S ince the pioneering measurements of Robert Hofstadter and co-workers in the 1950s, it has been known that atomic nuclei are not point-like particles but have a finite size on the femtometer scale—about 10,000 times smaller than the atomic radius [1]. That Nobel Prize winning research revealed the internal structures and distinct spatial electric charge distributions of nuclei by directing high-energy beams of electrons from an accelerator toward the target materials and examining the directions in which the electrons were deflected. At the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan researchers have, for the first time, observed such electron scattering from radioisotopes that do not occur
{"title":"What Do Unstable Atomic Nuclei Look Like?","authors":"Patrick Achenbach","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.144","url":null,"abstract":"S ince the pioneering measurements of Robert Hofstadter and co-workers in the 1950s, it has been known that atomic nuclei are not point-like particles but have a finite size on the femtometer scale—about 10,000 times smaller than the atomic radius [1]. That Nobel Prize winning research revealed the internal structures and distinct spatial electric charge distributions of nuclei by directing high-energy beams of electrons from an accelerator toward the target materials and examining the directions in which the electrons were deflected. At the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan researchers have, for the first time, observed such electron scattering from radioisotopes that do not occur","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136240599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T omitigate damage from amarine oil spill, response teams require accurate forecasts of how the oil will degrade and spread over time. Temperature and sunlight both affect the bulk properties of crude oil, but until now the relative importance of each was unclear. Now Danielle Haas Freeman, Collin Ward, and their colleagues at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Massachusetts, report results of experiments that address that problem [1]. Their findings suggest that sunlight-weathered oil behaves differently in cold Arctic waters than in tropical oceans. The study adds a missing component to oil-fate predictions and could help guide the development of cleanup protocols that are tailored to specific environments.
{"title":"Completing the Picture of How Oil Weathers in Seawater","authors":"Rachel Berkowitz","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.147","url":null,"abstract":"T omitigate damage from amarine oil spill, response teams require accurate forecasts of how the oil will degrade and spread over time. Temperature and sunlight both affect the bulk properties of crude oil, but until now the relative importance of each was unclear. Now Danielle Haas Freeman, Collin Ward, and their colleagues at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Massachusetts, report results of experiments that address that problem [1]. Their findings suggest that sunlight-weathered oil behaves differently in cold Arctic waters than in tropical oceans. The study adds a missing component to oil-fate predictions and could help guide the development of cleanup protocols that are tailored to specific environments.","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136284081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Toy Model to Probe Career Mobility","authors":"Katherine Wright","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.s125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.s125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136284080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What It Takes to Move the Needle","authors":"Filomena Nunes","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.145","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135088457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A n Escherichia coli bacterium takes about 40 minutes to replicate its chromosome. Replication is a necessary precursor to cell division, and yet Escherichia coli can divide every 20 minutes. How is this possible? The answer is that, before a round of replication is over, the bacterium has already initiated the next one (or two)—as biologists have known for more than 50 years. But deciphering how exactly replication is initiated has since remained an unresolved central problem in bacterial physiology. Now a theoretical study by Haochen Fu and colleagues from the University of California,
{"title":"Model of Chromosome Replication Gets Upgraded","authors":"Andrew Mugler","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.143","url":null,"abstract":"A n Escherichia coli bacterium takes about 40 minutes to replicate its chromosome. Replication is a necessary precursor to cell division, and yet Escherichia coli can divide every 20 minutes. How is this possible? The answer is that, before a round of replication is over, the bacterium has already initiated the next one (or two)—as biologists have known for more than 50 years. But deciphering how exactly replication is initiated has since remained an unresolved central problem in bacterial physiology. Now a theoretical study by Haochen Fu and colleagues from the University of California,","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135088131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T ransferring quantum information between widely separated locations is necessary to develop a global quantum network. This project is hindered by the high photon loss inherent to long-distance fiber-based transmission—the default for photonic qubits. To get around this problem, researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a quantum signal via satellite instead (see Viewpoint: Paving the Way for Satellite Quantum Communications). Now Sumit Goswami of the University of Calgary, Canada, and Sayandip Dhara of the University of Central Florida show how quantum information could be relayed over large distances by a network of such satellites [1].
{"title":"Global Quantum Communication via a Satellite Train","authors":"Rachel Berkowitz","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.s103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.s103","url":null,"abstract":"T ransferring quantum information between widely separated locations is necessary to develop a global quantum network. This project is hindered by the high photon loss inherent to long-distance fiber-based transmission—the default for photonic qubits. To get around this problem, researchers have demonstrated the transmission of a quantum signal via satellite instead (see Viewpoint: Paving the Way for Satellite Quantum Communications). Now Sumit Goswami of the University of Calgary, Canada, and Sayandip Dhara of the University of Central Florida show how quantum information could be relayed over large distances by a network of such satellites [1].","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136065051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U ltracold atoms trapped in an optical lattice—a periodic array of laser-produced trapping sites—could potentially be used to perform quantum computations and should be scalable, according to experts. But until now researchers had failed to accomplish a critical step: quantum mechanically entangling more than two atoms at a time. Now Jian-Wei Pan of the University of Science and Technology of China and his colleagues have entangled one-dimensional chains of ten atoms and two-dimensional groups of eight atoms with high reliability [1]. The team has also demonstrated control and imaging of the states of the atoms with single-atom resolution [1]. The results show that several of the required building blocks needed for optical-lattice-based quantum processors are now practical.
{"title":"Milestone for Optical-Lattice Quantum Computer","authors":"David Ehrenstein","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.s122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.s122","url":null,"abstract":"U ltracold atoms trapped in an optical lattice—a periodic array of laser-produced trapping sites—could potentially be used to perform quantum computations and should be scalable, according to experts. But until now researchers had failed to accomplish a critical step: quantum mechanically entangling more than two atoms at a time. Now Jian-Wei Pan of the University of Science and Technology of China and his colleagues have entangled one-dimensional chains of ten atoms and two-dimensional groups of eight atoms with high reliability [1]. The team has also demonstrated control and imaging of the states of the atoms with single-atom resolution [1]. The results show that several of the required building blocks needed for optical-lattice-based quantum processors are now practical.","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136065050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Writing the Rules of Turbulence","authors":"Rachel Berkowitz","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.140","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136337177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T icking clocks and flashing fireflies that start out of sync will fall into sync, a tendency that has been observed for centuries. A discovery two decades ago therefore came as a surprise: the dynamics of identical coupled oscillators can also be asynchronous. The ability to fall in and out of sync, a behavior dubbed a chimera state, is generic to identical coupled oscillators and requires only that the coupling is nonlocal. Now Yasuhiro Yamada and Kensuke Inaba of NTT Basic Research Laboratories in Japan show that this behavior can be analyzed using a lattice model (the XY model) developed to understand antiferromagnetism [1]. Besides a pleasing correspondence, Yamada and Inaba say that their finding offers a path to study the partial synchronization of neurons that underlie brain function and dysfunction.
{"title":"Pseudovortices Aid in Modeling the Synchronization Behavior of Neurons","authors":"Charles Day","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.s109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.s109","url":null,"abstract":"T icking clocks and flashing fireflies that start out of sync will fall into sync, a tendency that has been observed for centuries. A discovery two decades ago therefore came as a surprise: the dynamics of identical coupled oscillators can also be asynchronous. The ability to fall in and out of sync, a behavior dubbed a chimera state, is generic to identical coupled oscillators and requires only that the coupling is nonlocal. Now Yasuhiro Yamada and Kensuke Inaba of NTT Basic Research Laboratories in Japan show that this behavior can be analyzed using a lattice model (the XY model) developed to understand antiferromagnetism [1]. Besides a pleasing correspondence, Yamada and Inaba say that their finding offers a path to study the partial synchronization of neurons that underlie brain function and dysfunction.","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136337181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T he frictionless environments of helium nanodroplets makes them perfect for studying the self-organization of atoms andmolecules. However, if there are vortices inside these nanodroplets, this can hinder the assembly of some of these nanostructures. Now Anatoli Ulmer from the Technical University of Berlin and colleagues have developed a method for generating vortex-free helium nanodroplets with 1000 more helium atoms than previously possible [1]. The advance could enable researchers to study the self-assembly of a larger range of molecules.
{"title":"Bigger Helium Nanodroplets without the Swirls","authors":"Martin Rodriguez-Vega","doi":"10.1103/physics.16.s112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physics.16.s112","url":null,"abstract":"T he frictionless environments of helium nanodroplets makes them perfect for studying the self-organization of atoms andmolecules. However, if there are vortices inside these nanodroplets, this can hinder the assembly of some of these nanostructures. Now Anatoli Ulmer from the Technical University of Berlin and colleagues have developed a method for generating vortex-free helium nanodroplets with 1000 more helium atoms than previously possible [1]. The advance could enable researchers to study the self-assembly of a larger range of molecules.","PeriodicalId":20136,"journal":{"name":"Physics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135022325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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