Sajjad Ali, Javeed Asghar Tariq, M. Abro, G. H. Jatoi, Naeem Muhammad, I. Rauf, R. M. Memon
Rusts cause considerable qualitative and quantitative losses to the wheat crop. However, their severity and losses can be minimized through the deployment of resistant cultivars. Current investigations were made to conduct surveys for leaf rust in Sindh province to scrutinize wheat germplasm against the disease and to check the efficacy of potential fungicides in controlling leaf rust of wheat. Experiments were conducted under artificial conditions at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture, Tandojam. Cobb's scale was used for disease ratings. Among screened wheat lines, one was rated as resistant, two were found moderately resistant, six showed moderately resistant and moderately susceptible type reactions, and one line exhibited moderately susceptible reaction. Moreover, the correlation between severity ratings (area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and yield traits unveiled that there was a negative correlation between AUDPC and spike length, awn length, plants/sq.ft., and grain yield while a positive correlation for remaining traits. Among fungicides, Tilt and Bloom were found to be the most effective in controlling leaf rust. It is, therefore, recommended that the resistant genotypes should be used in future breeding programs to evolve resistant materials against leaf rusts of wheat and the most effective fungicides be used for the management of the disease to minimize yield losses.
{"title":"Evaluation of Incidence, Some Wheat Lines and Fungicides for their Performance against Leaf Rust of Wheat in Sindh Province of Pakistan","authors":"Sajjad Ali, Javeed Asghar Tariq, M. Abro, G. H. Jatoi, Naeem Muhammad, I. Rauf, R. M. Memon","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4347","url":null,"abstract":"Rusts cause considerable qualitative and quantitative losses to the wheat crop. However, their severity and losses can be minimized through the deployment of resistant cultivars. Current investigations were made to conduct surveys for leaf rust in Sindh province to scrutinize wheat germplasm against the disease and to check the efficacy of potential fungicides in controlling leaf rust of wheat. Experiments were conducted under artificial conditions at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture, Tandojam. Cobb's scale was used for disease ratings. Among screened wheat lines, one was rated as resistant, two were found moderately resistant, six showed moderately resistant and moderately susceptible type reactions, and one line exhibited moderately susceptible reaction. Moreover, the correlation between severity ratings (area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and yield traits unveiled that there was a negative correlation between AUDPC and spike length, awn length, plants/sq.ft., and grain yield while a positive correlation for remaining traits. Among fungicides, Tilt and Bloom were found to be the most effective in controlling leaf rust. It is, therefore, recommended that the resistant genotypes should be used in future breeding programs to evolve resistant materials against leaf rusts of wheat and the most effective fungicides be used for the management of the disease to minimize yield losses.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88181353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In efforts to record pathogenic fungal diversity on ornamental plants of Pakistan, infected leaves of Chlorophytum comosum plants were collected from commercial nursery in Lahore, Pakistan. Investigation of leafspot symptoms led to identification of an ascomycete fungus, Thielavia terrestris. Analysis for fungal identification involved morphological, microscopic and molecular methods. ITS-nrDNA sequence data were used to construct molecular phylogenetic tree of Thielavia with allied species. The fungus was confirmed as T. terrestris. This is the first report of T. terrestris causing disease in C. comosum and it is also a new record for Pakistan.
{"title":"First Report of Leaf Spot of Chlorophytum comosum caused by Thielavia terrestris from Pakistan","authors":"Khadija Ashraf, M. Nawaz, N. Yousaf, N. Afshan","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4313","url":null,"abstract":"In efforts to record pathogenic fungal diversity on ornamental plants of Pakistan, infected leaves of Chlorophytum comosum plants were collected from commercial nursery in Lahore, Pakistan. Investigation of leafspot symptoms led to identification of an ascomycete fungus, Thielavia terrestris. Analysis for fungal identification involved morphological, microscopic and molecular methods. ITS-nrDNA sequence data were used to construct molecular phylogenetic tree of Thielavia with allied species. The fungus was confirmed as T. terrestris. This is the first report of T. terrestris causing disease in C. comosum and it is also a new record for Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81789084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amir Afzal, Sairah Syed, M. Saeed, Rabia Sultan, M. Kanwal, Moazan Shahid, M. Zahid, Basharat Mahmood
Three rusts are destructive, diminishing produce and nutritious value significantly, affect food availability and consequently food security through reductions in yield. In agricultural research institutes with mandate of wheat improvement, incorporating genes resistant against rust is matter of routine. The dilemma of rusts in wheat has been addressed the most, leading to discovery of principles of plant breeding for resistance e.g. gene disease genes inherit following Mendelian genetics, concept of genetic diversity and concept of gene for gene theory. Two strategies of breeding wheat for disease resistance are being followed. 1- Conventional and 2- Advanced. Among conventional approaches selection and hybridization are well known. However rust resistance has been found short lived and may also be durable in certain cases. Durability of disease resistance is desired and has been explored widely. Durability of resistance is generally attained through incorporation of genes effective at adult plant stage and combination of quantitative genes. Application of biotechnology to improve productivity of rust resistance breeding is the usage of molecular markers in pyramiding genes and substantiates the existence of genes in, and confirming released cultivars are pure. This involves molecular markers that are precise and pertinent across extensive ranges of breeders’ germplasm. This review article encompasses all features of wheat development through application of different techniques of wheat improvement. However, despite development of novel approaches that has accelerated wheat breeding, breeding in pathogen leading to producing more virulent strains. Consequently, wheat breeding is a continuous process.
{"title":"Breeding Wheat for Rust Resistance: Conventional and Modern Approaches","authors":"Amir Afzal, Sairah Syed, M. Saeed, Rabia Sultan, M. Kanwal, Moazan Shahid, M. Zahid, Basharat Mahmood","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4388","url":null,"abstract":"Three rusts are destructive, diminishing produce and nutritious value significantly, affect food availability and consequently food security through reductions in yield. In agricultural research institutes with mandate of wheat improvement, incorporating genes resistant against rust is matter of routine. The dilemma of rusts in wheat has been addressed the most, leading to discovery of principles of plant breeding for resistance e.g. gene disease genes inherit following Mendelian genetics, concept of genetic diversity and concept of gene for gene theory. Two strategies of breeding wheat for disease resistance are being followed. 1- Conventional and 2- Advanced. Among conventional approaches selection and hybridization are well known. However rust resistance has been found short lived and may also be durable in certain cases. Durability of disease resistance is desired and has been explored widely. Durability of resistance is generally attained through incorporation of genes effective at adult plant stage and combination of quantitative genes. Application of biotechnology to improve productivity of rust resistance breeding is the usage of molecular markers in pyramiding genes and substantiates the existence of genes in, and confirming released cultivars are pure. This involves molecular markers that are precise and pertinent across extensive ranges of breeders’ germplasm. This review article encompasses all features of wheat development through application of different techniques of wheat improvement. However, despite development of novel approaches that has accelerated wheat breeding, breeding in pathogen leading to producing more virulent strains. Consequently, wheat breeding is a continuous process.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89528076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Atiq, Maryam Ashraf, N. Rajput, S. T. Sahi, A. Akram, M. Usman, S. Iqbal, Ahmad Nawaz, A. M. Arif, Abuzar Hasnain
Bacterial canker of tomato is the most damaging one and is responsible for causing 70% yield losses each year. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has ushered in a new research field known as green nanotechnology and has emerged as vital tool for the management of plant diseases. In comparison to other conventional techniques, green synthesis of various nanoparticles was found to be eco-friendly, low-cost and profitable resulting in more stable synthesized materials. In present research, zinc and silver nanoparticles were synthesized and their antibacterial potential was evaluated alone and in combination against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis under lab and field conditions. In lab experiment, combination of Zinc and Silver NPs proved to be the most effective showing maximum inhibition zone (27.449 mm) followed by Zinc (19.50 mm), and Silver (16.21 mm). Similarly, in the field experiment combination of Ag+Zn NPs proved effective with minimum disease incidence (6.10%) followed by Zinc (10.15%) and Silver NPs (22.40%) as compared to the control.
{"title":"Determination of Bactericidal Potential of Green Based Silver and Zinc Nanoparticles against Bacterial Canker of Tomato","authors":"M. Atiq, Maryam Ashraf, N. Rajput, S. T. Sahi, A. Akram, M. Usman, S. Iqbal, Ahmad Nawaz, A. M. Arif, Abuzar Hasnain","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4318","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial canker of tomato is the most damaging one and is responsible for causing 70% yield losses each year. Green synthesis of nanoparticles has ushered in a new research field known as green nanotechnology and has emerged as vital tool for the management of plant diseases. In comparison to other conventional techniques, green synthesis of various nanoparticles was found to be eco-friendly, low-cost and profitable resulting in more stable synthesized materials. In present research, zinc and silver nanoparticles were synthesized and their antibacterial potential was evaluated alone and in combination against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis under lab and field conditions. In lab experiment, combination of Zinc and Silver NPs proved to be the most effective showing maximum inhibition zone (27.449 mm) followed by Zinc (19.50 mm), and Silver (16.21 mm). Similarly, in the field experiment combination of Ag+Zn NPs proved effective with minimum disease incidence (6.10%) followed by Zinc (10.15%) and Silver NPs (22.40%) as compared to the control.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73466291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Macrophomina phaseolina is a highly problematic fungus that causes diseases in hundreds of plant species. In order to search for an alternative to chemical fungicides for the control of this devastating pathogen, leaf extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata was assessed for the control of M. phaseolina. Five concentrations of leaf extract in methanol viz. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (w/v), were checked against M. phaseolina. All these concentrations significantly suppressed the fungal growth resulting in 34–74% decreased biomass of M. phaseolina over control. GC-MS analysis of this extract showed the presence of 54 compounds. Squalene was the predominant compound with 24.11% peak area followed by vitamin E (8.96%). Other important compounds were hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (6.21%), thiophene, tetrahydro-2-methyl- (5.68%), cyclopentanol (5.61%), neophytadiene (6.25%), 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-yl 2-methylbutanoate (6.03%), ibogamine-18-carboxylic acid, 12-methoxy-, methyl ester (2.95%), phytol (2.26%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (2.20%). Some of these major compounds might be responsible for antifungal property of methanolic leaf extract of T. divaricata against M. phaseolina.
{"title":"Chemical Profile and Antifungal Activity of Leaf Extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata against Macrophomina phaseolina","authors":"A. Javaid, Iqra Khan","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4332","url":null,"abstract":"Macrophomina phaseolina is a highly problematic fungus that causes diseases in hundreds of plant species. In order to search for an alternative to chemical fungicides for the control of this devastating pathogen, leaf extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata was assessed for the control of M. phaseolina. Five concentrations of leaf extract in methanol viz. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% (w/v), were checked against M. phaseolina. All these concentrations significantly suppressed the fungal growth resulting in 34–74% decreased biomass of M. phaseolina over control. GC-MS analysis of this extract showed the presence of 54 compounds. Squalene was the predominant compound with 24.11% peak area followed by vitamin E (8.96%). Other important compounds were hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (6.21%), thiophene, tetrahydro-2-methyl- (5.68%), cyclopentanol (5.61%), neophytadiene (6.25%), 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-yl 2-methylbutanoate (6.03%), ibogamine-18-carboxylic acid, 12-methoxy-, methyl ester (2.95%), phytol (2.26%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (2.20%). Some of these major compounds might be responsible for antifungal property of methanolic leaf extract of T. divaricata against M. phaseolina.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74000548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khurshid, M. A. Mehmood, M. Ashfaq, M. M. Ahmed, Nadeem Ahmed, M. Ishtiaq, A. Hameed, Areeba Rauf
Cotton is a cash crop of many countries as it serves as a source of fiber, edible oil, and seedcake. It is grown in a diverse range of environment. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram positive bacterium found in different habitats but mostly found in soil. This bacterium produces endotoxin which is harmful for various insects. Numerous crystal-forming strains of Bt exist in nature, but not all of them are efficient against insect pests. Bt cotton is prevalent internationally because of less insect attack. The key objective of this research was to analyze different Bacillus thuringiensis isolates residing in soil of different cotton fields of Multan and Bahawalpur districts and to identify them on the basis of morphology. To attain this, different soil samples were collected from Multan (Gup wala, Mosey Wala, Taloki Wala, Hafiz Wala, Choudary Wala, Basti Mangla Mari, Sharkha Wala, Lawain Wala, Ghulamo Wala) and Bahawalpur district (Basti Deewan Wali, Check No 8, Basti Tariqabad, Basti Khaji Wala, Basti Khandin, Basti Rammo Wali, Sultanpur, Khurampur, Jahanpur). About 178 colonies of different bacteria from eighteen soil samples appeared on Nutrient Agar plates. The screening of colonies based on morphology yielded 18 colonies of Bt. We performed endo-toxin production experiment and confirmed the presence of parasporal crystals in identified B. thuringiensis colonies. Colony forming units of soil samples collected from Multan and Bahawalpur represented statistically significant results. Based on morphology, eight colonies of B. thuringiensis were confirmed out of eighteen colonies. Results of the current study revealed that out of 18 isolates, 8 bacterial isolates that were grown on the media had an increased elevation, a round, white, slimy morphology, and smooth edges. Toxicity test for resistance to cotton leaf worm second instar larvae revealed that two strains (BtS2, BtS7) of B. thuringiensis were toxic and showed 39.25% mortality. This study will help to identify the local Bt isolates that can be used for the indigenous insect pest control.
{"title":"Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis from Cotton Fields and its Effectiveness against Spodoptera litura","authors":"M. Khurshid, M. A. Mehmood, M. Ashfaq, M. M. Ahmed, Nadeem Ahmed, M. Ishtiaq, A. Hameed, Areeba Rauf","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4375","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton is a cash crop of many countries as it serves as a source of fiber, edible oil, and seedcake. It is grown in a diverse range of environment. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a gram positive bacterium found in different habitats but mostly found in soil. This bacterium produces endotoxin which is harmful for various insects. Numerous crystal-forming strains of Bt exist in nature, but not all of them are efficient against insect pests. Bt cotton is prevalent internationally because of less insect attack. The key objective of this research was to analyze different Bacillus thuringiensis isolates residing in soil of different cotton fields of Multan and Bahawalpur districts and to identify them on the basis of morphology. To attain this, different soil samples were collected from Multan (Gup wala, Mosey Wala, Taloki Wala, Hafiz Wala, Choudary Wala, Basti Mangla Mari, Sharkha Wala, Lawain Wala, Ghulamo Wala) and Bahawalpur district (Basti Deewan Wali, Check No 8, Basti Tariqabad, Basti Khaji Wala, Basti Khandin, Basti Rammo Wali, Sultanpur, Khurampur, Jahanpur). About 178 colonies of different bacteria from eighteen soil samples appeared on Nutrient Agar plates. The screening of colonies based on morphology yielded 18 colonies of Bt. We performed endo-toxin production experiment and confirmed the presence of parasporal crystals in identified B. thuringiensis colonies. Colony forming units of soil samples collected from Multan and Bahawalpur represented statistically significant results. Based on morphology, eight colonies of B. thuringiensis were confirmed out of eighteen colonies. Results of the current study revealed that out of 18 isolates, 8 bacterial isolates that were grown on the media had an increased elevation, a round, white, slimy morphology, and smooth edges. Toxicity test for resistance to cotton leaf worm second instar larvae revealed that two strains (BtS2, BtS7) of B. thuringiensis were toxic and showed 39.25% mortality. This study will help to identify the local Bt isolates that can be used for the indigenous insect pest control.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85630556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Mushtaq, W. Anwar, Karamat Ali Zohaib, A. Akhter, Farman Ahmad
Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient both for plants and other living organisms. However, due to its fixation with soil collides; it becomes unavailable to plants and hence cannot enter the food chain. The effect of combination of mycorrhizae and different organic amendments on P uptake and plant growth of brinjal (Solanum melongena) was evaluated in a pot trial, conducted at wire house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Each treatment was composed of one type of organic amendment (i.e. farmyard manure (FYM), biogas slurry (BGS), poultry manure and compost) at the rate of 1.5% w/w and mycorrhizae. Results showed that the combined application of mycorrhizae and organic amendment improved plant growth and enhanced P uptake. Improved root length, shoot height and leaf canopy was observed in FYM+mycorrhizae and BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. Similarly, enhanced P uptake improved photosynthetic activity and high biomass was observed in BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. The use of mycorrhizae and organic amendments appeared to be efficient in improving P uptake up to 53.45% and plant growth 64.32%. It is concluded that practicing this in the field can be cost effective approach and reduce environmental risk by reducing application of chemical fertilizers.
{"title":"Interaction Between Mycorrhizae and Organic Amendments to Improve Growth and Phosphorus Uptake in Brinjal","authors":"Z. Mushtaq, W. Anwar, Karamat Ali Zohaib, A. Akhter, Farman Ahmad","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4277","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient both for plants and other living organisms. However, due to its fixation with soil collides; it becomes unavailable to plants and hence cannot enter the food chain. The effect of combination of mycorrhizae and different organic amendments on P uptake and plant growth of brinjal (Solanum melongena) was evaluated in a pot trial, conducted at wire house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Each treatment was composed of one type of organic amendment (i.e. farmyard manure (FYM), biogas slurry (BGS), poultry manure and compost) at the rate of 1.5% w/w and mycorrhizae. Results showed that the combined application of mycorrhizae and organic amendment improved plant growth and enhanced P uptake. Improved root length, shoot height and leaf canopy was observed in FYM+mycorrhizae and BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. Similarly, enhanced P uptake improved photosynthetic activity and high biomass was observed in BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. The use of mycorrhizae and organic amendments appeared to be efficient in improving P uptake up to 53.45% and plant growth 64.32%. It is concluded that practicing this in the field can be cost effective approach and reduce environmental risk by reducing application of chemical fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84000082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is a polyphagous and economically important insect pest originated from tropical and sub-tropical parts of America. Being a strong flier, climatic adaptation and large host range makes it a serious threat to food security. It is responsible for high economic losses in many cash crops, vegetables and cereals. The overreliance and overuse of pesticides for the management of FAW posed many problems including insecticide resistance, resurgence of insect pests, biotype development and environmental hazards. To combat these problems, the most important alternative is the use of green synthesis nanoparticles and biocontrol agents which have been proven as eco-friendly technology for pest control. The current study was, therefore, planned to evaluate the toxicity of different plant based synthetic nanoparticles and biocontrol agent (Trichogramma spp.) against fall armyworm. Silver nanoparticles of neem resulted in the highest (83%) and the lowest (40%) mortality of 2nd instar larvae of FAW. However, the highest mortality due to silver nanoparticles of tobacco, onion, mint, ginger and datura was observed as 86%, 63%, 76%, 63% and 73% while the lowest mortality was 30%, 33%, 30%, 23% and 16% respectively. In view of the current findings nanoparticles of datura and neem could be recommended as potential bio-based chemicals for the control of S. frugiperda.
{"title":"Management of Fall Army Worm of Maize, Spodoptera frugiperda, with Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles","authors":"Ahmad Hassan Tahir, M. Tariq, Muhammad Shehzad","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4294","url":null,"abstract":"The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is a polyphagous and economically important insect pest originated from tropical and sub-tropical parts of America. Being a strong flier, climatic adaptation and large host range makes it a serious threat to food security. It is responsible for high economic losses in many cash crops, vegetables and cereals. The overreliance and overuse of pesticides for the management of FAW posed many problems including insecticide resistance, resurgence of insect pests, biotype development and environmental hazards. To combat these problems, the most important alternative is the use of green synthesis nanoparticles and biocontrol agents which have been proven as eco-friendly technology for pest control. The current study was, therefore, planned to evaluate the toxicity of different plant based synthetic nanoparticles and biocontrol agent (Trichogramma spp.) against fall armyworm. Silver nanoparticles of neem resulted in the highest (83%) and the lowest (40%) mortality of 2nd instar larvae of FAW. However, the highest mortality due to silver nanoparticles of tobacco, onion, mint, ginger and datura was observed as 86%, 63%, 76%, 63% and 73% while the lowest mortality was 30%, 33%, 30%, 23% and 16% respectively. In view of the current findings nanoparticles of datura and neem could be recommended as potential bio-based chemicals for the control of S. frugiperda.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85287868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Delphastus pallidus (LeConte) is an important predatory beetle reported for effective control of whiteflies including Bemisia tabaci, Aleurotrachelus trachoides, Paraleyrodes bondari and Dialeurodes citrifolii. Many other members of genus Delphastus are well known predators of multiple whitefly species such as Delphastus catalinae (Horn). The members of this genus have predatory potential against all the stages of whitefly including eggs, nymphs and adults. This genus was reported in earlier 1950s from Florida on citrus whitefly. The later studies have reported it from Beach and the Mims areas in 1951, Indian Rocks Lake Alfred areas in 1953. It was not reported against cotton whitefly from anywhere of Pakistan. The Pest Warning Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab team Multan reported it from cotton fields. Samples were collected and got identified from the Department of Entomology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan. After morphological and taxonomic identification, it was identified as Whitefly Predatory Beetle, Delphastus pallidus (LeConte) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Extensive surveys during the 3rd week of August 2022 reported its presence in 15 tehsils of cotton zone, South Punjab, Pakistan.
{"title":"First Report of an Alien Whitefly Predatory Beetle, Delphastus pallidus (LeConte) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from South Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"S. Hussain, Wali Muhammad","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4404","url":null,"abstract":"Delphastus pallidus (LeConte) is an important predatory beetle reported for effective control of whiteflies including Bemisia tabaci, Aleurotrachelus trachoides, Paraleyrodes bondari and Dialeurodes citrifolii. Many other members of genus Delphastus are well known predators of multiple whitefly species such as Delphastus catalinae (Horn). The members of this genus have predatory potential against all the stages of whitefly including eggs, nymphs and adults. This genus was reported in earlier 1950s from Florida on citrus whitefly. The later studies have reported it from Beach and the Mims areas in 1951, Indian Rocks Lake Alfred areas in 1953. It was not reported against cotton whitefly from anywhere of Pakistan. The Pest Warning Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab team Multan reported it from cotton fields. Samples were collected and got identified from the Department of Entomology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan. After morphological and taxonomic identification, it was identified as Whitefly Predatory Beetle, Delphastus pallidus (LeConte) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Extensive surveys during the 3rd week of August 2022 reported its presence in 15 tehsils of cotton zone, South Punjab, Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90073793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shahbaz Ahmad, R. Zafar, Iqra Khan, A. Javaid, A. Intisar
The leaves of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) were extracted in ethanol and toxicity of the extract was examined on khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) larvae. Four concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 µL mL-1 acetone) were applied directly on the larvae in Petri dishes. Toxicity was recorded after 12, 24 and 36 h. All the concentrations had considerable effect on the mortality of larvae. At the highest concentration (8 µL mL-1), the mortality observed was 57%, 72% and 78% after 12, 24 and 36 h, respectively. The minimum mortality was observed to be 43% at the concentration of 2 µL mL-1 acetone after 12 h. GC-MS analysis of the parthenium leaves showed 7 compounds in the extract including phytol (38.68%), β-cubebene (11.98%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (11.22%), caryophyllene (10.37%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (9.98%), methyl stearate (9.01%), and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (8.74%). The study concluded that an extract of 8 µL mL-1 acetone concentration is highly effective against larvae of khapra beetles that can cause 78% mortality after 36 h of direct exposure to the larvae.
{"title":"Assessment of Toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus L. Extract against Larvae of Trogoderma granarium","authors":"Shahbaz Ahmad, R. Zafar, Iqra Khan, A. Javaid, A. Intisar","doi":"10.33804/pp.006.03.4350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.03.4350","url":null,"abstract":"The leaves of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) were extracted in ethanol and toxicity of the extract was examined on khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) larvae. Four concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8 µL mL-1 acetone) were applied directly on the larvae in Petri dishes. Toxicity was recorded after 12, 24 and 36 h. All the concentrations had considerable effect on the mortality of larvae. At the highest concentration (8 µL mL-1), the mortality observed was 57%, 72% and 78% after 12, 24 and 36 h, respectively. The minimum mortality was observed to be 43% at the concentration of 2 µL mL-1 acetone after 12 h. GC-MS analysis of the parthenium leaves showed 7 compounds in the extract including phytol (38.68%), β-cubebene (11.98%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (11.22%), caryophyllene (10.37%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (9.98%), methyl stearate (9.01%), and hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (8.74%). The study concluded that an extract of 8 µL mL-1 acetone concentration is highly effective against larvae of khapra beetles that can cause 78% mortality after 36 h of direct exposure to the larvae.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86505672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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