2 mediated photodynamic effects. In order to enhance the photodynamic effects, Kasimova et al. [12] reported about","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76868848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Localizing the cytotoxic effects of cancer therapies to only affect the tumor cells is a goal in oncology, to maximize efficacy and minimize treatment-related morbidities. Most effective chemotherapeutic drugs have significant side effects due to off-target toxicity. By comparison, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a localized therapy without significant systemic toxicity but may have limited efficacy. Hence, combining PDT with chemotherapy was investigated to determine if the anti-tumor effect of the latter could be enhanced. PDT using indocyanine green (ICG), activated by near-infrared light, was investigated in lung tumor cells in vitro in combination with cisplatin or etoposide (VP-16). The combination of cisplatin and ICG-PDT had significant concentration-dependent dark toxicity, with little additional cell kill after light exposure. Conversely, combination therapy comprising 5 μm VP-16, 50 μm ICG and 50 J/cm2 808-nm radiant exposure resulted in ~10% clonogenic cell survival compared to ~80% cell survival with either treatment alone. This potentially synergistic gain was achieved only when both treatments were given at the same time or when VP-16 was administered 4 h prior to PDT. VP-16 given 4 h post PDT did not show any added benefit over PDT alone.
{"title":"In-vitro efficacy of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy in combination with cisplatin or etoposide","authors":"K. Kasimova, L. Lilge, B. Wilson","doi":"10.1515/plm-2015-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2015-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Localizing the cytotoxic effects of cancer therapies to only affect the tumor cells is a goal in oncology, to maximize efficacy and minimize treatment-related morbidities. Most effective chemotherapeutic drugs have significant side effects due to off-target toxicity. By comparison, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a localized therapy without significant systemic toxicity but may have limited efficacy. Hence, combining PDT with chemotherapy was investigated to determine if the anti-tumor effect of the latter could be enhanced. PDT using indocyanine green (ICG), activated by near-infrared light, was investigated in lung tumor cells in vitro in combination with cisplatin or etoposide (VP-16). The combination of cisplatin and ICG-PDT had significant concentration-dependent dark toxicity, with little additional cell kill after light exposure. Conversely, combination therapy comprising 5 μm VP-16, 50 μm ICG and 50 J/cm2 808-nm radiant exposure resulted in ~10% clonogenic cell survival compared to ~80% cell survival with either treatment alone. This potentially synergistic gain was achieved only when both treatments were given at the same time or when VP-16 was administered 4 h prior to PDT. VP-16 given 4 h post PDT did not show any added benefit over PDT alone.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74354376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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