Edwige Anagued Haman, Valéry Paul Moumbon, spce Abdourahman Fadimatou, J. Momeni, B. Ngameni
Abstract In Cameroon, several species of the genus Acacia are traditionally used for protection in granaries of stored foodstuffs such as cowpeas, maize and millet. The literature review on Acacia hockii made it possible to detect that few studies were carried out on this plant which would traditionally have the properties we seek. The objective of this work is to extract and isolate the active principles and then evaluate the insecticidal and antifungal activities of the extracts and compounds isolated from the fruits of A. hockii. The maceration method was used to obtain hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of A. hockii fruits which were used against adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), a pest of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The most active extract was fractionated by column chromatography and the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The well-scattering method was used for evaluating the antifungal activity. The results show that all extracts were active against adults of C. maculatus and that the acetone extract was the most active with a 100% mortality rate at the concentration of 0.500 mg/mL and an LD50 of 0.06 g per gram of cowpea. The antifungal activity test of the acetone extract showed sensitivity against all tested strains Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum with MIC of 0.0625; 0.500 mg/mL, respectively. Fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of four compounds, among β-stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, β-stigmasterol-3β-O-D-glucopyranoside and N-((2S,3S,4R,14E)-1,3,4-trihydroxyicos-14-en-2-yl)palmitamide, a new sphingolipid with insecticidal and moderate antibacterial activities. A. hockii fruits can be considered a potential source for the production of biopesticides.
在喀麦隆，金合欢属的几个物种传统上用于保护储存粮食的谷仓，如豇豆、玉米和小米。对金合欢的文献回顾使我们有可能发现，对这种传统上具有我们所寻找的特性的植物进行的研究很少。本工作的目的是提取和分离霍氏弧菌果实的活性成分，并对其提取物和化合物的杀虫和抗真菌活性进行评价。采用浸渍法提取霍氏银杏果实的己烷、丙酮和甲醇提取物，分别用于杀灭豇豆害虫黄斑小蛾(鞘翅目:斑小蛾科)成虫。用柱层析法分离出活性最强的提取物，并用一维和二维核磁共振光谱对化合物进行鉴定。采用孔散射法评价其抗真菌活性。结果表明，所有提取物均对黄斑弧菌成虫有一定的杀灭作用，其中丙酮提取物在浓度为0.500 mg/mL时，对黄斑弧菌的杀伤率为100%，LD50为0.06 g/ g。丙酮提取物对番茄镰刀菌、黄曲霉和柑橘青霉的抑菌活性试验表明，其MIC值均为0.0625;0.500 mg/mL。分离得到4个化合物，分别为β-豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇、β-豆甾醇-3 - β- o - d -葡萄糖吡喃苷和N-((2S,3S,4R,14E)-1,3,4-三羟基-14-烯-2-基)棕榈酰胺，这是一种具有杀虫和中等抗菌活性的新型鞘脂。hokkii果实可以被认为是生产生物农药的潜在来源。
{"title":"A new sphingoid derivative from Acacia hockii De Wild (Fabaceae) with antimicrobial and insecticidal properties","authors":"Edwige Anagued Haman, Valéry Paul Moumbon, spce Abdourahman Fadimatou, J. Momeni, B. Ngameni","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0267","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In Cameroon, several species of the genus Acacia are traditionally used for protection in granaries of stored foodstuffs such as cowpeas, maize and millet. The literature review on Acacia hockii made it possible to detect that few studies were carried out on this plant which would traditionally have the properties we seek. The objective of this work is to extract and isolate the active principles and then evaluate the insecticidal and antifungal activities of the extracts and compounds isolated from the fruits of A. hockii. The maceration method was used to obtain hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of A. hockii fruits which were used against adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), a pest of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The most active extract was fractionated by column chromatography and the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The well-scattering method was used for evaluating the antifungal activity. The results show that all extracts were active against adults of C. maculatus and that the acetone extract was the most active with a 100% mortality rate at the concentration of 0.500 mg/mL and an LD50 of 0.06 g per gram of cowpea. The antifungal activity test of the acetone extract showed sensitivity against all tested strains Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum with MIC of 0.0625; 0.500 mg/mL, respectively. Fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of four compounds, among β-stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, β-stigmasterol-3β-O-D-glucopyranoside and N-((2S,3S,4R,14E)-1,3,4-trihydroxyicos-14-en-2-yl)palmitamide, a new sphingolipid with insecticidal and moderate antibacterial activities. A. hockii fruits can be considered a potential source for the production of biopesticides.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87799992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Bimetallic gold (Au) catalysts present an exceptional development trend toward enhancing the catalytic efficiency of the Au based catalysts. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into synergic effect of the bimetallic Au catalysts in enhancing the efficiency of various processes. The review covers some important aspects involving the effect of particle size, composition, metal-support interaction, morphology and the interaction between Au atom and the secondary metal on catalytic properties of the bimetallic Au catalysts. Particularly, the effect of the core–shell and faceted bimetallic Au catalysts morphologies are clearly articulated in the introduction. In the next section, various spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques, which often form a basis for the discussion of the synergic effect of the catalysts in enhancing the process efficiency are also discussed. Finally, we provide a summary on the progress made in catalytic exploration of bimetallic Au catalysts focusing in oxidation of hydrocarbons, fuel cell processes, oxidative transformation of the biomass derived products and photocatalysis.
{"title":"Synergistic effect in bimetallic gold catalysts: recent trends and prospects","authors":"S. Mkhondwane, V. R. Pullabhotla","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0269","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bimetallic gold (Au) catalysts present an exceptional development trend toward enhancing the catalytic efficiency of the Au based catalysts. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into synergic effect of the bimetallic Au catalysts in enhancing the efficiency of various processes. The review covers some important aspects involving the effect of particle size, composition, metal-support interaction, morphology and the interaction between Au atom and the secondary metal on catalytic properties of the bimetallic Au catalysts. Particularly, the effect of the core–shell and faceted bimetallic Au catalysts morphologies are clearly articulated in the introduction. In the next section, various spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques, which often form a basis for the discussion of the synergic effect of the catalysts in enhancing the process efficiency are also discussed. Finally, we provide a summary on the progress made in catalytic exploration of bimetallic Au catalysts focusing in oxidation of hydrocarbons, fuel cell processes, oxidative transformation of the biomass derived products and photocatalysis.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"184 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85088358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Mabungela, N. D. Shooto, F. Mtunzi, E. B. Naidoo
Abstract This work looked into viability of using fennel-based adsorbents to simultaneously eliminate cadmium, methylene blue, and copper from water solution. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solutions were applied to the untreated fennel seeds (PFS) to yield H3FS and CaFS, respectively. The presence of –OH, –C–O–C–, and –C=O functional groups on the surface of the adsorbents was confirmed by FTIR results. XRD and UV–Vis results established hydrolysis of cellulose from fennel seeds. According to studies on time and kinetics, the adsorption process was relatively quick in the first 60 min. Furthermore, isotherm models showed that the results fit Langmuir model more closely. This finding indicated that uptake takes place on uniform active sites on adsorbent surfaces. Studies on thermodynamics showed that the adsorption procedure was advantageous and practicable. PFS, H3FS, and CaFS had maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacities of 7.208, 5.504, and 5.791 mg/g. It was 2.274, 5.021, and 12.3 mg/g for Cd(II) by PFS, H3FS, and CaFS. PFS, H3FS, and CaFS could adsorb MB to a maximum of 11.114, 4.071, and 18.468 mg/g. Reusability studies of the adsorbents were also evaluated and the results suggested that the adsorbents can be recycled a number of times.
摘要:本研究探讨了茴香基吸附剂同时去除水中镉、亚甲基蓝和铜的可行性。用磷酸(H3PO4)和氢氧化钙(Ca(OH)2)溶液处理未处理的茴香种子(PFS)，分别得到H3FS和CaFS。FTIR结果证实了吸附剂表面存在- oh、- c - O - c -和- c =O官能团。XRD和UV-Vis结果证实了茴香籽纤维素的水解作用。时间和动力学研究表明，吸附过程在前60 min相对较快。等温模型表明，吸附结果更符合Langmuir模型。这一发现表明，吸收发生在吸附剂表面均匀的活性位点上。热力学研究表明，该吸附方法是可行的。PFS、H3FS和CaFS对Cu(II)的最大吸附量分别为7.208、5.504和5.791 mg/g。PFS、H3FS和CaFS对Cd(II)的测定值分别为2.274、5.021和12.3 mg/g。PFS、H3FS和CaFS对MB的吸附量分别为11.114、4.071和18.468 mg/g。对吸附剂的可重复利用性研究进行了评价，结果表明吸附剂可以多次循环使用。
{"title":"Simultaneous removal of methylene blue, copper Cu(II), and cadmium Cd(II) from synthetic wastewater using fennel-based adsorbents","authors":"N. Mabungela, N. D. Shooto, F. Mtunzi, E. B. Naidoo","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0329","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work looked into viability of using fennel-based adsorbents to simultaneously eliminate cadmium, methylene blue, and copper from water solution. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solutions were applied to the untreated fennel seeds (PFS) to yield H3FS and CaFS, respectively. The presence of –OH, –C–O–C–, and –C=O functional groups on the surface of the adsorbents was confirmed by FTIR results. XRD and UV–Vis results established hydrolysis of cellulose from fennel seeds. According to studies on time and kinetics, the adsorption process was relatively quick in the first 60 min. Furthermore, isotherm models showed that the results fit Langmuir model more closely. This finding indicated that uptake takes place on uniform active sites on adsorbent surfaces. Studies on thermodynamics showed that the adsorption procedure was advantageous and practicable. PFS, H3FS, and CaFS had maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacities of 7.208, 5.504, and 5.791 mg/g. It was 2.274, 5.021, and 12.3 mg/g for Cd(II) by PFS, H3FS, and CaFS. PFS, H3FS, and CaFS could adsorb MB to a maximum of 11.114, 4.071, and 18.468 mg/g. Reusability studies of the adsorbents were also evaluated and the results suggested that the adsorbents can be recycled a number of times.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82816420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Azmat, R. Bano, Sumeira Moin, Tahseen Ahmed, Ailyan Saleem, W. Ahmed
Abstract This article explores the extraction of iodine contents in Ipomoea pes-caprae plants using the modified Mohr’s method applied to a biological extract prepared in an aqueous solution. The plants were collected from three coastal regions of the Arabian Sea at Karachi coast, privileged as iodine resource areas. The size of the stem, leaves, and flowers of collected plants was measured after transportation into the laboratory before preparation of aqueous extract. It was found to be significantly different in size from each other. The electrical conductivity of the biological extract was recorded through a conductometer. For this purpose, the extract of different parts of the I. pes-caprae plants was prepared, followed by heating and filtration, while silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used as a precipitating agent. It was interesting to note that when filtrate was titrated with AgNO3, the precipitate started to settle down. Results showed the lowest iodine concentration in the flowers of all tested plants, followed by the highest in the leaves. Conductometric precipitation reaction was influential in determining iodine in herbal medicinal plants. It was observed that the size of the plants and collection sites impacted the iodine concentration. It was lowest in I. pes-caprae, collected from sea view Karachi, while highest in plants of Hawksbay. The endpoint of this biochemical reaction was taken when conductivity started rising. The standard curve of KI was prepared to determine the concentration of iodine in plant samples through conductometric titration. Moreover, the presence of Iodine was confirmed through a chemical testing method using HNO3, NH4OH, and H2SO4, after a complete precipitation reaction. The iodine quantification was done using a spectrophotometer through hexane solvent after being treated with H2SO4.
{"title":"Detection of iodine in aqueous extract of plants through modified Mohr’s method","authors":"R. Azmat, R. Bano, Sumeira Moin, Tahseen Ahmed, Ailyan Saleem, W. Ahmed","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0291","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the extraction of iodine contents in Ipomoea pes-caprae plants using the modified Mohr’s method applied to a biological extract prepared in an aqueous solution. The plants were collected from three coastal regions of the Arabian Sea at Karachi coast, privileged as iodine resource areas. The size of the stem, leaves, and flowers of collected plants was measured after transportation into the laboratory before preparation of aqueous extract. It was found to be significantly different in size from each other. The electrical conductivity of the biological extract was recorded through a conductometer. For this purpose, the extract of different parts of the I. pes-caprae plants was prepared, followed by heating and filtration, while silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used as a precipitating agent. It was interesting to note that when filtrate was titrated with AgNO3, the precipitate started to settle down. Results showed the lowest iodine concentration in the flowers of all tested plants, followed by the highest in the leaves. Conductometric precipitation reaction was influential in determining iodine in herbal medicinal plants. It was observed that the size of the plants and collection sites impacted the iodine concentration. It was lowest in I. pes-caprae, collected from sea view Karachi, while highest in plants of Hawksbay. The endpoint of this biochemical reaction was taken when conductivity started rising. The standard curve of KI was prepared to determine the concentration of iodine in plant samples through conductometric titration. Moreover, the presence of Iodine was confirmed through a chemical testing method using HNO3, NH4OH, and H2SO4, after a complete precipitation reaction. The iodine quantification was done using a spectrophotometer through hexane solvent after being treated with H2SO4.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86183033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anil Kumar Moola, Muhil Raj Prabhakar, Baishali Dey, B. Paramasivan, Sita Manojgyna Vangala, Ramya Jakkampudi, S. Sathish
Abstract The emerging phase of bioeconomy demands that human beings be concerned more with ecofriendly practices in every aspect of life. Thus, the demand for biopolymer/biopolymer-based composite materials has witnessed a surge in recent decades. Biopolymeric composites at macro, micro, and nano scales have various applications in environmental cleanup. Biopolymers from natural resources have established an important position owing to their easy availability, abundance, and biodegradability. This review reveals the advantages of biopolymer usage in the field of environmental remediation over conventional practices and also the advantages of biopolymer composites over general biopolymeric material. Further, it focuses on the recent rapid development of nanotechnology, which has led to significant advances in the design and synthesis of biopolymer-based nanocomposites, with higher specific surface areas that can be functionalized to strongly adsorb contaminants in comparison with conventional adsorbents. It also presents the biopolymer-based composite materials separated on the basis of scale commonly used for environmental applications such as the removal of dyes, oil–water separation, and air filtration. This review also summarizes the benefits and drawbacks on biopolymer composite usage along with future perspectives to give an idea on the areas for researchers to focus on in the future.
{"title":"Biopolymeric composite materials for environmental applications","authors":"Anil Kumar Moola, Muhil Raj Prabhakar, Baishali Dey, B. Paramasivan, Sita Manojgyna Vangala, Ramya Jakkampudi, S. Sathish","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0223","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The emerging phase of bioeconomy demands that human beings be concerned more with ecofriendly practices in every aspect of life. Thus, the demand for biopolymer/biopolymer-based composite materials has witnessed a surge in recent decades. Biopolymeric composites at macro, micro, and nano scales have various applications in environmental cleanup. Biopolymers from natural resources have established an important position owing to their easy availability, abundance, and biodegradability. This review reveals the advantages of biopolymer usage in the field of environmental remediation over conventional practices and also the advantages of biopolymer composites over general biopolymeric material. Further, it focuses on the recent rapid development of nanotechnology, which has led to significant advances in the design and synthesis of biopolymer-based nanocomposites, with higher specific surface areas that can be functionalized to strongly adsorb contaminants in comparison with conventional adsorbents. It also presents the biopolymer-based composite materials separated on the basis of scale commonly used for environmental applications such as the removal of dyes, oil–water separation, and air filtration. This review also summarizes the benefits and drawbacks on biopolymer composite usage along with future perspectives to give an idea on the areas for researchers to focus on in the future.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83691536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The most harmful to biological compounds is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun. UVC rays (100–280 nm) are extremely harmful to the skin. Fortunately, it is primarily absorbed in the earth’s troposphere by molecular oxygen and ozone. Although UVB (290–320 nm) accounts for only about 5 % of terrestrial UVR, its effects are typically much stronger than those of UVA (320–400 nm). UVR’s clinical effects on normal-appearing human skin can include erythema, pigmentation, suppression of acquired immunity and enhancement of innate immunity, all caused by UVB, and blood pressure reduction caused by UVA. Long-term effects include photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. All of these effects are supported by molecular or cellular effects such as DNA damage, ROS generation, melanogenesis, and the expression of numerous genes and related proteins. The use of sunscreen and avoiding prolonged sun exposure are the first lines of defense in photoprotection. Sunscreens with the appropriate SPF and protection spectrum are now the mainstay of many studies on UV damage. A variety of novel strategies for developing better sunscreens have been proposed. It has been proposed that incorporating antioxidant phenolic extracts into sunscreens can provide additional photoprotective qualities and provide greater protection by replenishing the skin’s natural reservoirs. Thus, the goal of this study was to look into the use of antioxidant extracts from medicinal plants in sunscreens and cosmetic formulations to boost photoprotection, with a particular emphasis on green extraction of these antioxidants from their complex matrices.
{"title":"Photoprotection strategies with antioxidant extracts: a new vision","authors":"R. Ayad, Mostefa Lefahal, E. Makhloufi, S. Akkal","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0313","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The most harmful to biological compounds is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun. UVC rays (100–280 nm) are extremely harmful to the skin. Fortunately, it is primarily absorbed in the earth’s troposphere by molecular oxygen and ozone. Although UVB (290–320 nm) accounts for only about 5 % of terrestrial UVR, its effects are typically much stronger than those of UVA (320–400 nm). UVR’s clinical effects on normal-appearing human skin can include erythema, pigmentation, suppression of acquired immunity and enhancement of innate immunity, all caused by UVB, and blood pressure reduction caused by UVA. Long-term effects include photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. All of these effects are supported by molecular or cellular effects such as DNA damage, ROS generation, melanogenesis, and the expression of numerous genes and related proteins. The use of sunscreen and avoiding prolonged sun exposure are the first lines of defense in photoprotection. Sunscreens with the appropriate SPF and protection spectrum are now the mainstay of many studies on UV damage. A variety of novel strategies for developing better sunscreens have been proposed. It has been proposed that incorporating antioxidant phenolic extracts into sunscreens can provide additional photoprotective qualities and provide greater protection by replenishing the skin’s natural reservoirs. Thus, the goal of this study was to look into the use of antioxidant extracts from medicinal plants in sunscreens and cosmetic formulations to boost photoprotection, with a particular emphasis on green extraction of these antioxidants from their complex matrices.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79175007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The introduction of computation chemistry has increased in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Our method of instruction is centred on an online, self-paced approach where students interact with the material through an instructional handbook, videos, and assignments. In our inorganic undergraduate curriculum students explore computational chemistry though optimization of organometallic complexes, modelling the infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and investigation of the shape and energy of molecular orbitals. These results are compared to experimentally determined data. The effectiveness of introducing students to computational chemistry to characterize organometallic compounds will be highlighted.
{"title":"Computational chemistry in the undergraduate inorganic curriculum","authors":"J. P. Canal","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0248","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The introduction of computation chemistry has increased in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum. Our method of instruction is centred on an online, self-paced approach where students interact with the material through an instructional handbook, videos, and assignments. In our inorganic undergraduate curriculum students explore computational chemistry though optimization of organometallic complexes, modelling the infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and investigation of the shape and energy of molecular orbitals. These results are compared to experimentally determined data. The effectiveness of introducing students to computational chemistry to characterize organometallic compounds will be highlighted.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80404784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Analogies are frequently used in chemistry education (and science education in general), above all when introducing a new concept or when a concept is perceived as too abstract by the teacher or by the learners. On the one hand, analogies can offer functioning opportunities for clarifications; on the other hand, they may risk engendering misinterpretations or misconceptions, because the terms of a given analogy may be perceived differently by the teacher and by the student, or may be too farfetched to have a clarifying role. In order to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks, the design of analogies needs to entail careful attention both to the nature of the analogy and to its ‘matching’ to the nature of the concept to which it refers. This involves vigilant analysis of all the details and of their implications, and the parallel design of a viable way to guide the student through the terms of the analogy; such guidance is actually meant to become an explanation component. The paper considers concrete examples from the author’s direct experience with general chemistry and physical chemistry courses, and analyses both the design of the details of the selected analogies and the corresponding guidance pathways. It also discusses related issues like the importance of limiting the resort to analogies to the cases where they can actually have a significant impact on students’ understanding, and the opportunity of replacing them with molecular models whenever feasible, as a model’s nature is closer to the mental images that it is desirable to promote through students’ perceptions. Comparisons of the types of guidance needed for analogies, for general-type visualization, and for visualization through models are also included. The take-home message reiterates the considerations on the nature of analogies as something to be designed, on the teacher’s active role in the design, and on the possibility of including students in the design process, when the concepts and corresponding analogies are suitable for such inclusion.
{"title":"Maximizing advantages and minimizing misinterpretation risks when using analogies in the presentation of chemistry concepts: a design challenge","authors":"L. Mammino","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0318","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Analogies are frequently used in chemistry education (and science education in general), above all when introducing a new concept or when a concept is perceived as too abstract by the teacher or by the learners. On the one hand, analogies can offer functioning opportunities for clarifications; on the other hand, they may risk engendering misinterpretations or misconceptions, because the terms of a given analogy may be perceived differently by the teacher and by the student, or may be too farfetched to have a clarifying role. In order to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks, the design of analogies needs to entail careful attention both to the nature of the analogy and to its ‘matching’ to the nature of the concept to which it refers. This involves vigilant analysis of all the details and of their implications, and the parallel design of a viable way to guide the student through the terms of the analogy; such guidance is actually meant to become an explanation component. The paper considers concrete examples from the author’s direct experience with general chemistry and physical chemistry courses, and analyses both the design of the details of the selected analogies and the corresponding guidance pathways. It also discusses related issues like the importance of limiting the resort to analogies to the cases where they can actually have a significant impact on students’ understanding, and the opportunity of replacing them with molecular models whenever feasible, as a model’s nature is closer to the mental images that it is desirable to promote through students’ perceptions. Comparisons of the types of guidance needed for analogies, for general-type visualization, and for visualization through models are also included. The take-home message reiterates the considerations on the nature of analogies as something to be designed, on the teacher’s active role in the design, and on the possibility of including students in the design process, when the concepts and corresponding analogies are suitable for such inclusion.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84302858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The visible deterioration of environmental health, as witnessed for a few decades now, has been the subject of debate and research for a long time. In the desperation to remove the pollutants from the available natural resources, countless physical, chemical, and biological methods have been introduced. However, they hold a few drawbacks and tend to alter the nature of the resources. To avoid intentional alteration, physical and biological methods are put-together to develop biopolymer-based membranes that would help the crisis and sort out the preferences. The technique includes trapping industrial carbon dioxide and other gases, drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, desalination, reclamation, and reuse. Membrane technology is still a hot topic for new openings. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, and cost-effectivity of biopolymers are the greatest assets for developing technology. The efficacy of biopolymer-based membranes is covered in this chapter and their techniques in helping the environment.
{"title":"Biopolymer based membrane technology for environmental applications","authors":"V. Janakiraman, Srinivasarao Sowmya, M. Thenmozhi","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0222","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The visible deterioration of environmental health, as witnessed for a few decades now, has been the subject of debate and research for a long time. In the desperation to remove the pollutants from the available natural resources, countless physical, chemical, and biological methods have been introduced. However, they hold a few drawbacks and tend to alter the nature of the resources. To avoid intentional alteration, physical and biological methods are put-together to develop biopolymer-based membranes that would help the crisis and sort out the preferences. The technique includes trapping industrial carbon dioxide and other gases, drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, desalination, reclamation, and reuse. Membrane technology is still a hot topic for new openings. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, and cost-effectivity of biopolymers are the greatest assets for developing technology. The efficacy of biopolymer-based membranes is covered in this chapter and their techniques in helping the environment.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82954854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. O. Adesanya, Olubunkunola Oluwole Oyesiku, Olumide Olatunde Adesanya, A. D. Ogunlakin, Adeshina I Odugbemi, S. Egieyeh
Abstract Phytochemical constituents are important in the determination of plant activities. Their presence in medicinal plants gives their therapeutic values. These phytoconstituents possesses pharmacological activities that include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, antidiarrheal and several other activities. These activities can be determined by the identification of the phytochemicals present in medicinal plants. Petivera alliaceae L. is one of the medicinal plants in the family of phtytolaccaceae used traditionally as an antirheumatic, analgesics, antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulators. It is believed to possess rich phytoconstituents especially sulphur containing a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Although the root extracts is been explored but there are limited publication to its root fractions. Therefore, the study is aimed at screening phytochemicals present in the fractions and volatile oil of the root parts of P. alliaceae using qualitative tests and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Fresh root parts of Petivera allliaceae plant were collected and air-dried. The dried root parts was macerated in absolute methanol for 72 h. The solution was extracted and dried. The dried root methanol extract was partitioned into n-hexane (PAH) and methanol fractions (PAM), while volatile oil (PAO) was extracted using Clevenger-type hydrodistillation method. The result shows that alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids were present while cardiac glycosides, phenol, terpenoids and anthraqunione glycosides were absent in both fractions. The GC–MS analysis identified 18 compounds in PAH, 19 compounds in PAM and 28 compounds in PAO. The fractions and volatile oils of P. alliaceae roots are rich in phytochemical constituents and compounds should be isolated from the fractions and explored for their potentials.
{"title":"Phytochemical components and GC–MS analysis of Petiveria alliaceae L. fractions and volatile oils","authors":"E. O. Adesanya, Olubunkunola Oluwole Oyesiku, Olumide Olatunde Adesanya, A. D. Ogunlakin, Adeshina I Odugbemi, S. Egieyeh","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0311","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Phytochemical constituents are important in the determination of plant activities. Their presence in medicinal plants gives their therapeutic values. These phytoconstituents possesses pharmacological activities that include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, antidiarrheal and several other activities. These activities can be determined by the identification of the phytochemicals present in medicinal plants. Petivera alliaceae L. is one of the medicinal plants in the family of phtytolaccaceae used traditionally as an antirheumatic, analgesics, antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulators. It is believed to possess rich phytoconstituents especially sulphur containing a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Although the root extracts is been explored but there are limited publication to its root fractions. Therefore, the study is aimed at screening phytochemicals present in the fractions and volatile oil of the root parts of P. alliaceae using qualitative tests and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Fresh root parts of Petivera allliaceae plant were collected and air-dried. The dried root parts was macerated in absolute methanol for 72 h. The solution was extracted and dried. The dried root methanol extract was partitioned into n-hexane (PAH) and methanol fractions (PAM), while volatile oil (PAO) was extracted using Clevenger-type hydrodistillation method. The result shows that alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids were present while cardiac glycosides, phenol, terpenoids and anthraqunione glycosides were absent in both fractions. The GC–MS analysis identified 18 compounds in PAH, 19 compounds in PAM and 28 compounds in PAO. The fractions and volatile oils of P. alliaceae roots are rich in phytochemical constituents and compounds should be isolated from the fractions and explored for their potentials.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87602966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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