Abstract School science teachers have an important role to play in preparing young people for a sustainable future. Yet their teaching is usually constrained by national school curricula, which may be slow to change to address the issues of sustainable development. Initial teacher education should anticipate the required changes in school curricula so that newly qualified teachers are better equipped to implement the changes when they happen. This paper is based upon the situation prevailing in South Africa, a country with some of the best and some of the worst schools in sub-Saharan Africa. It suggests ways that the BEd course for physical science education student teachers can be developed toward education for sustainable development, while accepting the constraints of the national curriculum, which has become the defining structure of the BEd.
{"title":"Preparing new secondary science teachers in the context of sustainable development goals: green and sustainable chemistry","authors":"John Dolman Bradley, Peter Moodie","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0198","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract School science teachers have an important role to play in preparing young people for a sustainable future. Yet their teaching is usually constrained by national school curricula, which may be slow to change to address the issues of sustainable development. Initial teacher education should anticipate the required changes in school curricula so that newly qualified teachers are better equipped to implement the changes when they happen. This paper is based upon the situation prevailing in South Africa, a country with some of the best and some of the worst schools in sub-Saharan Africa. It suggests ways that the BEd course for physical science education student teachers can be developed toward education for sustainable development, while accepting the constraints of the national curriculum, which has become the defining structure of the BEd.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"12 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141356400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are considered a green strategy by generating diversity of scaffolds from less synthetic effort and safe conditions. This work present the synthesis of dimethyl 8-(tert-butylamino)-4-oxo-4,6-dihydropyrimido[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine-6,7-dicarboxylate in low to moderate yields 33–74 % from the prepared 2-amino-4H-1,3-thiazin-4-one derivatives containing both an acidic proton and a suitable nucleophile with alkyl isocyanides and DMAD/DEtAD. The work portrays facile method under green chemical production processes using green solvents such as acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran. This chapter shows the flexibility of zwitterion adduct from the reaction of alkyl isocyanide and DMAD. The zwitterion adduct is trapped by 2-amino-4H-1,3-thiazin-4-one derivatives and forms fused [6-6] heterocyclic compounds. The preparation of starting material thiazine was carried out at different condition from 0 °C temperatures to reflux, while the synthesis of novel dimethyl 8-(tert-butylamino)-4-oxo-4,6-dihydropyrimido[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine-6,7-dicarboxylates was done at room temperature without the use of catalyst.
{"title":"A facile and efficient one-pot 3-component reaction (3-CR) method for the synthesis of thiazine-based heterocyclic compounds using zwitterion adduct intermediates","authors":"R. L. Mohlala, E. M. Coyanis","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0206","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are considered a green strategy by generating diversity of scaffolds from less synthetic effort and safe conditions. This work present the synthesis of dimethyl 8-(tert-butylamino)-4-oxo-4,6-dihydropyrimido[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine-6,7-dicarboxylate in low to moderate yields 33–74 % from the prepared 2-amino-4H-1,3-thiazin-4-one derivatives containing both an acidic proton and a suitable nucleophile with alkyl isocyanides and DMAD/DEtAD. The work portrays facile method under green chemical production processes using green solvents such as acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, and 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran. This chapter shows the flexibility of zwitterion adduct from the reaction of alkyl isocyanide and DMAD. The zwitterion adduct is trapped by 2-amino-4H-1,3-thiazin-4-one derivatives and forms fused [6-6] heterocyclic compounds. The preparation of starting material thiazine was carried out at different condition from 0 °C temperatures to reflux, while the synthesis of novel dimethyl 8-(tert-butylamino)-4-oxo-4,6-dihydropyrimido[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine-6,7-dicarboxylates was done at room temperature without the use of catalyst.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140968802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ntie‐Kang, D. B. Eni, Kiran K. Telukunta, V. Osamor, S. Egieyeh, Miquel Duran-Frigola, Pankaj Mishra, D. M. Shadrack, Lucas Paul, T. Musyoka, K. Blin, Mai M. Farid, Ya Chen, Lucie Karelle Djogang, Jude Y. Betow, A. Ibezim, Darshana Joshi, Alanis T. Edwin, M. Chama, Jean Moto Ongagna, Pierre Valery Kemdoum Sinda, J. Metuge, B. D. Bekono, Mustafa A. Isa, J. Medina‐Franco, T. Weber, Pieter C. Dorrestein, D. Janežič, Ö. T. Bishop, J. Ludwig-Müller
We report the outcomes of the second session of the free online open-access workshop “Computational Applications in Secondary Metabolite Discovery (CAiSMD) 2022” that took place from 09 to 11 March 2022. The first session was held from 08 to 10 March 2021 and drew the attention of many early career scientists from academia and industry. The 23 invited speakers of this year’s workshop also came from academia and industry and 222 registered participants from five continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, South, and North America) took part in the workshop. The workshop highlighted the potential applications of computational methodologies in the search for secondary metabolites or natural products as drug candidates and drug leads. For three days, the participants of this online workshop discussed modern computer-based approaches for exploring NP discovery in the “omics” age. The invited experts gave keynote lectures, trained participants in hands-on sessions, and held round table discussions. These were followed by oral presentations during which much interaction between the speakers and the audience was observed. Selected applicants (early-career scientists) were offered the opportunity to give oral presentations (15 min) upon submission of an abstract. The final program available on the workshop website (https://indiayouth.info/index.php/caismd) comprised three keynote lectures, 14 oral presentations, two round table discussions, and four hands-on sessions. This meeting report also references internet resources for computational biology around secondary metabolites that are of use outside of the workshop areas and will constitute a long-term valuable source for the community.
{"title":"The workshops on computational applications in secondary metabolite discovery (CAiSMD)","authors":"F. Ntie‐Kang, D. B. Eni, Kiran K. Telukunta, V. Osamor, S. Egieyeh, Miquel Duran-Frigola, Pankaj Mishra, D. M. Shadrack, Lucas Paul, T. Musyoka, K. Blin, Mai M. Farid, Ya Chen, Lucie Karelle Djogang, Jude Y. Betow, A. Ibezim, Darshana Joshi, Alanis T. Edwin, M. Chama, Jean Moto Ongagna, Pierre Valery Kemdoum Sinda, J. Metuge, B. D. Bekono, Mustafa A. Isa, J. Medina‐Franco, T. Weber, Pieter C. Dorrestein, D. Janežič, Ö. T. Bishop, J. Ludwig-Müller","doi":"10.1515/psr-2024-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2024-0015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We report the outcomes of the second session of the free online open-access workshop “Computational Applications in Secondary Metabolite Discovery (CAiSMD) 2022” that took place from 09 to 11 March 2022. The first session was held from 08 to 10 March 2021 and drew the attention of many early career scientists from academia and industry. The 23 invited speakers of this year’s workshop also came from academia and industry and 222 registered participants from five continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, South, and North America) took part in the workshop. The workshop highlighted the potential applications of computational methodologies in the search for secondary metabolites or natural products as drug candidates and drug leads. For three days, the participants of this online workshop discussed modern computer-based approaches for exploring NP discovery in the “omics” age. The invited experts gave keynote lectures, trained participants in hands-on sessions, and held round table discussions. These were followed by oral presentations during which much interaction between the speakers and the audience was observed. Selected applicants (early-career scientists) were offered the opportunity to give oral presentations (15 min) upon submission of an abstract. The final program available on the workshop website (https://indiayouth.info/index.php/caismd) comprised three keynote lectures, 14 oral presentations, two round table discussions, and four hands-on sessions. This meeting report also references internet resources for computational biology around secondary metabolites that are of use outside of the workshop areas and will constitute a long-term valuable source for the community.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141001323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emerging contaminants are the outcome of the widespread usage of manufacturing advancements facilitating human life. These are found in various solid and liquid wastes discharged into nature. Sewage treatment plants across the globe receive a maximum quantity of various emerging contaminants from diverse sources. These contaminants reach soil, surface, and groundwater, affecting their quality. They also enter into the food web through different levels. This article thoroughly discusses the adverse effects of emerging contaminants and possible methods of remediation using activated carbon prepared from different materials. The review highlights the utilization of activated carbon for pharmaceutical and personal care products, pesticides, and a specific observation of caffeine removal. An in-depth online search for research and review articles gave an overview of technologies used and their reports with reference to the applicability of activated carbon as an adsorbent for emerging contaminants. Adsorption is considered to be one of the green methodologies for reducing contamination and making the resultant water of reusable quality. Biowaste materials are used for the preparation of activated carbon by chemical or physical modifications. These adsorbents can be used for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater/contaminated water. Many advantages of this method make it suitable for the treatment of effluent generated from various sources. The activated carbon quality, surface area for adsorption, and kinetics are of significance to ensure the quality and efficiency of the adsorbent.
{"title":"Activated carbon-mediated adsorption of emerging contaminants","authors":"R. Y. Hiranmai, Ajay Neeraj","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Emerging contaminants are the outcome of the widespread usage of manufacturing advancements facilitating human life. These are found in various solid and liquid wastes discharged into nature. Sewage treatment plants across the globe receive a maximum quantity of various emerging contaminants from diverse sources. These contaminants reach soil, surface, and groundwater, affecting their quality. They also enter into the food web through different levels. This article thoroughly discusses the adverse effects of emerging contaminants and possible methods of remediation using activated carbon prepared from different materials. The review highlights the utilization of activated carbon for pharmaceutical and personal care products, pesticides, and a specific observation of caffeine removal. An in-depth online search for research and review articles gave an overview of technologies used and their reports with reference to the applicability of activated carbon as an adsorbent for emerging contaminants. Adsorption is considered to be one of the green methodologies for reducing contamination and making the resultant water of reusable quality. Biowaste materials are used for the preparation of activated carbon by chemical or physical modifications. These adsorbents can be used for removing emerging contaminants from wastewater/contaminated water. Many advantages of this method make it suitable for the treatment of effluent generated from various sources. The activated carbon quality, surface area for adsorption, and kinetics are of significance to ensure the quality and efficiency of the adsorbent.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141005502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pollution in the water bodies has been on the rise for several decades. To address this issue, many technologies involving physical, chemical, biological, and electrochemical processes are being utilised. Nevertheless, their commercial use is limited by a number of inherent drawbacks. Here, nanotechnology combined with material science has offered practical and economical ways to remove organic pollutants from the wastewater. This review will provide a detailed overview of the efficiency and applicability of various carbon-metal nanoparticle adsorbents such as heavy metals (mercury, lead, and cadmium), organic contaminants (benzene, insecticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), and nitrogen and sulfur compounds from the wastewater by the adsorption process. The future research direction and the encouraging future of carbon composites loaded with metal nanoparticles for environmental applications are also discussed.
{"title":"Carbon metal nanoparticle composites for the removal of pollutants","authors":"Ramachandran Vinoth Kumar, Naganathan Kiruthika, Gunasekaran Priya","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pollution in the water bodies has been on the rise for several decades. To address this issue, many technologies involving physical, chemical, biological, and electrochemical processes are being utilised. Nevertheless, their commercial use is limited by a number of inherent drawbacks. Here, nanotechnology combined with material science has offered practical and economical ways to remove organic pollutants from the wastewater. This review will provide a detailed overview of the efficiency and applicability of various carbon-metal nanoparticle adsorbents such as heavy metals (mercury, lead, and cadmium), organic contaminants (benzene, insecticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon), and nitrogen and sulfur compounds from the wastewater by the adsorption process. The future research direction and the encouraging future of carbon composites loaded with metal nanoparticles for environmental applications are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"24 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pollutants in water bodies is a major threat, which affects both flora and fauna, including humans. The environmental impact on pollutants due to increase in industrialization and growing populations has been increasing every year. The efficient removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions is a significant challenge in environmental remediation. In recent years, the application of nanomaterials has emerged as a promising strategy to address this issue. Of these nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nano-gels have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties and their versatile functionalities. In this review, we have discussed about the recent advances in CNTs, CNFs, nanogels in eliminating pollutants from aqueous solution. CNTs possess a notable aspect ratio and demonstrate outstanding mechanical strength, enabling them to effectively adsorb a wide range of contaminants including heavy metals, organic compounds, and gases, CNFs have improved adsorption and catalytic characteristics. These entities exhibit efficacy in the elimination of contaminants from aquatic ecosystems and atmospheric currents, hence aiding in the restoration of polluted settings, and nano-gels, which are composed of cross-linked polymers arranged in three dimensions, offer a flexible framework for the encapsulation of pollutants and the precise delivery of substances. Functionalized nano-gels provide the targeted adsorption of particular contaminants, hence providing customised approaches for the management and mitigation of pollution. The utilisation of nanomaterials holds significant promise in the advancement of water treatment technologies, necessitating the enhancement of their practical applications.
{"title":"Role of carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-fibres and nano-gels in eliminating pollutants from aqueous solution","authors":"Saranya Thayanithi, Kumar Janakiraman, Sridhar Alagesan, Abilesh Ramesh, Vaidevi Sethuraman, Suriyaraj Shanmugasundaram Prema","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0045","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pollutants in water bodies is a major threat, which affects both flora and fauna, including humans. The environmental impact on pollutants due to increase in industrialization and growing populations has been increasing every year. The efficient removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions is a significant challenge in environmental remediation. In recent years, the application of nanomaterials has emerged as a promising strategy to address this issue. Of these nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nano-gels have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties and their versatile functionalities. In this review, we have discussed about the recent advances in CNTs, CNFs, nanogels in eliminating pollutants from aqueous solution. CNTs possess a notable aspect ratio and demonstrate outstanding mechanical strength, enabling them to effectively adsorb a wide range of contaminants including heavy metals, organic compounds, and gases, CNFs have improved adsorption and catalytic characteristics. These entities exhibit efficacy in the elimination of contaminants from aquatic ecosystems and atmospheric currents, hence aiding in the restoration of polluted settings, and nano-gels, which are composed of cross-linked polymers arranged in three dimensions, offer a flexible framework for the encapsulation of pollutants and the precise delivery of substances. Functionalized nano-gels provide the targeted adsorption of particular contaminants, hence providing customised approaches for the management and mitigation of pollution. The utilisation of nanomaterials holds significant promise in the advancement of water treatment technologies, necessitating the enhancement of their practical applications.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"26 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Water and wastewater treatment is crucial to meet the global demand for clean drinking water and attaining environmental sustainability. Using graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membranes for wastewater and water treatment is innovative in tackling water pollution and water scarcity worldwide. Graphene-based membranes have been proven advantageous and effective in water purification due to their unique qualities such as increased surface area, mechanical and thermal durability, adsorbability, and antifouling and antibacterial capabilities. This chapter discusses the synthesis of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide membranes and their hybrid derivatives. It also discusses their applicability and challenges in wastewater purification. Ongoing research is necessary to optimize these membranes, as challenges persist in the large-scale cost-effective production for widespread use in water treatment plants.
{"title":"Utilization of graphene and rGO membranes for water and wastewater treatments","authors":"Debolina Chatterjee, K. Sivashanmugam","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0046","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Water and wastewater treatment is crucial to meet the global demand for clean drinking water and attaining environmental sustainability. Using graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membranes for wastewater and water treatment is innovative in tackling water pollution and water scarcity worldwide. Graphene-based membranes have been proven advantageous and effective in water purification due to their unique qualities such as increased surface area, mechanical and thermal durability, adsorbability, and antifouling and antibacterial capabilities. This chapter discusses the synthesis of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide membranes and their hybrid derivatives. It also discusses their applicability and challenges in wastewater purification. Ongoing research is necessary to optimize these membranes, as challenges persist in the large-scale cost-effective production for widespread use in water treatment plants.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140684807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Depletion of potable water availability is threatening the whole biota, owing to the presence of anthropogenic compounds and hazardous chemicals above the permissible levels. Although many conventional methods exist, the development of innovative technologies is critical for wastewater treatment and recycling. Carbon composites have recently seen widespread use across a variety of industries due to their distinctive and superior properties. These carbon composites are easily integrated into many stages of the treatment process, making them efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. This chapter discusses the importance and effectiveness of carbon-based composite materials in removing toxic dyes and heavy metal contaminants from the environment. Carbon composites are classified according to their sources, preparation methods, and applications. This chapter also discusses various research perspectives on carbon composites, particularly from an environmental and financial standpoint.
{"title":"Carbon composites as an Avante garde material in mitigating dyes and heavy metal pollution","authors":"S. Palanisamy","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Depletion of potable water availability is threatening the whole biota, owing to the presence of anthropogenic compounds and hazardous chemicals above the permissible levels. Although many conventional methods exist, the development of innovative technologies is critical for wastewater treatment and recycling. Carbon composites have recently seen widespread use across a variety of industries due to their distinctive and superior properties. These carbon composites are easily integrated into many stages of the treatment process, making them efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. This chapter discusses the importance and effectiveness of carbon-based composite materials in removing toxic dyes and heavy metal contaminants from the environment. Carbon composites are classified according to their sources, preparation methods, and applications. This chapter also discusses various research perspectives on carbon composites, particularly from an environmental and financial standpoint.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":" 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140691445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adsorption processes are crucial in various applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. The research is focused on improving and developing adsorbent materials. An in-depth evaluation of a recently suggested adsorbent is essential to determine its characteristics, confirm its suitability, and understand its effectiveness in the intended process. Various approaches can be engaged to collect multiple physico-chemical data, with the selection of the methodology contingent on the substance under investigation and the instruments at hand. The accessible procedures include, FTIR, Raman, XPS, EDX, XRD, SEM/FESEM, TEM, AFM, VSM, DLS, and thermoanalytical techniques (TGA, DSC). These methods aid in identifying, locating, and quantifying chemical components. They also enable the analysis of the structure, topography, morphology, magnetic properties, and size, as well as other physical characteristics of materials. This information is valuable for assessing the manufacturing and modification of adsorbent materials and studying the adsorption process by examining the interactions between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. This work aims to offer an inclusive resource for investigators exploring adsorbent resources. It attempts to help them choose the most suitable characterization methods according to their specific needs.
{"title":"Characterization techniques for carbon-based adsorbents and carbon composites","authors":"Uthaman Danya, Chinnappan Sagayaraj, Jagadeesan Yaazhini, Balaji Ramachandran, Jeyaseelan Aravind, Peraman Muthukumaran","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Adsorption processes are crucial in various applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. The research is focused on improving and developing adsorbent materials. An in-depth evaluation of a recently suggested adsorbent is essential to determine its characteristics, confirm its suitability, and understand its effectiveness in the intended process. Various approaches can be engaged to collect multiple physico-chemical data, with the selection of the methodology contingent on the substance under investigation and the instruments at hand. The accessible procedures include, FTIR, Raman, XPS, EDX, XRD, SEM/FESEM, TEM, AFM, VSM, DLS, and thermoanalytical techniques (TGA, DSC). These methods aid in identifying, locating, and quantifying chemical components. They also enable the analysis of the structure, topography, morphology, magnetic properties, and size, as well as other physical characteristics of materials. This information is valuable for assessing the manufacturing and modification of adsorbent materials and studying the adsorption process by examining the interactions between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. This work aims to offer an inclusive resource for investigators exploring adsorbent resources. It attempts to help them choose the most suitable characterization methods according to their specific needs.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"32 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140724411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xenobiotics, hazardous compounds, and emerging contaminants contribute risk to the ecosystem, and the most effective way to reduce their harmful effects is to utilize different carbon-based composites and carbon adsorbents. Adsorption is considered a highly effective approach for eliminating pollutants. Various adsorbent materials, such as nanomaterials, natural materials, and biological biomasses, have been recognized as effective adsorbents for different contaminants. Carbon-based adsorbents are often highly flexible for cleanup because of their exceptional physical and chemical characteristics. This review presents the various forms of carbon composites as an adsorbent and their production strategies. The selection of synthesis methods and the operational parameters are found to be the key factors in determining the nature of the adsorbent and its adsorption efficiency. The pretreatment, activation, and coupling of other agents in the production of carbon composites are found to increase the adsorption efficiency of the material. The study extensively concentrated on the advancements in synthesizing carbon-sourced composites and sorbents. The research gap and the -utilization possibilities of diverse carbon composites in the removal of pollutants are also discussed.
{"title":"Production strategies for carbon composites and carbon-based adsorbents","authors":"Shanmugasundaram Shyamalagowri, N. Akila, Suresh Ashwin Raj, Udhaya Kumar Dhivya Dharshini, Subbiah Murugesan, Sundaramoorthy Pavithra","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Xenobiotics, hazardous compounds, and emerging contaminants contribute risk to the ecosystem, and the most effective way to reduce their harmful effects is to utilize different carbon-based composites and carbon adsorbents. Adsorption is considered a highly effective approach for eliminating pollutants. Various adsorbent materials, such as nanomaterials, natural materials, and biological biomasses, have been recognized as effective adsorbents for different contaminants. Carbon-based adsorbents are often highly flexible for cleanup because of their exceptional physical and chemical characteristics. This review presents the various forms of carbon composites as an adsorbent and their production strategies. The selection of synthesis methods and the operational parameters are found to be the key factors in determining the nature of the adsorbent and its adsorption efficiency. The pretreatment, activation, and coupling of other agents in the production of carbon composites are found to increase the adsorption efficiency of the material. The study extensively concentrated on the advancements in synthesizing carbon-sourced composites and sorbents. The research gap and the -utilization possibilities of diverse carbon composites in the removal of pollutants are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140215097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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