A. Meller, M. Shakhova, Yuriy Rilkin, A. Novozhilov, M. Kirillin, A. Shakhov
Abstract The object of the study was to demonstrate the abilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique in diagnostics of inflammatory processes in ear, nose, and throat (ENT). When used in diagnostics of the nose and pharynx, OCT facilitates differential diagnostics of rhinitis enabling differentiation between the normal state, two stages of allergic rhinitis, vasomotor and atrophic rhinitis and diagnostics of pharyngitis. This paper also demonstrates the ability of OCT to monitor changes in pharynx induced by cryotherapy. In diagnostics of the tympanic cavity the ability of OCT to differentiate between different stages of chronic otitis and retraction of the tympanic membrane is demonstrated. Finally a correlation is discussed between morphologic alterations induced by inflammatory processes and changes in diagnostic OCT images.
{"title":"Optical coherence tomography in diagnosing inflammatory diseases of ENT","authors":"A. Meller, M. Shakhova, Yuriy Rilkin, A. Novozhilov, M. Kirillin, A. Shakhov","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The object of the study was to demonstrate the abilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique in diagnostics of inflammatory processes in ear, nose, and throat (ENT). When used in diagnostics of the nose and pharynx, OCT facilitates differential diagnostics of rhinitis enabling differentiation between the normal state, two stages of allergic rhinitis, vasomotor and atrophic rhinitis and diagnostics of pharyngitis. This paper also demonstrates the ability of OCT to monitor changes in pharynx induced by cryotherapy. In diagnostics of the tympanic cavity the ability of OCT to differentiate between different stages of chronic otitis and retraction of the tympanic membrane is demonstrated. Finally a correlation is discussed between morphologic alterations induced by inflammatory processes and changes in diagnostic OCT images.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89874185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Davoudi, K. Bizheva, A. Wong, R. Dinniwell, W. Levin, A. Vitkin
Abstract Background and objective: Late oral radiation toxicity occurs in about half of the patients who undergo head-and-neck radiotherapy, reducing the quality of life drastically. The total delivered radiation dose has been shown to be one of the predictors of these late complications. To demonstrate this, the studies carried out so far have used either visual observation together with symptom-based scoring systems or histology to evaluate the tissue response. However, the former lacks imaging information on tissue subsurface and the latter is invasive and exposes the patients to additional risks. Therefore, there is a need for a non-hazardous, non-invasive subsurface monitoring tool that can provide more objective information on dose-dependent response of normal oral tissue to radiation. Materials and methods: To address this unmet clinical need, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used. A clinical study was conducted on 14 late oral radiation toxicity patients and 5 age-matched healthy volunteers. OCT structural images were acquired from different oral regions in both cohorts and were then de-speckled in order to provide a better visualization of the subsurface layers and features. The alterations in patients’ de-speckled OCT images compared to the healthy cohort are reviewed, and potential correlations between the total dose to specific regions and the abnormal features observed in the OCT images of the same sites are discussed. Results: OCT images were acquired from 32 sites in 14 patients, 15 of these sites belonged to the regions which received >50 Gy radiation dose and the rest to the region which was irradiated to <50 Gy. The de-speckled OCT images from the former group showed major differences, such as total layer disruption, compared to the images of healthy oral tissue. The de-speckled OCT images from all but one of the regions which received <50 Gy showed normal features and layer definition compared to healthy oral OCT images. Same results were observed in an intra-patient comparison of the ipsilateral (dose >70 Gy) and contralateral (dose <25 Gy) soft palate of one of the patients, suggesting the results are independent of anatomical differences between individuals. Conclusion: This preliminary clinical study showed the ability of OCT to differentiate subsurface features in the oral regions that received high radiation dose (>50 Gy) compared to healthy oral tissue. These results can be used to design a prospective study to monitor oral subsurface changes periodically (e.g., every 6 months) following radiotherapy, to further understand the mechanism of late radiation toxicity and its relation to dose.
{"title":"Correlating optical coherence tomography images with dose distribution in late oral radiation toxicity patients","authors":"B. Davoudi, K. Bizheva, A. Wong, R. Dinniwell, W. Levin, A. Vitkin","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background and objective: Late oral radiation toxicity occurs in about half of the patients who undergo head-and-neck radiotherapy, reducing the quality of life drastically. The total delivered radiation dose has been shown to be one of the predictors of these late complications. To demonstrate this, the studies carried out so far have used either visual observation together with symptom-based scoring systems or histology to evaluate the tissue response. However, the former lacks imaging information on tissue subsurface and the latter is invasive and exposes the patients to additional risks. Therefore, there is a need for a non-hazardous, non-invasive subsurface monitoring tool that can provide more objective information on dose-dependent response of normal oral tissue to radiation. Materials and methods: To address this unmet clinical need, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used. A clinical study was conducted on 14 late oral radiation toxicity patients and 5 age-matched healthy volunteers. OCT structural images were acquired from different oral regions in both cohorts and were then de-speckled in order to provide a better visualization of the subsurface layers and features. The alterations in patients’ de-speckled OCT images compared to the healthy cohort are reviewed, and potential correlations between the total dose to specific regions and the abnormal features observed in the OCT images of the same sites are discussed. Results: OCT images were acquired from 32 sites in 14 patients, 15 of these sites belonged to the regions which received >50 Gy radiation dose and the rest to the region which was irradiated to <50 Gy. The de-speckled OCT images from the former group showed major differences, such as total layer disruption, compared to the images of healthy oral tissue. The de-speckled OCT images from all but one of the regions which received <50 Gy showed normal features and layer definition compared to healthy oral OCT images. Same results were observed in an intra-patient comparison of the ipsilateral (dose >70 Gy) and contralateral (dose <25 Gy) soft palate of one of the patients, suggesting the results are independent of anatomical differences between individuals. Conclusion: This preliminary clinical study showed the ability of OCT to differentiate subsurface features in the oral regions that received high radiation dose (>50 Gy) compared to healthy oral tissue. These results can be used to design a prospective study to monitor oral subsurface changes periodically (e.g., every 6 months) following radiotherapy, to further understand the mechanism of late radiation toxicity and its relation to dose.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80428234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Elagin, E. Sergeeva, M. Bugrova, N. Ignatova, D. Yuzhakova, N. Denisov, V. Nadtochenko, E. Zagaynova
Abstract Objective: Gold nanorods are known to be promising agents for photothermal therapy. But the uptake of rod-shaped nanoparticles is lower than their spherical counterpart. It was therefore the objective of this study to select gold nanoparticles (GNPs)-stabilizing agents in order to provide effective penetration into cancer cells. Materials and methods: The work was carried out on human ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV-3 cells. The gold nanorods used in this work had a plasmon resonance peak at 800 nm. The nanoparticles were stabilized by Pluronic® F-127 (PF127), chitosan or polyethylene glycol (PEG); the latter with 6000 Da and 40,000 Da molecular weight. Penetration and intracellular distribution of GNPs were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and two-photon luminescence microscopy (2PLM) techniques. Results: By means of 2PLM and TEM, it could be shown that PF127 facilitates cellular uptake of GNPs very effectively. PF127-stabilized GNPs rapidly (by 1.5 h) penetrated the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm and cell nucleus. GNPs stabilized by chitosan were slowly internalized by the cells in smaller amount. GNPs stabilized by PEG with different molecular weights had difficulty to penetrate into the cells – GNPs were localized on the outer side of the cell membrane after short incubation, and single agglomerates were found in the cells after an extended incubation time. Conclusion: Nanoparticles stabilized with PF127 were the most effective nanoparticles to penetrate into the cells and were located in the cytoplasm and cell nuclei. Nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan were internalized into cells at a slower rate and in smaller amounts than those stabilized with PF127. Nanoparticles stabilized with PEG6000 Da and PEG40.000 Da were located mainly on cell membranes and could be found in the cytoplasm only after a longer incubation time.
{"title":"Selection of stabilizing agents to provide effective penetration of gold nanoparticles into cells","authors":"V. Elagin, E. Sergeeva, M. Bugrova, N. Ignatova, D. Yuzhakova, N. Denisov, V. Nadtochenko, E. Zagaynova","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: Gold nanorods are known to be promising agents for photothermal therapy. But the uptake of rod-shaped nanoparticles is lower than their spherical counterpart. It was therefore the objective of this study to select gold nanoparticles (GNPs)-stabilizing agents in order to provide effective penetration into cancer cells. Materials and methods: The work was carried out on human ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV-3 cells. The gold nanorods used in this work had a plasmon resonance peak at 800 nm. The nanoparticles were stabilized by Pluronic® F-127 (PF127), chitosan or polyethylene glycol (PEG); the latter with 6000 Da and 40,000 Da molecular weight. Penetration and intracellular distribution of GNPs were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and two-photon luminescence microscopy (2PLM) techniques. Results: By means of 2PLM and TEM, it could be shown that PF127 facilitates cellular uptake of GNPs very effectively. PF127-stabilized GNPs rapidly (by 1.5 h) penetrated the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm and cell nucleus. GNPs stabilized by chitosan were slowly internalized by the cells in smaller amount. GNPs stabilized by PEG with different molecular weights had difficulty to penetrate into the cells – GNPs were localized on the outer side of the cell membrane after short incubation, and single agglomerates were found in the cells after an extended incubation time. Conclusion: Nanoparticles stabilized with PF127 were the most effective nanoparticles to penetrate into the cells and were located in the cytoplasm and cell nuclei. Nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan were internalized into cells at a slower rate and in smaller amounts than those stabilized with PF127. Nanoparticles stabilized with PEG6000 Da and PEG40.000 Da were located mainly on cell membranes and could be found in the cytoplasm only after a longer incubation time.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77942605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Demidov, V. Toronov, Yuan Xu, B. Vuong, Carry Sun, V. Yang, A. Vitkin
Abstract In this study, the electro-kinetic phenomena (EKP) induced in biological tissue by external electric field, while not directly visible in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, were detected by analyzing their textural speckle features. During application of a low-frequency electric field to the tissue, speckle patterns changed their brightness and shape depending on the local tissue EKP. Since intensities of OCT image speckle patterns were analyzed and discussed in our previous publications, this work is mainly focused on OCT signal phase analysis. The algorithm for extracting local spatial phase variations from unwrapped phases is introduced. The detection of electrically induced optical changes manifest in OCT phase images shows promise for monitoring the fixed charge density changes within tissues through their electro-kinetic responses. This approach may help in the identification and characterization of morphology and function of healthy and pathologic tissues.
{"title":"Imaging the electro-kinetic response of biological tissues with phase-resolved optical coherence tomography","authors":"V. Demidov, V. Toronov, Yuan Xu, B. Vuong, Carry Sun, V. Yang, A. Vitkin","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, the electro-kinetic phenomena (EKP) induced in biological tissue by external electric field, while not directly visible in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, were detected by analyzing their textural speckle features. During application of a low-frequency electric field to the tissue, speckle patterns changed their brightness and shape depending on the local tissue EKP. Since intensities of OCT image speckle patterns were analyzed and discussed in our previous publications, this work is mainly focused on OCT signal phase analysis. The algorithm for extracting local spatial phase variations from unwrapped phases is introduced. The detection of electrically induced optical changes manifest in OCT phase images shows promise for monitoring the fixed charge density changes within tissues through their electro-kinetic responses. This approach may help in the identification and characterization of morphology and function of healthy and pathologic tissues.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78730083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura T. Kerr, Katarina Domijan, I. Cullen, B. Hennelly
Abstract Biomolecular changes associated with cancer progression can be identified using Raman spectroscopy, allowing for this technique to be utilized as a non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Applications of Raman spectroscopy for diagnostics in real-time have consistently produced higher sensitivities and specificities than current clinical methods. This technique can be applied in vivo during bladder visualization (cystoscopic) procedures as an “optical biopsy” or in vitro to cells obtained from urine cytology specimens. This review follows the evolution of studies in this field from the first in vitro experiment to the most recent in vivo application, identifies how diagnostic algorithms are developed, and provides molecular information associated with the etiology of the biochemical continuum of disease progression. Future prospects for the application of Raman spectroscopy in bladder cancer diagnostics are also discussed.
{"title":"Applications of Raman spectroscopy to the urinary bladder for cancer diagnostics","authors":"Laura T. Kerr, Katarina Domijan, I. Cullen, B. Hennelly","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biomolecular changes associated with cancer progression can be identified using Raman spectroscopy, allowing for this technique to be utilized as a non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Applications of Raman spectroscopy for diagnostics in real-time have consistently produced higher sensitivities and specificities than current clinical methods. This technique can be applied in vivo during bladder visualization (cystoscopic) procedures as an “optical biopsy” or in vitro to cells obtained from urine cytology specimens. This review follows the evolution of studies in this field from the first in vitro experiment to the most recent in vivo application, identifies how diagnostic algorithms are developed, and provides molecular information associated with the etiology of the biochemical continuum of disease progression. Future prospects for the application of Raman spectroscopy in bladder cancer diagnostics are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80803860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Scolaro, R. McLaughlin, B. Kennedy, C. Saunders, D. Sampson
Abstract Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging modality that opens up new opportunities for imaging in breast cancer. It provides two- and three-dimensional micro-scale images of tissue structure from bulk tissue, in vivo or freshly excised without labeling or staining, is capable of video-rate acquisition speeds, and is compatible with compact imaging probes. In this paper, the authors briefly describe OCT technology and describe in detail its capabilities for imaging breast cancer. Potential applications identified in current research are discussed, particularly in the assessment of excised breast tumors. It is concluded that OCT shows promise for margin assessment and biopsy guidance but that much more research and validation is required to confirm its level of utility.
{"title":"A review of optical coherence tomography in breast cancer","authors":"L. Scolaro, R. McLaughlin, B. Kennedy, C. Saunders, D. Sampson","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging modality that opens up new opportunities for imaging in breast cancer. It provides two- and three-dimensional micro-scale images of tissue structure from bulk tissue, in vivo or freshly excised without labeling or staining, is capable of video-rate acquisition speeds, and is compatible with compact imaging probes. In this paper, the authors briefly describe OCT technology and describe in detail its capabilities for imaging breast cancer. Potential applications identified in current research are discussed, particularly in the assessment of excised breast tumors. It is concluded that OCT shows promise for margin assessment and biopsy guidance but that much more research and validation is required to confirm its level of utility.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86161463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a pulsed dye laser (PDL) during a 5-week course of 5% topical imiquimod application in a patient with a nodular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and to review the literature for data on PDL treatment of BCC. Methods: A 74-year-old patient with a 7-mm biopsy-proven BCC on his nose was treated with topical daily imiquimod for 2 weeks. Subsequently a laser session was performed with a flash lamp-pumped dye laser at 595 nm (Dermobeam 2000; Deka M.E.L.A., Florence, Italy) employing one pass with the following parameters: fluence 15 J/cm2, 3-ms pulses, spot diameter 5 mm with 10% overlap. PubMed was searched using the term conjunctions [“basal cell carcinoma” AND “pulsed dye laser”], [“basal cell carcinoma” AND “laser therapy”] and [“skin cancer” AND “pulsed dye laser”]. Frequency counts and percentages were employed to summarize identified BCC cases treated with PDL along different studies and Fisher’s exact test was used for the comparison of frequency distributions. Results: Topical imiquimod was continued for a further 3 weeks after the PDL session with a minimal increase in irritation. The tumor cleared and there has been no recurrence for 12 months. The literature search revealed a total of 7 small studies that included 120 tumors, the majority treated with a 595-nm device (104/120). Overall 81/120 (67.5%) treated tumors have been assessed as complete responders. No differences were recorded in relapse rates in association with the localization of the tumor, the histology (superficial vs. non-superficial), the wavelength of the device employed (595 vs. 585 nm), or the application of dynamic cooling. From the treatment parameters, only the use of multiple vs. single PDL sessions affected the outcome favorably (p=0.0432; Fisher’s exact test). From the BCC parameters, tumor size was a negative predictor of response. Conclusion: The combination of PDL with imiquimod could be a promising approach for the treatment of BCC and should be further evaluated in future studies.
{"title":"Treatment of basal cell carcinoma using a combination of pulsed dye laser and imiquimod – Case report and review","authors":"G. Gaitanis, A. Ikiades, I. Bassukas","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0064","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a pulsed dye laser (PDL) during a 5-week course of 5% topical imiquimod application in a patient with a nodular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and to review the literature for data on PDL treatment of BCC. Methods: A 74-year-old patient with a 7-mm biopsy-proven BCC on his nose was treated with topical daily imiquimod for 2 weeks. Subsequently a laser session was performed with a flash lamp-pumped dye laser at 595 nm (Dermobeam 2000; Deka M.E.L.A., Florence, Italy) employing one pass with the following parameters: fluence 15 J/cm2, 3-ms pulses, spot diameter 5 mm with 10% overlap. PubMed was searched using the term conjunctions [“basal cell carcinoma” AND “pulsed dye laser”], [“basal cell carcinoma” AND “laser therapy”] and [“skin cancer” AND “pulsed dye laser”]. Frequency counts and percentages were employed to summarize identified BCC cases treated with PDL along different studies and Fisher’s exact test was used for the comparison of frequency distributions. Results: Topical imiquimod was continued for a further 3 weeks after the PDL session with a minimal increase in irritation. The tumor cleared and there has been no recurrence for 12 months. The literature search revealed a total of 7 small studies that included 120 tumors, the majority treated with a 595-nm device (104/120). Overall 81/120 (67.5%) treated tumors have been assessed as complete responders. No differences were recorded in relapse rates in association with the localization of the tumor, the histology (superficial vs. non-superficial), the wavelength of the device employed (595 vs. 585 nm), or the application of dynamic cooling. From the treatment parameters, only the use of multiple vs. single PDL sessions affected the outcome favorably (p=0.0432; Fisher’s exact test). From the BCC parameters, tumor size was a negative predictor of response. Conclusion: The combination of PDL with imiquimod could be a promising approach for the treatment of BCC and should be further evaluated in future studies.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85742858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Porphysomes are an emerging class of photonic nanoparticles formed from the self-assembly of porphyrin-lipid conjugates. They retain the multifunctional properties of their porphyrin building-blocks but also have unique properties emerging from the nanostructure itself. Porphysomes are able to act in a number of photonic modalities, from diagnostic fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging, to photodynamic and photothermal therapies. This flexibility enables customizable interventions with potential in the burgeoning field of personalized medicine. Here, we profile early porphysome-like liposomes, true porphysomes, as well as newer porphysome derivatives. We discuss the current applications and future outlook for these multimodal theranostic nanoparticles.
{"title":"Porphysome nanoparticles: Tailoring treatments with nature’s pigments","authors":"Thomas D Macdonald, G. Zheng","doi":"10.1515/plm-2013-0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2013-0059","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Porphysomes are an emerging class of photonic nanoparticles formed from the self-assembly of porphyrin-lipid conjugates. They retain the multifunctional properties of their porphyrin building-blocks but also have unique properties emerging from the nanostructure itself. Porphysomes are able to act in a number of photonic modalities, from diagnostic fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging, to photodynamic and photothermal therapies. This flexibility enables customizable interventions with potential in the burgeoning field of personalized medicine. Here, we profile early porphysome-like liposomes, true porphysomes, as well as newer porphysome derivatives. We discuss the current applications and future outlook for these multimodal theranostic nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82934973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Near-infrared interstitial photothermal therapy (PTT) is currently undergoing clinical trials as an alternative to watchful waiting or radical treatments in patients with low/intermediate-risk focal prostate cancer. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based thermography is used to monitor thermal energy delivery and determine indirectly the completeness of the target tumor destruction while avoiding damage to adjacent normal tissues, particularly the rectal wall. As an alternative, transrectal diffuse optical tomography (TRDOT) is being developed to image directly the photocoagulation boundary based on the changes in tissue optical properties, particularly scattering. An established diffusion-theory finite-element software platform was used to perform forward simulations to determine the sensitivity of changes in the optical signal resulting from a growing coagulated lesion with optical scattering contrast, for varying light source-detector separations in both longitudinal and transverse imaging geometries. The simulations were validated experimentally in tissue-simulating phantoms using an existing continuous-wave TRDOT system, in a configuration that is representative of one potential intended clinical use. This provides critical guidance for the optimum design of the transrectal applicator probe, in terms of achieving maximum sensitivity to the presence of the coagulation boundary and, consequently, the highest accuracy in determining the boundary location relative to the rectal wall.
{"title":"Diffuse optical tomography to monitor the photocoagulation front during interstitial photothermal therapy: Numerical simulations and measurements in tissue-simulating phantoms","authors":"Jie He, B. Wilson, D. Piao, R. Weersink","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Near-infrared interstitial photothermal therapy (PTT) is currently undergoing clinical trials as an alternative to watchful waiting or radical treatments in patients with low/intermediate-risk focal prostate cancer. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based thermography is used to monitor thermal energy delivery and determine indirectly the completeness of the target tumor destruction while avoiding damage to adjacent normal tissues, particularly the rectal wall. As an alternative, transrectal diffuse optical tomography (TRDOT) is being developed to image directly the photocoagulation boundary based on the changes in tissue optical properties, particularly scattering. An established diffusion-theory finite-element software platform was used to perform forward simulations to determine the sensitivity of changes in the optical signal resulting from a growing coagulated lesion with optical scattering contrast, for varying light source-detector separations in both longitudinal and transverse imaging geometries. The simulations were validated experimentally in tissue-simulating phantoms using an existing continuous-wave TRDOT system, in a configuration that is representative of one potential intended clinical use. This provides critical guidance for the optimum design of the transrectal applicator probe, in terms of achieving maximum sensitivity to the presence of the coagulation boundary and, consequently, the highest accuracy in determining the boundary location relative to the rectal wall.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88298299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhihai Qiu, Defu Chen, Ying Wang, Guangping Yao, Y. Gu, Buhong Li
Abstract Objective: Monitoring dynamic changes during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) for port-wine stains (PWS) is crucial for achieving an optimal therapeutic outcome. The present investigation is a preliminary research study designed to quantify and monitor the vascular parameters, e.g., blood volume fraction (BVF) and oxygen saturation (StO2), of a PWS lesion by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) before and during V-PDT. Material and methods: A portable DRS detection system was developed with an appropriate source-detector distance of 520 μm for fiber-optic probe. The diffuse reflectance spectra from 450 to 800 nm in specific regions of interest (ROIs) within a PWS lesion were recorded before and 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min during V-PDT. In order to extract the optical properties and vascular parameters of the PWS lesion, a modified well-known diffusion theory model with a correction factor for the vessel package effect was employed to analyze the steady state-diffuse reflectance spectra. Results: The corrected reflectance spectra of the PWS lesion can be fitted very well with the modified diffusion theory model. Differences in pretreatment values of BVF and StO2 as well as changes in these parameters were observed between two ROIs during V-PDT. Conclusion: The ability of using DRS for quantifying and monitoring the BVF and StO2 of a PWS lesion has been assessed. The preliminary data suggest that the clinical V-PDT efficiency is affected by the heterogeneity of the PWS lesion. DRS may have the potential to characterize the PWS lesion and to monitor V-PDT response.
{"title":"Monitoring blood volume fraction and oxygen saturation in port-wine stains during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Results of a preliminary case study","authors":"Zhihai Qiu, Defu Chen, Ying Wang, Guangping Yao, Y. Gu, Buhong Li","doi":"10.1515/plm-2014-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/plm-2014-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective: Monitoring dynamic changes during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) for port-wine stains (PWS) is crucial for achieving an optimal therapeutic outcome. The present investigation is a preliminary research study designed to quantify and monitor the vascular parameters, e.g., blood volume fraction (BVF) and oxygen saturation (StO2), of a PWS lesion by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) before and during V-PDT. Material and methods: A portable DRS detection system was developed with an appropriate source-detector distance of 520 μm for fiber-optic probe. The diffuse reflectance spectra from 450 to 800 nm in specific regions of interest (ROIs) within a PWS lesion were recorded before and 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min during V-PDT. In order to extract the optical properties and vascular parameters of the PWS lesion, a modified well-known diffusion theory model with a correction factor for the vessel package effect was employed to analyze the steady state-diffuse reflectance spectra. Results: The corrected reflectance spectra of the PWS lesion can be fitted very well with the modified diffusion theory model. Differences in pretreatment values of BVF and StO2 as well as changes in these parameters were observed between two ROIs during V-PDT. Conclusion: The ability of using DRS for quantifying and monitoring the BVF and StO2 of a PWS lesion has been assessed. The preliminary data suggest that the clinical V-PDT efficiency is affected by the heterogeneity of the PWS lesion. DRS may have the potential to characterize the PWS lesion and to monitor V-PDT response.","PeriodicalId":20126,"journal":{"name":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76242776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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