Birhan Aynalem, Himani Negi, Yigrem Alemu, Nirmala Sehrawat, Amit Kumar
Abstract Citric acid is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage and is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries due to its low cost and high efficiency compared to other acidulates. Citric acid is produced by fungi, bacteria and yeasts under solid-state and submerged state fermentations. Aspergillus niger is one of the most dominant producer of citric acid. Different fruit wastes and agricultural residues are employed as surplus resources for microbial production of citric acid. In this review, the microbial sources and different organic wastes involved in citric acid production have been discussed. Furthermore, the recovery, purification and application of citric acid in different human utilities have also been reviewed.
{"title":"Citric acid: fermentative production using organic wastes as feedstocks","authors":"Birhan Aynalem, Himani Negi, Yigrem Alemu, Nirmala Sehrawat, Amit Kumar","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0158","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Citric acid is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage and is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries due to its low cost and high efficiency compared to other acidulates. Citric acid is produced by fungi, bacteria and yeasts under solid-state and submerged state fermentations. Aspergillus niger is one of the most dominant producer of citric acid. Different fruit wastes and agricultural residues are employed as surplus resources for microbial production of citric acid. In this review, the microbial sources and different organic wastes involved in citric acid production have been discussed. Furthermore, the recovery, purification and application of citric acid in different human utilities have also been reviewed.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134885066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Sustainable and intelligent solutions are required to address the issues brought about by anthropogenic activity and the restricted availability of resources. Every nation is attempting to use each product from a natural resource in a necessary way in light of the current rise in environmental awareness. The bio-based biopolymers can be made from bacteria, animals, or plants. Biopolymers are a diverse class of compounds that are either produced by biological systems or synthesized from biological resources. Biopolymers are categorized as biodegradable and nonbiodegradable. Based on origin, they are further classified as being either bio based or fossil fuel based. Recently, biopolymers have gained immense recognition in different areas of biomedical field such as wound healing, burn dressing, tissue engineering, and fungal infection. These biodegradable polymer composites are effective at containing and releasing bioactive medications, such as probiotics, enzymes, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Moreover, medicinal plants, a rich source of phytochemicals have been extensively used for their various therapeutic activities since ancient times and are being steadily providing the basis in modern drug delivery systems. There has been a lot of interest in the detection, separation, and use of dietary phytochemicals that may enhance human health and act as natural pigments, antioxidants, or antimicrobials well-being by preventing chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. However, the delivery of these compounds for enhanced efficacy requires a rational approach. Therefore, the present chapter discuss about various sources of biopolymer, challenges, their construction mechanism, and their conjugation with phytochemicals as well as their applications.
{"title":"Biopolymer conjugation with phytochemicals and applications","authors":"Anchal Rana, Sonal Bhardwaj, Nandita Sharma","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0190","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sustainable and intelligent solutions are required to address the issues brought about by anthropogenic activity and the restricted availability of resources. Every nation is attempting to use each product from a natural resource in a necessary way in light of the current rise in environmental awareness. The bio-based biopolymers can be made from bacteria, animals, or plants. Biopolymers are a diverse class of compounds that are either produced by biological systems or synthesized from biological resources. Biopolymers are categorized as biodegradable and nonbiodegradable. Based on origin, they are further classified as being either bio based or fossil fuel based. Recently, biopolymers have gained immense recognition in different areas of biomedical field such as wound healing, burn dressing, tissue engineering, and fungal infection. These biodegradable polymer composites are effective at containing and releasing bioactive medications, such as probiotics, enzymes, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. Moreover, medicinal plants, a rich source of phytochemicals have been extensively used for their various therapeutic activities since ancient times and are being steadily providing the basis in modern drug delivery systems. There has been a lot of interest in the detection, separation, and use of dietary phytochemicals that may enhance human health and act as natural pigments, antioxidants, or antimicrobials well-being by preventing chronic illnesses like cancer, diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. However, the delivery of these compounds for enhanced efficacy requires a rational approach. Therefore, the present chapter discuss about various sources of biopolymer, challenges, their construction mechanism, and their conjugation with phytochemicals as well as their applications.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81166597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vivek P. Chavda, Pankti C Balar, Srushti B. Patel, Diya J. Bhavsar, Margi V. Lakhani, Resa Parmar
Abstract Antibody treatment is an emerging field of treatment. They activate the immune system and help us fight foreign matter. Antibody biopolymer conjugates (ABC) is the futuristic preparation for successfully dealing with all the drawbacks of the unconjugated naked antibodies and improving the therapeutic effect. This chapter will state detailed information from the basics about its structure, its binding, and its mechanism of action. KSI-301 is one of the most researched and important molecules of ABC that is under many clinical trials. It helps to increase patient compliance by decreasing the frequent administration of a drug and hence improving the quality of life. The chapter also includes its current application and future aspects to fascinate the reader.
{"title":"Antibody biopolymer conjugate","authors":"Vivek P. Chavda, Pankti C Balar, Srushti B. Patel, Diya J. Bhavsar, Margi V. Lakhani, Resa Parmar","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0193","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Antibody treatment is an emerging field of treatment. They activate the immune system and help us fight foreign matter. Antibody biopolymer conjugates (ABC) is the futuristic preparation for successfully dealing with all the drawbacks of the unconjugated naked antibodies and improving the therapeutic effect. This chapter will state detailed information from the basics about its structure, its binding, and its mechanism of action. KSI-301 is one of the most researched and important molecules of ABC that is under many clinical trials. It helps to increase patient compliance by decreasing the frequent administration of a drug and hence improving the quality of life. The chapter also includes its current application and future aspects to fascinate the reader.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73650447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Because of some specific properties such as hydrophilicity, poor mechanical strength, barrier properties, and other characteristics, biopolymers and biocomposite materials are not suitable for various important industrial applications. In the last few decades, the demand for biopolymers and their composites has increased continuously due to the extensive use of fossil resources or stock resources. Hence, eco-friendly biomaterials are highly essential for maintaining the sustainability of the environment. Now, biomaterials are considered highly promising materials that can be used as proper substitutes for fossil-based synthetic polymers and their composites through proper modification of the biopolymers. Recently, a novel non-biodegradable biomaterial (polythioesters) has been developed through microbial fermentation. Researchers throughout the globe are now developing improved biocomposite materials by incorporating different fillers in the nanoscale range that exhibit adequate mechanical properties and can be designed as future biomaterials that can replace traditional plastics. Now biopolymers and bionanocomposites are used noticeably in many countries throughout the world for food packaging, cosmetics, automobile industries, water purification, tissue engineering, textile industries, electronic industries, etc. For the industrialization of biobased polymeric materials and bionanocomposite materials, they should be synthesized in a sophisticated way by using green technology with improved geometry, good control in internal architecture, mechanical properties, and porosity. Chitin, alginate, pectin, zein, chitosan, poly-glutamic acid (-PGA), and other natural biopolymers are now found to be the future materials for various bioplastic industries. However, the future prospects of the biopolymer industry still pose challenges for industrialization and commercialization and should not be overlooked lightly.
{"title":"Future perspectives of biopolymeric industry","authors":"T. Biswal","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0192","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Because of some specific properties such as hydrophilicity, poor mechanical strength, barrier properties, and other characteristics, biopolymers and biocomposite materials are not suitable for various important industrial applications. In the last few decades, the demand for biopolymers and their composites has increased continuously due to the extensive use of fossil resources or stock resources. Hence, eco-friendly biomaterials are highly essential for maintaining the sustainability of the environment. Now, biomaterials are considered highly promising materials that can be used as proper substitutes for fossil-based synthetic polymers and their composites through proper modification of the biopolymers. Recently, a novel non-biodegradable biomaterial (polythioesters) has been developed through microbial fermentation. Researchers throughout the globe are now developing improved biocomposite materials by incorporating different fillers in the nanoscale range that exhibit adequate mechanical properties and can be designed as future biomaterials that can replace traditional plastics. Now biopolymers and bionanocomposites are used noticeably in many countries throughout the world for food packaging, cosmetics, automobile industries, water purification, tissue engineering, textile industries, electronic industries, etc. For the industrialization of biobased polymeric materials and bionanocomposite materials, they should be synthesized in a sophisticated way by using green technology with improved geometry, good control in internal architecture, mechanical properties, and porosity. Chitin, alginate, pectin, zein, chitosan, poly-glutamic acid (-PGA), and other natural biopolymers are now found to be the future materials for various bioplastic industries. However, the future prospects of the biopolymer industry still pose challenges for industrialization and commercialization and should not be overlooked lightly.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87400226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Performances of biocatalytic processes in industry are often limited by productivity, product concentration and biocatalyst stability. Reasons can be such as unfavourable reaction thermodynamics, low water solubility of the substrates or inhibition caused by high substrate or product concentrations. A way to overcome these limitations and to enhance economic competitiveness of the process can be process intensification (PI) using an alternative reaction medium. Very early in industrial biotransformation processes, it was shown that many interesting target products of organic synthesis are much more soluble and sometimes even more stable in non-conventional reaction media than in buffered aqueous solutions. Moreover, the absence of water is also generally desired to prevent side and degradation reactions as well as microbial contamination, which in turn eliminates the need to work under sterile conditions thereby reducing energy expenditure. In addition, it was also discovered early on that solvents can influence the activity and stability of enzymes quite differently depending on their water affinity and thus if they form rather monophasic or biphasic systems with the latter.
{"title":"Intensification of biocatalytic processes by using alternative reaction media","authors":"André Delavault, K. Ochsenreither, C. Syldatk","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0104","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Performances of biocatalytic processes in industry are often limited by productivity, product concentration and biocatalyst stability. Reasons can be such as unfavourable reaction thermodynamics, low water solubility of the substrates or inhibition caused by high substrate or product concentrations. A way to overcome these limitations and to enhance economic competitiveness of the process can be process intensification (PI) using an alternative reaction medium. Very early in industrial biotransformation processes, it was shown that many interesting target products of organic synthesis are much more soluble and sometimes even more stable in non-conventional reaction media than in buffered aqueous solutions. Moreover, the absence of water is also generally desired to prevent side and degradation reactions as well as microbial contamination, which in turn eliminates the need to work under sterile conditions thereby reducing energy expenditure. In addition, it was also discovered early on that solvents can influence the activity and stability of enzymes quite differently depending on their water affinity and thus if they form rather monophasic or biphasic systems with the latter.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78604049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gurleen Kaur, Babita Thakur, R. Gill, R. Kaur, Sukhminderjit Kaur
Abstract In the contemporary day and age, the usage of food additives has predominantly expanded because of accelerated processed food’s requirement. Food additives comprises of preservatives, color dye, flavors, textural additives, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, anti-caking additives, anti-foaming agents, emulsifiers and nutritional additives. Although, food additives assist in proving textural benefits, increased shelf life, color addition and flavor enhancer but limitations are also associated with the use of food additives such as reduction in shelf life, toxic behavior, reduced stability and controlled target release issues. Biopolymers, dominantly pervasive macromolecules are the prominent class of utilitarian materials which are convenient for valuable applications. Across the globe, professionals and researchers are highly interested in research on biopolymers due to its biocompatible and biodegradable prospect. The two major classifications of biopolymers include proteins and polysaccharides. Different types of biopolymers can also work as fat replacer and therefore offer prevention from coronary disease, obesity as well as diabetes. Food industry has been highly promoted and benefited from the use of biopolymers. The employment of biopolymers solves the issues related to food additives consumption. Therefore, this particular chapter elucidates about the biopolymeric conjugation with food additives for a perfect food design, importance of biopolymers and application of biopolymers in association with food additives.
{"title":"Biopolymeric conjugation with food additives","authors":"Gurleen Kaur, Babita Thakur, R. Gill, R. Kaur, Sukhminderjit Kaur","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0191","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the contemporary day and age, the usage of food additives has predominantly expanded because of accelerated processed food’s requirement. Food additives comprises of preservatives, color dye, flavors, textural additives, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, anti-caking additives, anti-foaming agents, emulsifiers and nutritional additives. Although, food additives assist in proving textural benefits, increased shelf life, color addition and flavor enhancer but limitations are also associated with the use of food additives such as reduction in shelf life, toxic behavior, reduced stability and controlled target release issues. Biopolymers, dominantly pervasive macromolecules are the prominent class of utilitarian materials which are convenient for valuable applications. Across the globe, professionals and researchers are highly interested in research on biopolymers due to its biocompatible and biodegradable prospect. The two major classifications of biopolymers include proteins and polysaccharides. Different types of biopolymers can also work as fat replacer and therefore offer prevention from coronary disease, obesity as well as diabetes. Food industry has been highly promoted and benefited from the use of biopolymers. The employment of biopolymers solves the issues related to food additives consumption. Therefore, this particular chapter elucidates about the biopolymeric conjugation with food additives for a perfect food design, importance of biopolymers and application of biopolymers in association with food additives.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81187777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Open-loop recycling is any recycling process where the recycled materials are converted into new raw materials, often of higher value than the parent monomers. Typically, materials recycled through open-loop recycling go on to be used for purposes different from their former, pre-recycled purpose. This means that the input into the recycling process is converted to a new chemical building block, which can be used as an input into another manufacturing process. Open-loop recycling processes usually involve processing various types of products of similar material makeup and change the properties of the material itself (through heat, chemical reactions, or physical crushing). This chapter will highlight promising pathways for upcycling of various plastic waste streams into new applications via open loop chemical and biological recycling processes.
{"title":"Circular plastics technologies: open loop recycling of waste plastics into new chemicals","authors":"Katrina M. Knauer, Minjung Lee","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0178","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Open-loop recycling is any recycling process where the recycled materials are converted into new raw materials, often of higher value than the parent monomers. Typically, materials recycled through open-loop recycling go on to be used for purposes different from their former, pre-recycled purpose. This means that the input into the recycling process is converted to a new chemical building block, which can be used as an input into another manufacturing process. Open-loop recycling processes usually involve processing various types of products of similar material makeup and change the properties of the material itself (through heat, chemical reactions, or physical crushing). This chapter will highlight promising pathways for upcycling of various plastic waste streams into new applications via open loop chemical and biological recycling processes.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81605453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The demand for highly effective biopharmaceuticals and the need to reduce manufacturing costs are increasing the pressure to develop productive and efficient bioprocesses. For this purpose, model-based process design concepts have been developed. Although first approaches were proposed, model-based process designs are still not state-of-the-art for cell culture processes during development or manufacturing. This highlights a need for improved methods and tools for optimal experimental design, optimal and robust process design and process optimization for the purposes of monitoring and control during manufacturing. In this review, an overview of the state of the art of model-based methods, their applications, further challenges, possible solutions and specific case studies for intensification of process development for production of biopharmaceuticals is presented. As a special focus, problems related to data generation (culture systems, process mode, specifically designed experiments) will be addressed.
{"title":"Bioprocess intensification with model-assisted DoE-strategies for the production of biopharmaceuticals","authors":"J. Möller, K. Kuchemüller, R. Pörtner","doi":"10.1515/psr-2022-0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2022-0105","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The demand for highly effective biopharmaceuticals and the need to reduce manufacturing costs are increasing the pressure to develop productive and efficient bioprocesses. For this purpose, model-based process design concepts have been developed. Although first approaches were proposed, model-based process designs are still not state-of-the-art for cell culture processes during development or manufacturing. This highlights a need for improved methods and tools for optimal experimental design, optimal and robust process design and process optimization for the purposes of monitoring and control during manufacturing. In this review, an overview of the state of the art of model-based methods, their applications, further challenges, possible solutions and specific case studies for intensification of process development for production of biopharmaceuticals is presented. As a special focus, problems related to data generation (culture systems, process mode, specifically designed experiments) will be addressed.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76025578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katrina M. Knauer, Cody J. Higginson, Yuanzhe Liang, Minjung Lee
Abstract While most commodity plastics were not designed to easily depolymerize, some common plastics can be broken down into their parent monomers in the presence of heat, pressure, catalysts, and/or solvent. Here, we provide a high-level overview of the depolymerization technologies that have been studied and/or scaled as promising monomer-loop recycling processes for selective plastic waste streams. Namely, commodity plastics that are considered unzippable/depolymerizable include polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, polymethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene. Monomer-loop recycling technologies are one of several pathways toward a circular economy for plastics.
{"title":"Circular plastics technologies: depolymerization of polymers into parent monomers","authors":"Katrina M. Knauer, Cody J. Higginson, Yuanzhe Liang, Minjung Lee","doi":"10.1515/psr-2023-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2023-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While most commodity plastics were not designed to easily depolymerize, some common plastics can be broken down into their parent monomers in the presence of heat, pressure, catalysts, and/or solvent. Here, we provide a high-level overview of the depolymerization technologies that have been studied and/or scaled as promising monomer-loop recycling processes for selective plastic waste streams. Namely, commodity plastics that are considered unzippable/depolymerizable include polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, polymethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene. Monomer-loop recycling technologies are one of several pathways toward a circular economy for plastics.","PeriodicalId":20156,"journal":{"name":"Physical Sciences Reviews","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82638374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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