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The molecular dynamics between reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and phytohormones in plant's response to biotic stress. 活性氧(ROS)、活性氮(RNS)和植物激素在植物应对生物胁迫过程中的分子动力学。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03343-3
Krishna Gogoi, Hunmoyna Gogoi, Manashi Borgohain, Ratul Saikia, Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah, Shridhar Hiremath, Udita Basu

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are critical for plant development as well as for its stress response. They can function as signaling molecules to orchestrate a well-defined response of plants to biotic stress. These responses are further fine-tuned by phytohormones, such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene, to modulate immune response. In the past decades, the intricacies of redox and phytohormonal signaling have been uncovered during plant-pathogen interactions. This review explores the dynamic interplay of these components, elucidating their roles in perceiving biotic threats and shaping the plant's defense strategy. Molecular regulators and sites of oxidative burst have been explored during pathogen perception. Further, the interplay between various components of redox and phytohormonal signaling has been explored during bacterial, fungal, viral, and nematode infections as well as during insect pest infestation. Understanding these interactions highlights gaps in the current knowledge and provides insights into engineering crop varieties with enhanced resistance to pathogens and pests. This review also highlights potential applications of manipulating regulators of redox signaling to bolster plant immunity and ensure global food security. Future research should explore regulators of these signaling pathways as potential target to develop biotic stress-tolerant crops. Further insights are also needed into roles of endophytes and host microbiome modulating host ROS and RNS pool for exploiting them as biocontrol agents imparting resistance against pathogens in plants.

活性氧(ROS)和活性氮(RNS)对植物的生长发育和应激反应至关重要。它们可以作为信号分子,协调植物对生物胁迫的明确反应。水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯等植物激素对这些反应进行进一步微调,以调节免疫反应。在过去几十年中,人们发现了植物与病原体相互作用过程中氧化还原和植物激素信号传递的复杂性。本综述探讨了这些成分的动态相互作用,阐明了它们在感知生物威胁和制定植物防御策略方面的作用。本文探讨了病原体感知过程中氧化猝灭的分子调控因子和部位。此外,在细菌、真菌、病毒和线虫感染以及虫害侵袭期间,还探讨了氧化还原和植物激素信号传导的各种成分之间的相互作用。对这些相互作用的了解凸显了现有知识的不足,并为设计具有更强病原体和害虫抗性的作物品种提供了启示。本综述还强调了操纵氧化还原信号调节因子以增强植物免疫力和确保全球粮食安全的潜在应用。未来的研究应探索这些信号通路的调节因子,将其作为开发耐生物胁迫作物的潜在目标。此外,还需要进一步了解内生菌和宿主微生物组在调节宿主 ROS 和 RNS 池方面的作用,以便利用它们作为生物控制剂,增强植物对病原体的抵抗力。
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引用次数: 0
Cellulose synthase-like OsCSLD4: a key regulator of agronomic traits, disease resistance, and metabolic indices in rice. 纤维素合成酶样 OsCSLD4:水稻农艺性状、抗病性和代谢指数的关键调节因子。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03356-y
Guofang Zhang, Zhuang Yang, Shen Zhou, Jinjin Zhu, Xianqing Liu, Jie Luo

Key message: Cellulose synthase-like OsCSLD4 plays a pivotal role in regulating diverse agronomic traits, enhancing resistance against bacterial leaf blight, and modulating metabolite indices based on the multi-omics analysis in rice. To delve deeper into this complex network between agronomic traits and metabolites in rice, we have compiled a dataset encompassing genome, phenome, and metabolome, including 524 diverse accessions, 11 agronomic traits, and 841 metabolites, enabling us to pinpoint eight hotspots through GWAS. We later discovered four distinct metabolite categories, encompassing 15 metabolites that are concurrently present on the QTL qC12.1, associated with leaf angle of flag and spikelet length, and finally focused the cellulose synthase-like OsCSLD4, which was pinpointed through a rigorous process encompassing sequence variation, haplotype, ATAC, and differential expression across diverse tissues. Compared to the wild type, csld4 exhibited significant reductions in the plant height, flag leaf length, leaf width, spikelet length, 1000-grain weight, grain width, grain thickness, fertility, yield per plant, and bacterial blight resistance. However, there were significant increase in tiller numbers, degree of leaf rolling, flowering period, growth period, grain length, and empty kernel rate. Furthermore, the content of four polyphenol metabolites, excluding metabolite N-feruloyltyramine (mr1268), notably rose, whereas the levels of the other three polyphenol metabolites, smiglaside C (mr1498), 4-coumaric acid (mr1622), and smiglaside A (mr1925) decreased significantly in mutant csld4. The content of amino acid L-tyramine (mr1446) exhibited a notable increase, whereas the alkaloid trigonelline (mr1188) displayed a substantial decrease among the mutants. This study offered a comprehensive multi-omics perspective to analyze the genetic mechanism of OsCSLD4, and breeders can potentially enhance rice's yield, bacterial leaf blight resistance, and metabolite content, leading to more sustainable and profitable rice production.

关键信息根据水稻多组学分析,纤维素合成酶样OsCSLD4在调控多种农艺性状、增强对细菌性叶枯病的抗性以及调节代谢物指数方面发挥着关键作用。为了深入研究水稻农艺性状与代谢物之间的复杂网络,我们编制了一个涵盖基因组、表型组和代谢组的数据集,其中包括 524 个不同品种、11 个农艺性状和 841 个代谢物,从而通过 GWAS 找出了 8 个热点。随后,我们发现了四个不同的代谢物类别,包括同时存在于QTL qC12.1上的15种代谢物,这些代谢物与旗叶角度和小穗长度相关,并最终聚焦于纤维素合成酶样OsCSLD4,通过包括序列变异、单体型、ATAC和在不同组织中的差异表达在内的严格过程将其准确定位。与野生型相比,csld4 的株高、旗叶长度、叶宽、穗长、千粒重、粒宽、粒厚、生育力、单株产量和抗细菌性枯萎病能力均显著降低。但是,分蘖数、卷叶程度、开花期、生长期、谷粒长度和空仁率都有明显增加。此外,在突变体 csld4 中,除代谢物 N-阿魏酰基酪胺(mr1268)外,其他四种多酚代谢物的含量明显上升,而其他三种多酚代谢物的含量,即 smiglaside C(mr1498)、4-香豆酸(mr1622)和 smiglaside A(mr1925)则明显下降。氨基酸 L-酪胺(mr1446)的含量在突变体中明显增加,而生物碱三尖杉碱(mr1188)的含量则大幅减少。这项研究从多组学角度全面分析了OsCSLD4的遗传机制,为育种者提供了提高水稻产量、抗细菌性叶枯病能力和代谢物含量的潜在途径,从而提高水稻生产的可持续性和盈利能力。
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引用次数: 0
Gene expression profiles and metabolic pathways responsible for male sterility in cybrid pummelo. 造成杂交柚雄性不育的基因表达谱和代谢途径
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03357-x
Rong Wang, Yang-Cao Shi, Bo Zhang, Wan-Rong Liu, Feng-Quan Tan, Fang Lu, Nan Jiang, Lai-Chao Cheng, Kai-Dong Xie, Xiao-Meng Wu, Wen-Wu Guo

Key message: Abnormal expression of genes regulating anther and pollen development and insufficient accumulation of male sterility (MS)- related metabolites lead to MS in cybrid pummelo Male sterility (MS) is a major cause of seedlessness in citrus, which is an important trait for fresh fruit. Understanding the mechanism of MS is important for breeding seedless citrus cultivars. In this study, we dissected the transcriptional, metabolic and physiological mechanisms of MS in somatic cybrid of pummelo (G1 + HBP). G1 + HBP exhibited severe male sterility, manifesting as retarded anther differentiation, abnormal anther wall development (especially tapetum and endothecium), and deficient pollen wall formation. In the anthers of G1 + HBP, the expression of genes regulating anther differentiation and tapetum development was abnormal, and the expression of genes regulating endothecium secondary lignification thickening and pollen wall formation was down-regulated. The transcription of genes involved in MS-related biological processes, such as jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, primary metabolism, flavonoid metabolism, and programmed cell death, was altered in G1 + HBP anthers, and the accumulation of MS-associated metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, sugars, ATP, flavonols and reactive oxygen species (ROS), was down-regulated in G1 + HBP anthers. In summary, abnormal expression of key genes regulating anther and pollen development, altered transcription of key genes involved in MS-related metabolic pathways, and insufficient accumulation of MS-related metabolites together lead to MS in G1 + HBP. The critical genes and the metabolism pathways identified herein provide new insights into the formation mechanism of MS in citrus and candidate genes for breeding seedless citrus.

关键信息:调控花药和花粉发育的基因表达异常以及雄性不育(MS)相关代谢物积累不足导致杂交柚的雄性不育 雄性不育(MS)是柑橘无籽的主要原因,而无籽是新鲜水果的重要性状。了解 MS 的机理对于培育无籽柑橘栽培品种非常重要。本研究剖析了柚子体细胞杂交种(G1 + HBP)的转录、代谢和生理机制。G1 + HBP表现出严重的雄性不育,具体表现为花药分化迟缓、花药壁发育异常(尤其是叶柄和内皮)以及花粉壁形成不足。在 G1 + HBP 的花药中,调控花药分化和叶舌发育的基因表达异常,调控内皮层次生木质化增厚和花粉壁形成的基因表达下调。在 G1 + HBP 花药中,参与 MS 相关生物学过程(如茉莉酸(JA)信号通路、初级代谢、类黄酮代谢和细胞程序性死亡)的基因转录发生了改变,MS 相关代谢产物(包括脂肪酸、氨基酸、糖类、ATP、黄酮醇和活性氧(ROS))的积累在 G1 + HBP 花药中下调。总之,调控花药和花粉发育的关键基因表达异常、参与 MS 相关代谢途径的关键基因转录改变以及 MS 相关代谢物积累不足共同导致了 G1 + HBP 的 MS。本文鉴定的关键基因和代谢途径为了解柑橘 MS 的形成机制和培育无籽柑橘的候选基因提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE genes regulate reproductive growth and bud dormancy in Platanus acerifolia. AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE 基因调控桔梗的生殖生长和花蕾休眠。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03349-x
Fangfang Cai, Xin Jin, Linshan Han, Hui Chen, Changsheng Shao, Gehui Shi, Manzhu Bao, Yuqiang Sun, Jiaqi Zhang

Key message: Platanus acerifolia AIL genes PaAIL5a/b and PaAIL6b participate in FT-AP1/FUL-AIL pathways to regulate bud dormancy. In addition, PaAIL6a/b can promote flowering, and PaAIL5b and PaAIL6b affect floral development. Bud dormancy and floral induction are essential processes for perennial plants, they are both regulated by photoperiod, temperature, and hormones, indicating the existence of common regulators for both processes. AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (AIL) genes regulate reproductive growth of annual plants, including floral induction and flower development, and their homologs in poplar and grape act downstream of the florigen gene FT and the floral meristem identity genes AP1/FUL and function to maintain growth and thus inhibit dormancy induction. However, it is not known whether AIL homologs participate in the reproduction processes in perennials and whether the Platanus acerifolia AIL genes are involved in dormancy. P. acerifolia is a perennial woody plant whose reproductive growth is strongly associated with dormancy. Here, we isolated four AIL homologs from P. acerifolia, PaAIL5a, PaAIL5b, PaAIL6a, and PaAIL6b, and systematically investigated their functions by ectopic-overexpression in tobacco. The findings demonstrate that PaAIL5a/b and PaAIL6b respond to short day, low temperature, and hormone signals and act as the components of the FT-AP1/FUL-AIL pathway to regulate the bud dormancy in P. acerifolia. Notably, PaAIL5a/b and PaAIL6b function downstream of PaFTL-PaFUL1/2/3 to inhibit the dormancy induction and downstream of PaFT-PaFUL2/3 to promote the dormancy release. In addition, PaAIL6a/b were found to accelerate flowering in transgenic tobacco, whereas PaAIL5b and PaAIL6b affected the flower development. Together, our results suggest that PaAIL genes may act downstream of different PaFT/PaFTL and PaFUL proteins to fulfill conservative and diverse roles in floral initiation, floral development, and dormancy regulation in P. acerifolia.

关键信息:Platanus acerifolia AIL 基因 PaAIL5a/b 和 PaAIL6b 参与 FT-AP1/FUL-AIL 途径,调节花芽休眠。此外,PAAIL6a/b 能促进开花,PAAIL5b 和 PaAIL6b 影响花的发育。芽休眠和花诱导是多年生植物的重要过程,它们都受光周期、温度和激素的调控,表明这两个过程存在共同的调控因子。AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE(AIL)基因调控一年生植物的生殖生长,包括花的诱导和花的发育,其在杨树和葡萄中的同源物作用于花源基因 FT 和花分生组织特征基因 AP1/FUL 的下游,具有维持生长的功能,从而抑制休眠的诱导。然而,AIL 同源基因是否参与多年生植物的繁殖过程,以及皂荚属植物的 AIL 基因是否参与休眠,目前尚不清楚。桔梗是一种多年生木本植物,其生殖生长与休眠密切相关。在此,我们从桔梗中分离出了四个 AIL 同源物:PaAIL5a、PaAIL5b、PaAIL6a 和 PaAIL6b,并通过在烟草中异位表达系统地研究了它们的功能。研究结果表明,PaAIL5a/b和PaAIL6b能响应短日照、低温和激素信号,并作为FT-AP1/FUL-AIL通路的组分调控P.acerifolia的花蕾休眠。值得注意的是,PaAIL5a/b 和 PaAIL6b 在 PaFTL-PaFUL1/2/3 的下游起抑制休眠诱导的作用,在 PaFT-PaFUL2/3 的下游起促进休眠解除的作用。此外,我们还发现 PaAIL6a/b 能加速转基因烟草的开花,而 PaAIL5b 和 PaAIL6b 则影响花的发育。总之,我们的研究结果表明,PaAIL基因可能作用于不同的PaFT/PaFTL和PaFUL蛋白的下游,在P. acerifolia的花萌发、花发育和休眠调控中发挥保守而多样的作用。
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引用次数: 0
TFIIS is required for reproductive development and thermal adaptation in barley. 大麦的生殖发育和热适应需要 TFIIS。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03345-1
Imtiaz Ahmad, András Kis, Radhika Verma, István Szádeczky-Kardoss, Henrik Mihály Szaker, Aladár Pettkó-Szandtner, Dániel Silhavy, Zoltán Havelda, Tibor Csorba

Key message: Barley reproductive fitness and efficient heat stress adaptation requires the activity of TFIIS, the elongation cofactor of RNAPII. Regulation of transcriptional machinery and its adaptive role under different stress conditions are studied extensively in the dicot model plant Arabidopsis, but our knowledge on monocot species remains elusive. TFIIS is an RNA polymerase II-associated transcription elongation cofactor. Previously, it was shown that TFIIS ensures efficient transcription elongation that is necessary for heat stress survival in A. thaliana. However, the function of TFIIS has not been analysed in monocots. In the present work, we have generated and studied independent tfIIs-crispr-mutant barley lines. We show that TFIIS is needed for reproductive development and heat stress survival in barley. The molecular basis of HS-sensitivity of tfIIs mutants is the retarded expression of heat stress protein transcripts, which leads to late accumulation of HSP chaperones, enhanced proteotoxicity and ultimately to lethality. We also show that TFIIS is transcriptionally regulated in response to heat, supporting a conserved adaptive function of these control elements for plant thermal adaptation. In sum, our results are a step forward for the better understanding of transcriptional machinery regulation in monocot crops.

关键信息:大麦的生殖能力和对热胁迫的高效适应需要 RNAPII 的延伸辅助因子 TFIIS 的活性。转录机制的调控及其在不同胁迫条件下的适应作用在双子叶模式植物拟南芥中得到了广泛的研究,但我们对单子叶植物的了解仍然有限。TFIIS 是一种与 RNA 聚合酶 II 相关的转录延伸辅助因子。以前的研究表明,TFIIS 确保了高效的转录延伸,而这是拟南芥在热胁迫下生存所必需的。然而,TFIIS 在单子叶植物中的功能尚未得到分析。在本研究中,我们生成并研究了独立的 tfIIs-crispr 突变大麦品系。我们发现大麦的生殖发育和热胁迫存活都需要 TFIIS。tfIIs 突变体对 HS 敏感的分子基础是热胁迫蛋白转录本的表达迟缓,这导致 HSP 合子的后期积累、蛋白毒性增强并最终导致致死。我们还表明,TFIIS 在响应热时受到转录调控,这支持了这些控制元件在植物热适应方面的保守适应功能。总之,我们的研究结果为更好地理解单子叶作物的转录机制调控向前迈进了一步。
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引用次数: 0
GhMAC3e is involved in plant growth and defense response to Verticillium dahliae. GhMAC3e 参与植物生长和对大丽轮枝菌的防御反应。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03348-y
Zhenghong Han, Yuanyuan Qiu, Ting Pan, Longjie Wang, Jing Wang, Kang Liu

Key message: GhMAC3e expression was induced by various stresses and hormones. GhMAC3e may regulate plant growth by influencing auxin distribution, and play important roles in Verticillium wilt resistance via mediating SA signaling. The MOS4-Associated Complex (MAC) is a highly conserved protein complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing and spliceosome assembly, which plays a vital role in plant immunity. It comprises key components such as MOS4, CDC5, and PRL1. MAC3A/B, as U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases, are crucial for various plant processes including development, stress responses, and disease resistance. However, their roles in cotton remain largely unknown. In this study, we first cloned the GhMAC3e gene from cotton and explored its biological functions by using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cotton and transgenic overexpression in Arabidopsis. The results showed that GhMAC3e is ubiquitously expressed in cotton tissues and could be induced by salt stress, Verticillium dahliae (VD) infection, PEG, ABA, ETH, GA3, MeJA, and SA. Silencing GhMAC3e retarded primary stem growth and reduced biomass of cotton coupled with the reduced auxin content in the petioles and veins. Silencing GhMAC3e up-regulated expression of cell growth-related genes GhXTH16 and Gh3.6, while down-regulated GhSAUR12 expression. Ectopic expression of GhMAC3e in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced its resistance to Verticillium wilt (VW) in terms of decreased pathogen biomass and lowered plant mortality. Overexpression of GhMAC3e dramatically upregulated AtPR1 by around 15 fold and more than 262 fold under basal and VD inoculation condition, respectively. This change was not associated with the expression of GhNPR1. In conclusion, GhMAC3e may not only regulate plant growth by influencing auxin distribution and growth-related gene expression, but also play important roles in VW resistance via mediating SA signaling independent of NPR1 transcription level.

关键信息GhMAC3e的表达受到各种胁迫和激素的诱导。GhMAC3e可能通过影响植物生长素的分布来调控植物生长,并通过介导SA信号转导在轮纹枯萎病抗性中发挥重要作用。MOS4 相关复合物(MAC)是一种高度保守的蛋白质复合物,参与前 mRNA 剪接和剪接体组装,在植物免疫中发挥着重要作用。它由 MOS4、CDC5 和 PRL1 等关键成分组成。MAC3A/B 作为 U-box E3 泛素连接酶,对植物的各种过程(包括发育、胁迫反应和抗病性)至关重要。然而,它们在棉花中的作用在很大程度上仍然未知。在本研究中,我们首先克隆了棉花中的 GhMAC3e 基因,并利用病毒诱导的棉花基因沉默(VIGS)和拟南芥的转基因过表达来探索其生物学功能。结果表明,GhMAC3e 在棉花组织中普遍表达,并可被盐胁迫、大丽轮枝菌(VD)感染、PEG、ABA、ETH、GA3、MeJA 和 SA 诱导。沉默 GhMAC3e 会延缓棉花主茎的生长并降低其生物量,同时叶柄和叶脉中的辅助素含量也会降低。沉默 GhMAC3e 会上调细胞生长相关基因 GhXTH16 和 Gh3.6 的表达,同时下调 GhSAUR12 的表达。在拟南芥中异位表达 GhMAC3e 能显著增强其对轮纹枯萎病(VW)的抗性,表现为病原体生物量的减少和植株死亡率的降低。在基础和VD接种条件下,GhMAC3e的过表达分别显著上调了AtPR1约15倍和超过262倍。这种变化与 GhNPR1 的表达无关。总之,GhMAC3e不仅可能通过影响植物生长素的分布和生长相关基因的表达来调控植物的生长,而且还可能通过介导SA信号转导(与NPR1转录水平无关)在植物的抗逆性中发挥重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogen peroxide participates in leaf senescence by inhibiting CHLI1 activity. 过氧化氢通过抑制 CHLI1 的活性参与叶片衰老。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03350-4
Shi-Jia Wang, Shuang Zhai, Xin-Tong Xu, Ying-Tang Lu, Ting-Ting Yuan

Key message: Hydrogen peroxide promoted leaf senescence by sulfenylating the magnesium chelating protease I subunit (CHLI1) in the chlorophyll synthesis pathway, and inhibited its activity to reduce chlorophyll synthesis. Leaf senescence is the final and crucial stage of plant growth and development, during which chlorophyll experiences varying degrees of destruction. It is well-known that the higher ROS accumulation is a key factor for leaf senescence, but whether and how ROS regulates chlorophyll synthesis in the process are unknown. Here, we report that H2O2 inhibits chlorophyll synthesis during leaf senescence via the I subunit of magnesium-chelatase (CHLI1). During leaf senescence, the decrease of chlorophyll content is accompanied by the increase of H2O2 accumulation, as well as the inhibition of catalase (CAT) genes expression. The mutant cat2-1, with increased H2O2 shows an accelerated senescence phenotype and decreased CHLI1 activity compared with the wild type. H2O2 inhibits CHLI1 activity by sulfenylating CHLI1 during leaf senescence. Consistent with this, the chli1 knockout mutant displays the same premature leaf senescence symptom as cat2-1, while overexpression of CHLI1 in cat2-1 can partially restore its early senescence phenotype. Taken together, these results illustrate that CAT2-mediated H2O2 accumulation during leaf senescence represses chlorophyll synthesis through sulfenylating CHLI1, and thus inhibits its activity, providing a new insight into the pivotal role of chlorophyll synthesis as a participant in orchestrating the leaf senescence.

关键信息:过氧化氢通过亚磺酰化叶绿素合成途径中的镁螯合蛋白酶 I 亚基(CHLI1),抑制其活性以减少叶绿素的合成,从而促进叶片衰老。叶片衰老是植物生长发育的最后一个关键阶段,在这一阶段叶绿素会受到不同程度的破坏。众所周知,较高的 ROS 积累是叶片衰老的一个关键因素,但 ROS 是否以及如何在这一过程中调节叶绿素的合成尚不清楚。在这里,我们报告了 H2O2 通过镁螯合酶 I 亚基(CHLI1)抑制叶片衰老过程中叶绿素的合成。在叶片衰老过程中,叶绿素含量的减少伴随着 H2O2 积累的增加以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)基因表达的抑制。与野生型相比,H2O2 增加的突变体 cat2-1 表现出加速衰老表型和 CHLI1 活性降低。在叶片衰老过程中,H2O2 通过亚磺酰化 CHLI1 来抑制 CHLI1 的活性。与此相符的是,chli1 基因敲除突变体表现出与 cat2-1 相同的叶片过早衰老症状,而在 cat2-1 中过表达 CHLI1 可部分恢复其早期衰老表型。综上所述,这些结果表明,叶片衰老过程中 CAT2 介导的 H2O2 积累通过亚磺酰化 CHLI1 来抑制叶绿素的合成,从而抑制其活性,为叶绿素合成在协调叶片衰老过程中的关键作用提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Plastid LPAT1 is an integral inner envelope membrane protein with the acyltransferase domain located in the stroma. 质粒 LPAT1 是一种完整的内包膜蛋白质,其酰基转移酶结构域位于基质中。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03347-z
Chun-Wei Yu, Van C Nguyen, Niña Alyssa M Barroga, Yuki Nakamura, Hsou-Min Li

Key message: The N-terminal transmembrane domain of LPAT1 crosses the inner membrane placing the N terminus in the intermembrane space and the C-terminal enzymatic domain in the stroma. Galactolipids mono- and di-galactosyl diacylglycerol are the major and vital lipids of photosynthetic membranes. They are synthesized by five enzymes hosted at different sub-chloroplast locations. However, localization and topology of the second-acting enzyme, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 1 (LPAT1), which acylates the sn-2 position of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), remain unclear. It is not known whether LPAT1 is located at the outer or the inner envelope membrane and whether its enzymatic domain faces the cytosol, the intermembrane space, or the stroma. Even the size of mature LPAT1 in chloroplasts is not known. More information is essential for understanding the pathways of metabolite flow and for future engineering endeavors to modify glycerolipid biosynthesis. We used LPAT1 preproteins translated in vitro for import assays to determine the precise size of the mature protein and found that the LPAT1 transit peptide is at least 85 residues in length, substantially longer than previously predicted. A construct comprising LPAT1 fused to the Venus fluorescent protein and driven by the LPAT1 promoter was used to complement an Arabidopsis lpat1 knockout mutant. To determine the sub-chloroplast location and topology of LPAT1, we performed protease treatment and alkaline extraction using chloroplasts containing in vitro-imported LPAT1 and chloroplasts isolated from LPAT1-Venus-complemented transgenic plants. We show that LPAT1 traverses the inner membrane via an N-terminal transmembrane domain, with its N terminus protruding into the intermembrane space and the C-terminal enzymatic domain residing in the stroma, hence displaying a different membrane topology from its bacterial homolog, PlsC.

关键信息:LPAT1 的 N 端跨膜结构域穿过内膜,将 N 端置于膜间隙,将 C 端酶结构域置于基质。半乳糖脂一半乳糖基和二半乳糖基二酰甘油是光合膜的主要重要脂质。它们由五种酶合成,分别位于叶绿体下的不同位置。然而,第二作用酶溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶 1(LPAT1)的定位和拓扑结构仍不清楚,该酶将甘油-3-磷酸(G3P)的 sn-2 位酰化,生成磷脂酸(PA)。目前尚不清楚 LPAT1 位于外包膜还是内包膜,其酶域是面向细胞膜、膜间隙还是基质。甚至叶绿体中成熟的 LPAT1 的大小也不清楚。更多的信息对于了解代谢物流动的途径以及未来改造甘油酯生物合成的工程努力至关重要。我们使用体外翻译的 LPAT1 前蛋白进行导入试验,以确定成熟蛋白的精确大小,结果发现 LPAT1 过境肽的长度至少为 85 个残基,大大长于之前的预测。由 LPAT1 与金星荧光蛋白融合并由 LPAT1 启动子驱动的构建体被用来补充拟南芥 lpat1 基因敲除突变体。为了确定 LPAT1 的亚叶绿体位置和拓扑结构,我们使用含有体外导入的 LPAT1 的叶绿体和从 LPAT1-Venus 互补转基因植物中分离的叶绿体进行了蛋白酶处理和碱性提取。我们发现 LPAT1 通过 N 端跨膜结构域穿过内膜,其 N 端突出于膜间隙,C 端酶结构域位于基质中,因此显示出与其细菌同源物 PlsC 不同的膜拓扑结构。
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引用次数: 0
Genome-wide identification of m6A-related gene family and the involvement of TdFIP37 in salt stress in wild emmer wheat. 全基因组范围内 m6A 相关基因家族的鉴定及 TdFIP37 在野生小麦盐胁迫中的参与。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03339-z
Jiaqian Huang, Yanze Jia, Yan Pan, Huiyuan Lin, Shuzuo Lv, Mohsin Nawaz, Baoxing Song, Xiaojun Nie

Key message: The genomic organization, phylogenetic relationship, expression patterns, and genetic variations of m6A-related genes were systematically investigated in wild emmer wheat and the function of TdFIP37 regulating salt tolerance was preliminarily determined. m6A modification is one of the most abundant and crucial RNA modifications in eukaryotics, playing the indispensable role in growth and development as well as stress response in plants. However, its significance in wild emmer wheat remains elusive. Here, a genome-wide search of m6A-related genes was conducted in wild emmer wheat to obtain 64 candidates, including 21 writers, 17 erasers, and 26 readers. Phylogenetic and collinearity analysis demonstrated that segmental duplication and polyploidization contributed mainly to the expansion of m6A-related genes in wild emmer. A number of cis-acting elements involving in stress and hormonal regulation were found in the promoter regions of them, such as MBS, LTR, and ABRE. Genetic variation of them was also investigated using resequencing data and obvious genetic bottleneck was occurred on them during wild emmer wheat domestication process. Furthermore, the salt-responsive candidates were investigated through RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR validation using the salt-tolerant and -sensitive genotypes and the co-expression analysis showed that they played the hub role in regulating salt stress response. Finally, the loss-function mutant of Tdfip37 displayed the significantly higher salt-sensitive compared to WT and then RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that FIP37 mediated the MAPK pathway, hormone signal transduction, as well as transcription factor to regulate salt tolerance. This study provided the potential m6A genes for functional analysis, which will contribute to better understand the regulatory roles of m6A modification and also improve the salt tolerance from the perspective of epigenetic approach in emmer wheat and other crops.

关键信息:m6A修饰是真核生物中最丰富、最关键的RNA修饰之一,在植物的生长发育和胁迫响应中发挥着不可或缺的作用。然而,它在野生小麦中的意义仍然难以捉摸。在此,研究人员对野生小麦中的 m6A 相关基因进行了全基因组搜索,获得了 64 个候选基因,包括 21 个写入基因、17 个擦除基因和 26 个读出基因。系统发育和共线性分析表明,区段重复和多倍体化是野生珙桐中 m6A 相关基因扩增的主要原因。在这些基因的启动子区域发现了一些涉及胁迫和激素调控的顺式作用元件,如 MBS、LTR 和 ABRE。利用重测序数据还研究了它们的遗传变异,结果表明在野生珙桐的驯化过程中,它们出现了明显的遗传瓶颈。此外,通过 RNA-seq 数据和 qRT-PCR 验证,利用耐盐基因型和敏感基因型对盐胁迫候选基因进行了研究,共同表达分析表明它们在调控盐胁迫响应中起着枢纽作用。最后,Tdfip37功能缺失突变体的耐盐性明显高于WT,RNA-seq分析表明FIP37介导MAPK通路、激素信号转导和转录因子调控耐盐性。这项研究为功能分析提供了潜在的m6A基因,有助于更好地理解m6A修饰的调控作用,并从表观遗传学的角度提高小麦和其他作物的耐盐性。
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引用次数: 0
Establishing of 3D-FISH on frozen section and its applying in chromosome territories analysis in Populus trichocarpa. 在冰冻切片上建立 3D-FISH 并将其应用于杨树染色体区系分析。
IF 5.3 2区 生物学 Q1 PLANT SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03342-4
Yihang Ning, Daxin Shang, Haoyang Xin, Runxin Ni, Ziyue Wang, Yan Zhen, Guangxin Liu, Mengli Xi

Key message: Fluorescence in situ hybridization with frozen sections of root tips showed difference of chromosome territories distribution between autosome and sex-chromosome homologous pairs in Populus trichocarpa. The spatial organization of chromatin within the interphase nucleus and the interactions between chromosome territories (CTs) are essential for various biologic processes. Three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization (3D-FISH) is a powerful tool for analyzing CTs, but its application in plants is limited. In this study, we established a 3D-FISH technique using frozen sections of Populus trichocarpa root tips, which was an improvement over the use of paraffin sections and enabled us to acquire good FISH signals. Using chromosome-specific oligo probes, we were able to analyze CTs in interphase nuclei in three dimensions. The distribution of chromosome pairs 17 and 19 in the 3D-preserved nuclei of P. trichocarpa root tip cells were analyzed and showed that the autosome pair 17 associated more often than sex chromosome 19. This research lays a foundation for further study of the spatial position of chromosomes in the nucleus and the relationship between gene expression and spatial localization of chromosomes in poplar.

关键信息根尖冷冻切片荧光原位杂交显示,杨树自体和性染色体同源对的染色体区域分布存在差异。染色质在细胞核间期的空间组织以及染色体区域(CT)之间的相互作用对各种生物过程至关重要。三维荧光原位杂交(3D-FISH)是分析CT的有力工具,但其在植物中的应用还很有限。在这项研究中,我们利用杨树根尖的冷冻切片建立了一种三维荧光原位杂交技术,该技术改进了石蜡切片的使用,使我们能够获得良好的荧光原位杂交信号。利用染色体特异性寡核苷酸探针,我们能够对间期细胞核中的 CT 进行三维分析。我们分析了17号和19号染色体对在三维保存的三叶草根尖细胞核中的分布情况,结果表明17号染色体对比19号染色体对更常见。这项研究为进一步研究杨树细胞核中染色体的空间位置以及基因表达与染色体空间定位之间的关系奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
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Plant Cell Reports
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