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Optical coherence tomography in diagnosing inflammatory diseases of ENT 光学相干断层扫描在耳鼻喉科炎性疾病诊断中的应用
Pub Date : 2014-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0025
A. Meller, M. Shakhova, Yuriy Rilkin, A. Novozhilov, M. Kirillin, A. Shakhov
Abstract The object of the study was to demonstrate the abilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique in diagnostics of inflammatory processes in ear, nose, and throat (ENT). When used in diagnostics of the nose and pharynx, OCT facilitates differential diagnostics of rhinitis enabling differentiation between the normal state, two stages of allergic rhinitis, vasomotor and atrophic rhinitis and diagnostics of pharyngitis. This paper also demonstrates the ability of OCT to monitor changes in pharynx induced by cryotherapy. In diagnostics of the tympanic cavity the ability of OCT to differentiate between different stages of chronic otitis and retraction of the tympanic membrane is demonstrated. Finally a correlation is discussed between morphologic alterations induced by inflammatory processes and changes in diagnostic OCT images.
摘要本研究的目的是证明光学相干断层扫描(OCT)技术在诊断耳鼻喉(ENT)炎症过程中的能力。当用于鼻咽部的诊断时,OCT有助于鼻炎的鉴别诊断,可以区分正常状态、变应性鼻炎、血管舒缩性鼻炎和萎缩性鼻炎两期以及咽炎的诊断。本文还证实了OCT对冷冻治疗引起的咽部变化的监测能力。在鼓室的诊断中,OCT能够区分不同阶段的慢性中耳炎和鼓膜的收缩。最后讨论了炎症过程引起的形态学改变与诊断性OCT图像的变化之间的相关性。
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引用次数: 12
Correlating optical coherence tomography images with dose distribution in late oral radiation toxicity patients 晚期口腔辐射中毒患者光学相干断层成像与剂量分布的相关性研究
Pub Date : 2014-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0022
B. Davoudi, K. Bizheva, A. Wong, R. Dinniwell, W. Levin, A. Vitkin
Abstract Background and objective: Late oral radiation toxicity occurs in about half of the patients who undergo head-and-neck radiotherapy, reducing the quality of life drastically. The total delivered radiation dose has been shown to be one of the predictors of these late complications. To demonstrate this, the studies carried out so far have used either visual observation together with symptom-based scoring systems or histology to evaluate the tissue response. However, the former lacks imaging information on tissue subsurface and the latter is invasive and exposes the patients to additional risks. Therefore, there is a need for a non-hazardous, non-invasive subsurface monitoring tool that can provide more objective information on dose-dependent response of normal oral tissue to radiation. Materials and methods: To address this unmet clinical need, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used. A clinical study was conducted on 14 late oral radiation toxicity patients and 5 age-matched healthy volunteers. OCT structural images were acquired from different oral regions in both cohorts and were then de-speckled in order to provide a better visualization of the subsurface layers and features. The alterations in patients’ de-speckled OCT images compared to the healthy cohort are reviewed, and potential correlations between the total dose to specific regions and the abnormal features observed in the OCT images of the same sites are discussed. Results: OCT images were acquired from 32 sites in 14 patients, 15 of these sites belonged to the regions which received >50 Gy radiation dose and the rest to the region which was irradiated to <50 Gy. The de-speckled OCT images from the former group showed major differences, such as total layer disruption, compared to the images of healthy oral tissue. The de-speckled OCT images from all but one of the regions which received <50 Gy showed normal features and layer definition compared to healthy oral OCT images. Same results were observed in an intra-patient comparison of the ipsilateral (dose >70 Gy) and contralateral (dose <25 Gy) soft palate of one of the patients, suggesting the results are independent of anatomical differences between individuals. Conclusion: This preliminary clinical study showed the ability of OCT to differentiate subsurface features in the oral regions that received high radiation dose (>50 Gy) compared to healthy oral tissue. These results can be used to design a prospective study to monitor oral subsurface changes periodically (e.g., every 6 months) following radiotherapy, to further understand the mechanism of late radiation toxicity and its relation to dose.
背景与目的:接受头颈部放射治疗的患者中约有一半发生晚期口服放射毒性,严重降低患者的生活质量。总放射剂量已被证明是这些晚期并发症的预测因素之一。为了证明这一点,迄今为止开展的研究要么使用视觉观察,要么使用基于症状的评分系统,要么使用组织学来评估组织反应。然而,前者缺乏对组织表面下的成像信息,后者是侵入性的,使患者面临额外的风险。因此,需要一种非危险、非侵入性的地下监测工具,以提供有关正常口腔组织对辐射剂量依赖性反应的更客观的信息。材料和方法:为了解决这一未满足的临床需求,使用光学相干断层扫描(OCT)。对14例晚期口腔放射中毒患者和5例年龄匹配的健康志愿者进行了临床研究。在两个队列中,从不同的口腔区域获取OCT结构图像,然后进行去斑点处理,以便更好地显示次表层和特征。本文回顾了与健康人群相比,患者去斑点OCT图像的变化,并讨论了特定区域的总剂量与相同部位OCT图像中观察到的异常特征之间的潜在相关性。结果:14例患者共获得32个部位的OCT图像,其中15个部位属于>50 Gy放射剂量区,其余为70 Gy放射剂量区和对侧(剂量为50 Gy)与健康口腔组织相比。这些结果可用于设计一项前瞻性研究,定期(如每6个月)监测放射治疗后口腔表面下的变化,以进一步了解晚期放射毒性的机制及其与剂量的关系。
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引用次数: 3
Selection of stabilizing agents to provide effective penetration of gold nanoparticles into cells 选择稳定剂以提供金纳米颗粒有效渗透到细胞中
Pub Date : 2014-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0016
V. Elagin, E. Sergeeva, M. Bugrova, N. Ignatova, D. Yuzhakova, N. Denisov, V. Nadtochenko, E. Zagaynova
Abstract Objective: Gold nanorods are known to be promising agents for photothermal therapy. But the uptake of rod-shaped nanoparticles is lower than their spherical counterpart. It was therefore the objective of this study to select gold nanoparticles (GNPs)-stabilizing agents in order to provide effective penetration into cancer cells. Materials and methods: The work was carried out on human ovarian adenocarcinoma SKOV-3 cells. The gold nanorods used in this work had a plasmon resonance peak at 800 nm. The nanoparticles were stabilized by Pluronic® F-127 (PF127), chitosan or polyethylene glycol (PEG); the latter with 6000 Da and 40,000 Da molecular weight. Penetration and intracellular distribution of GNPs were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and two-photon luminescence microscopy (2PLM) techniques. Results: By means of 2PLM and TEM, it could be shown that PF127 facilitates cellular uptake of GNPs very effectively. PF127-stabilized GNPs rapidly (by 1.5 h) penetrated the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm and cell nucleus. GNPs stabilized by chitosan were slowly internalized by the cells in smaller amount. GNPs stabilized by PEG with different molecular weights had difficulty to penetrate into the cells – GNPs were localized on the outer side of the cell membrane after short incubation, and single agglomerates were found in the cells after an extended incubation time. Conclusion: Nanoparticles stabilized with PF127 were the most effective nanoparticles to penetrate into the cells and were located in the cytoplasm and cell nuclei. Nanoparticles stabilized with chitosan were internalized into cells at a slower rate and in smaller amounts than those stabilized with PF127. Nanoparticles stabilized with PEG6000 Da and PEG40.000 Da were located mainly on cell membranes and could be found in the cytoplasm only after a longer incubation time.
摘要目的:金纳米棒被认为是光热治疗中很有前途的药物。但杆状纳米颗粒的吸收率低于球形纳米颗粒。因此,本研究的目的是选择金纳米颗粒(GNPs)稳定剂,以便有效渗透到癌细胞中。材料与方法:本工作在人卵巢腺癌SKOV-3细胞上进行。本研究中使用的金纳米棒在800 nm处有等离子体共振峰。采用Pluronic®F-127 (PF127)、壳聚糖或聚乙二醇(PEG)稳定纳米颗粒;后者分子量分别为6000 Da和40000 Da。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和双光子发光显微镜(2PLM)研究了GNPs的穿透性和细胞内分布。结果:通过2PLM和TEM,可以发现PF127对GNPs的细胞摄取非常有效。pf127稳定的GNPs快速(1.5 h)穿透细胞膜,进入细胞质和细胞核。壳聚糖稳定的GNPs被细胞少量缓慢内化。不同分子量的聚乙二醇稳定的GNPs难以渗透到细胞中——短时间孵育后GNPs定位于细胞膜外侧,长时间孵育后细胞内出现单团。结论:PF127稳定的纳米颗粒是最有效渗透细胞的纳米颗粒,并位于细胞质和细胞核中。壳聚糖稳定的纳米颗粒比PF127稳定的纳米颗粒内化速度更慢,内化量更少。PEG6000 Da和peg40000 Da稳定的纳米颗粒主要位于细胞膜上,经过较长时间的培养才能在细胞质中发现。
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引用次数: 3
Imaging the electro-kinetic response of biological tissues with phase-resolved optical coherence tomography 用相位分辨光学相干断层成像技术研究生物组织的电动力学响应
Pub Date : 2014-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0027
V. Demidov, V. Toronov, Yuan Xu, B. Vuong, Carry Sun, V. Yang, A. Vitkin
Abstract In this study, the electro-kinetic phenomena (EKP) induced in biological tissue by external electric field, while not directly visible in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, were detected by analyzing their textural speckle features. During application of a low-frequency electric field to the tissue, speckle patterns changed their brightness and shape depending on the local tissue EKP. Since intensities of OCT image speckle patterns were analyzed and discussed in our previous publications, this work is mainly focused on OCT signal phase analysis. The algorithm for extracting local spatial phase variations from unwrapped phases is introduced. The detection of electrically induced optical changes manifest in OCT phase images shows promise for monitoring the fixed charge density changes within tissues through their electro-kinetic responses. This approach may help in the identification and characterization of morphology and function of healthy and pathologic tissues.
摘要本研究通过分析生物组织的纹理散斑特征,检测了外电场在生物组织中引起的在光学相干断层扫描(OCT)图像中不直接可见的电动力学现象(EKP)。在对组织施加低频电场时,斑点图案根据局部组织EKP改变其亮度和形状。由于我们在之前的出版物中分析和讨论了OCT图像散斑模式的强度,因此本工作主要集中在OCT信号相位分析上。介绍了从未包裹相位中提取局部空间相位变化的算法。在OCT相位图像中检测电致光学变化显示了通过组织的电动力学响应来监测组织内固定电荷密度变化的前景。这种方法可能有助于识别和表征健康和病理组织的形态和功能。
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引用次数: 1
Applications of Raman spectroscopy to the urinary bladder for cancer diagnostics 拉曼光谱在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用
Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0004
Laura T. Kerr, Katarina Domijan, I. Cullen, B. Hennelly
Abstract Biomolecular changes associated with cancer progression can be identified using Raman spectroscopy, allowing for this technique to be utilized as a non-invasive tool for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Applications of Raman spectroscopy for diagnostics in real-time have consistently produced higher sensitivities and specificities than current clinical methods. This technique can be applied in vivo during bladder visualization (cystoscopic) procedures as an “optical biopsy” or in vitro to cells obtained from urine cytology specimens. This review follows the evolution of studies in this field from the first in vitro experiment to the most recent in vivo application, identifies how diagnostic algorithms are developed, and provides molecular information associated with the etiology of the biochemical continuum of disease progression. Future prospects for the application of Raman spectroscopy in bladder cancer diagnostics are also discussed.
利用拉曼光谱可以识别与癌症进展相关的生物分子变化,从而使该技术成为膀胱癌诊断的非侵入性工具。拉曼光谱用于实时诊断的应用一直比目前的临床方法产生更高的灵敏度和特异性。该技术可以在膀胱可视化(膀胱镜)过程中作为“光学活检”在体内应用,也可以在体外应用于从尿液细胞学标本中获得的细胞。本文回顾了该领域的研究进展,从第一次体外实验到最近的体内应用,确定了诊断算法是如何发展的,并提供了与疾病进展的生化连续体病因学相关的分子信息。并对拉曼光谱在膀胱癌诊断中的应用前景进行了展望。
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引用次数: 24
A review of optical coherence tomography in breast cancer 光学相干断层扫描在乳腺癌中的应用综述
Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0013
L. Scolaro, R. McLaughlin, B. Kennedy, C. Saunders, D. Sampson
Abstract Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical imaging modality that opens up new opportunities for imaging in breast cancer. It provides two- and three-dimensional micro-scale images of tissue structure from bulk tissue, in vivo or freshly excised without labeling or staining, is capable of video-rate acquisition speeds, and is compatible with compact imaging probes. In this paper, the authors briefly describe OCT technology and describe in detail its capabilities for imaging breast cancer. Potential applications identified in current research are discussed, particularly in the assessment of excised breast tumors. It is concluded that OCT shows promise for margin assessment and biopsy guidance but that much more research and validation is required to confirm its level of utility.
光学相干断层扫描(OCT)是一种医学成像方式,为乳腺癌成像开辟了新的机会。它提供活体或新鲜切除的大块组织的二维和三维微尺度组织结构图像,无需标记或染色,具有视频速率采集速度,并且与紧凑型成像探针兼容。在本文中,作者简要介绍了OCT技术,并详细描述了其成像乳腺癌的能力。讨论了目前研究中确定的潜在应用,特别是在评估切除的乳腺肿瘤方面。结论是OCT显示了边缘评估和活检指导的前景,但需要更多的研究和验证来确认其效用水平。
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引用次数: 28
Treatment of basal cell carcinoma using a combination of pulsed dye laser and imiquimod – Case report and review 脉冲染料激光联合咪喹莫特治疗基底细胞癌1例报告与回顾
Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2013-0064
G. Gaitanis, A. Ikiades, I. Bassukas
Abstract Objective: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a pulsed dye laser (PDL) during a 5-week course of 5% topical imiquimod application in a patient with a nodular basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and to review the literature for data on PDL treatment of BCC. Methods: A 74-year-old patient with a 7-mm biopsy-proven BCC on his nose was treated with topical daily imiquimod for 2 weeks. Subsequently a laser session was performed with a flash lamp-pumped dye laser at 595 nm (Dermobeam 2000; Deka M.E.L.A., Florence, Italy) employing one pass with the following parameters: fluence 15 J/cm2, 3-ms pulses, spot diameter 5 mm with 10% overlap. PubMed was searched using the term conjunctions [“basal cell carcinoma” AND “pulsed dye laser”], [“basal cell carcinoma” AND “laser therapy”] and [“skin cancer” AND “pulsed dye laser”]. Frequency counts and percentages were employed to summarize identified BCC cases treated with PDL along different studies and Fisher’s exact test was used for the comparison of frequency distributions. Results: Topical imiquimod was continued for a further 3 weeks after the PDL session with a minimal increase in irritation. The tumor cleared and there has been no recurrence for 12 months. The literature search revealed a total of 7 small studies that included 120 tumors, the majority treated with a 595-nm device (104/120). Overall 81/120 (67.5%) treated tumors have been assessed as complete responders. No differences were recorded in relapse rates in association with the localization of the tumor, the histology (superficial vs. non-superficial), the wavelength of the device employed (595 vs. 585 nm), or the application of dynamic cooling. From the treatment parameters, only the use of multiple vs. single PDL sessions affected the outcome favorably (p=0.0432; Fisher’s exact test). From the BCC parameters, tumor size was a negative predictor of response. Conclusion: The combination of PDL with imiquimod could be a promising approach for the treatment of BCC and should be further evaluated in future studies.
摘要目的:评价脉冲染料激光(PDL)在5%咪喹莫特外用5周治疗结节性基底细胞癌(BCC)的可行性和疗效,并回顾PDL治疗BCC的相关文献。方法:74岁患者,活检证实鼻部有7mm的基底细胞癌,每日局部使用咪喹莫特治疗2周。随后,使用595 nm的闪光灯抽运染料激光器进行激光治疗(Dermobeam 2000;Deka M.E.L.A,佛罗伦萨,意大利)采用以下参数的一次通径:15j /cm2, 3毫秒脉冲,光斑直径5mm,重叠10%。搜索PubMed时使用的是连词[“基底细胞癌”与“脉冲染料激光”]、[“基底细胞癌”与“激光治疗”]和[“皮肤癌”与“脉冲染料激光”]。使用频率计数和百分比来总结不同研究中使用PDL治疗的BCC病例,并使用Fisher精确检验来比较频率分布。结果:局部咪喹莫特在PDL疗程后继续使用3周,刺激增加最小。肿瘤清除,12个月无复发。文献检索共发现7个小型研究,包括120个肿瘤,大多数使用595 nm装置治疗(104/120)。总的来说,81/120(67.5%)的治疗肿瘤被评估为完全缓解。复发率与肿瘤的定位、组织学(浅表性与非浅表性)、所用装置的波长(595 nm与585 nm)或动态冷却的应用有关,没有记录差异。从治疗参数来看,只有使用多次与单次PDL治疗对结果有有利影响(p=0.0432;费雪精确检验)。从BCC参数来看,肿瘤大小是反应的负向预测因子。结论:PDL联合咪喹莫特治疗BCC是一种很有前景的治疗方法,值得在今后的研究中进一步评价。
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引用次数: 1
Porphysome nanoparticles: Tailoring treatments with nature’s pigments 卟啉纳米颗粒:与自然色素裁剪处理
Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2013-0059
Thomas D Macdonald, G. Zheng
Abstract Porphysomes are an emerging class of photonic nanoparticles formed from the self-assembly of porphyrin-lipid conjugates. They retain the multifunctional properties of their porphyrin building-blocks but also have unique properties emerging from the nanostructure itself. Porphysomes are able to act in a number of photonic modalities, from diagnostic fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging, to photodynamic and photothermal therapies. This flexibility enables customizable interventions with potential in the burgeoning field of personalized medicine. Here, we profile early porphysome-like liposomes, true porphysomes, as well as newer porphysome derivatives. We discuss the current applications and future outlook for these multimodal theranostic nanoparticles.
卟啉体是一类新兴的光子纳米粒子,由卟啉-脂偶联物自组装而成。它们保留了卟啉构建块的多功能特性,但也具有纳米结构本身产生的独特特性。卟啉体能够在许多光子模式下起作用,从诊断荧光和光声成像,到光动力和光热疗法。这种灵活性使得可定制的干预措施在新兴的个性化医疗领域具有潜力。在这里,我们描述了早期的卟啉样脂质体,真正的卟啉体,以及较新的卟啉体衍生物。我们讨论了这些多模态治疗纳米粒子的应用现状和未来前景。
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引用次数: 5
Diffuse optical tomography to monitor the photocoagulation front during interstitial photothermal therapy: Numerical simulations and measurements in tissue-simulating phantoms 弥漫性光学断层扫描在间质光热治疗期间监测光凝前沿:组织模拟幻象中的数值模拟和测量
Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0011
Jie He, B. Wilson, D. Piao, R. Weersink
Abstract Near-infrared interstitial photothermal therapy (PTT) is currently undergoing clinical trials as an alternative to watchful waiting or radical treatments in patients with low/intermediate-risk focal prostate cancer. Currently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based thermography is used to monitor thermal energy delivery and determine indirectly the completeness of the target tumor destruction while avoiding damage to adjacent normal tissues, particularly the rectal wall. As an alternative, transrectal diffuse optical tomography (TRDOT) is being developed to image directly the photocoagulation boundary based on the changes in tissue optical properties, particularly scattering. An established diffusion-theory finite-element software platform was used to perform forward simulations to determine the sensitivity of changes in the optical signal resulting from a growing coagulated lesion with optical scattering contrast, for varying light source-detector separations in both longitudinal and transverse imaging geometries. The simulations were validated experimentally in tissue-simulating phantoms using an existing continuous-wave TRDOT system, in a configuration that is representative of one potential intended clinical use. This provides critical guidance for the optimum design of the transrectal applicator probe, in terms of achieving maximum sensitivity to the presence of the coagulation boundary and, consequently, the highest accuracy in determining the boundary location relative to the rectal wall.
近红外间质光热疗法(PTT)目前正在进行临床试验,作为低/中危局灶性前列腺癌患者观察等待或根治性治疗的替代方案。目前,基于磁共振成像(MRI)的热成像用于监测热能传递,并间接确定目标肿瘤破坏的完整性,同时避免损伤邻近的正常组织,特别是直肠壁。作为一种替代方案,经直肠弥漫性光学断层扫描(TRDOT)正在发展,根据组织光学特性的变化,特别是散射,直接成像光凝边界。利用已建立的扩散理论有限元软件平台进行正演模拟,以确定在纵向和横向成像几何形状中不同光源-探测器距离下,由不断增长的凝固病变引起的光信号变化对光学散射对比度的灵敏度。在组织模拟幻影中,使用现有的连续波TRDOT系统进行了模拟实验验证,其配置代表了一种潜在的预期临床应用。这为经直肠穿刺探针的优化设计提供了关键的指导,以实现对凝血边界存在的最大灵敏度,从而在确定相对于直肠壁的边界位置方面具有最高的准确性。
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引用次数: 9
Monitoring blood volume fraction and oxygen saturation in port-wine stains during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: Results of a preliminary case study 在血管靶向光动力治疗过程中,用漫反射光谱监测葡萄酒斑的血容量分数和血氧饱和度:初步病例研究的结果
Pub Date : 2014-08-01 DOI: 10.1515/plm-2014-0012
Zhihai Qiu, Defu Chen, Ying Wang, Guangping Yao, Y. Gu, Buhong Li
Abstract Objective: Monitoring dynamic changes during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) for port-wine stains (PWS) is crucial for achieving an optimal therapeutic outcome. The present investigation is a preliminary research study designed to quantify and monitor the vascular parameters, e.g., blood volume fraction (BVF) and oxygen saturation (StO2), of a PWS lesion by using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) before and during V-PDT. Material and methods: A portable DRS detection system was developed with an appropriate source-detector distance of 520 μm for fiber-optic probe. The diffuse reflectance spectra from 450 to 800 nm in specific regions of interest (ROIs) within a PWS lesion were recorded before and 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min during V-PDT. In order to extract the optical properties and vascular parameters of the PWS lesion, a modified well-known diffusion theory model with a correction factor for the vessel package effect was employed to analyze the steady state-diffuse reflectance spectra. Results: The corrected reflectance spectra of the PWS lesion can be fitted very well with the modified diffusion theory model. Differences in pretreatment values of BVF and StO2 as well as changes in these parameters were observed between two ROIs during V-PDT. Conclusion: The ability of using DRS for quantifying and monitoring the BVF and StO2 of a PWS lesion has been assessed. The preliminary data suggest that the clinical V-PDT efficiency is affected by the heterogeneity of the PWS lesion. DRS may have the potential to characterize the PWS lesion and to monitor V-PDT response.
摘要目的:监测葡萄酒斑(PWS)血管靶向光动力治疗(V-PDT)过程中的动态变化对于获得最佳治疗效果至关重要。本研究是一项初步研究,旨在通过漫反射光谱(DRS)在V-PDT之前和期间量化和监测PWS病变的血管参数,如血容量分数(BVF)和氧饱和度(StO2)。材料与方法:研制了一种便携式DRS探测系统,光纤探头源探测器距离为520 μm。在V-PDT之前和V-PDT期间的3、5、10、15和20分钟,记录PWS病变内特定兴趣区域(roi) 450至800 nm的漫反射光谱。为了提取PWS病变的光学特性和血管参数,采用了一种修正的扩散理论模型,并对血管包裹效应进行了校正,分析了PWS病变的稳态漫反射光谱。结果:修正后的扩散理论模型可以很好地拟合PWS病变的反射光谱。观察了两个roi在V-PDT过程中BVF和StO2预处理值的差异以及这些参数的变化。结论:对DRS定量监测PWS病变BVF和StO2的能力进行了评价。初步数据提示临床V-PDT效率受PWS病变异质性的影响。DRS可能具有表征PWS病变和监测V-PDT反应的潜力。
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引用次数: 7
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Photonics & Lasers in Medicine
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