Daria Dworzańska, J. Zamojska, P. Węgorek, P. Bereś, S. Drzewiecki
{"title":"Pyrethroid susceptibility and oxidative detoxification mechanism in Colorado potato beetle and western corn rootworm","authors":"Daria Dworzańska, J. Zamojska, P. Węgorek, P. Bereś, S. Drzewiecki","doi":"10.17221/53/2022-pps","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/53/2022-pps","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49338264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antimicrobial activity and optimization of Aureobasidin A production by Aureobasidium pullulans PA-2 against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Liang Cheng, D. Yue, Youhai Wei, Haixia Zhu, Hua Weng, Liangzhi Guo, Q. Guo","doi":"10.17221/173/2021-pps","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/173/2021-pps","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47770587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Shahid Nisar, Abdul Rashid, Khizar Samiullah, Muhammad Rizwan Haidar, Saba Malik
Brassica oilseed crops are grown all over the world, but the aphids of cabbage, Brevicoryne brassicae L. and Turnip aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt, cause mischief to the crops everywhere in the world. A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Farm Area of Airport Campus of Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan during mid-November 2019 to test eco-friendly management methods for mustard aphids. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and five treatments in 2 m ×2.7 m size plots. Seeds of the Khanpur Raya variety were sown in mid-November 2019. The treatments included (i) Neem leaf extract, (ii) Dimethoate, (iii) Lemongrass oil, (iv) Mustard Cake, and (v) Control (untreated). The overall results of the experiment showed that after the second spray, the aphids became immune to synthetic pesticides. However, bio-pesticides had some control over the aphids, with Lemongrass oil producing the best results, achieving almost 80 percent control, followed by about 72 percent control with neem extract and almost 67 percent control with mustard cake. This suggests that Lemongrass oil can be used to control aphids on mustard plants and, since it is a bio-pesticide, it has many biological benefits. Therefore, it can be concluded that using botanical products for managing mustard aphids can be an effective and eco-friendly approach
油菜属油料作物在世界各地都有种植，但白菜蚜虫Brevicoryne brassicae L.和萝卜蚜虫Lipaphis erysimi Kalt在世界各地都对作物造成危害。2019年11月中旬，在加齐大学德拉加齐汗机场校区的农场区进行了一项田间试验，以测试芥菜蚜虫的环保管理方法。试验采用完全随机区组设计，3个重复，5个处理，面积为2 m ×2.7 m。Khanpur Raya品种的种子于2019年11月中旬播种。处理包括(i)印度楝叶提取物，(ii)乐果，(iii)柠檬草油，(iv)芥末饼，和(v)对照(未经处理)。实验的总体结果表明，在第二次喷洒后，蚜虫对合成农药产生了免疫力。然而，生物农药对蚜虫有一定的控制作用，柠檬草油的效果最好，控制了近80%，其次是楝树提取物，控制了约72%，芥末蛋糕控制了近67%。这表明柠檬草精油可以用来控制芥菜上的蚜虫，而且由于它是一种生物农药，它具有许多生物学上的益处。因此，利用植物产品治理芥菜蚜虫是一种有效且环保的方法
{"title":"Ecofriendly Approaches for Controlling Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) Infestation","authors":"Muhammad Shahid Nisar, Abdul Rashid, Khizar Samiullah, Muhammad Rizwan Haidar, Saba Malik","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4455","url":null,"abstract":"Brassica oilseed crops are grown all over the world, but the aphids of cabbage, Brevicoryne brassicae L. and Turnip aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt, cause mischief to the crops everywhere in the world. A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Farm Area of Airport Campus of Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan during mid-November 2019 to test eco-friendly management methods for mustard aphids. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and five treatments in 2 m ×2.7 m size plots. Seeds of the Khanpur Raya variety were sown in mid-November 2019. The treatments included (i) Neem leaf extract, (ii) Dimethoate, (iii) Lemongrass oil, (iv) Mustard Cake, and (v) Control (untreated). The overall results of the experiment showed that after the second spray, the aphids became immune to synthetic pesticides. However, bio-pesticides had some control over the aphids, with Lemongrass oil producing the best results, achieving almost 80 percent control, followed by about 72 percent control with neem extract and almost 67 percent control with mustard cake. This suggests that Lemongrass oil can be used to control aphids on mustard plants and, since it is a bio-pesticide, it has many biological benefits. Therefore, it can be concluded that using botanical products for managing mustard aphids can be an effective and eco-friendly approach","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernando Rodrigo De Oliveira Cantao, Giovanni Mian
Agriotes spp. larvae, commonly known as wireworms, are major pests that cause great economic damage to many European crops. To combat them, most farmers prophylactically apply soil insecticides, including high-impact ones such as neonicotinoids. However, due to their hidden life cycle below ground, wireworms are difficult to control, especially in organic farming where persistent, non-specific soil insecticides cannot be used. As legislation tightens regulation on chemical insecticides that have harmful effects on humans and the environment (such as the withdrawal of many chemicals and the general limitation of all of them), biological control agents are gaining attention as an alternative strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate the agronomic effectiveness of Spinosad, a bioinsecticide, in row application during planting to manage wireworms in maize (Zea mays) in Northern Italy. Based on the performance of Spinosad, even in harsh conditions as observed throughout this study, and its ability to mitigate yield losses compared to the non-treated control, we conclude that this product can be used as part of an Integrated Pest Management to mitigate the damages caused by this pest in organic agriculture. However, further studies are required to better understand how this bioinsecticide can be integrated into Agriotes spp management to reduce economic losses and have a positive impact on the environment and public health
{"title":"Spinosad Application Prevents Damage by Agriotes spp. Larvae (Wireworms) and Protects Maize (Zea mays) Yield in Northeast Italy","authors":"Fernando Rodrigo De Oliveira Cantao, Giovanni Mian","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4549","url":null,"abstract":"Agriotes spp. larvae, commonly known as wireworms, are major pests that cause great economic damage to many European crops. To combat them, most farmers prophylactically apply soil insecticides, including high-impact ones such as neonicotinoids. However, due to their hidden life cycle below ground, wireworms are difficult to control, especially in organic farming where persistent, non-specific soil insecticides cannot be used. As legislation tightens regulation on chemical insecticides that have harmful effects on humans and the environment (such as the withdrawal of many chemicals and the general limitation of all of them), biological control agents are gaining attention as an alternative strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate the agronomic effectiveness of Spinosad, a bioinsecticide, in row application during planting to manage wireworms in maize (Zea mays) in Northern Italy. Based on the performance of Spinosad, even in harsh conditions as observed throughout this study, and its ability to mitigate yield losses compared to the non-treated control, we conclude that this product can be used as part of an Integrated Pest Management to mitigate the damages caused by this pest in organic agriculture. However, further studies are required to better understand how this bioinsecticide can be integrated into Agriotes spp management to reduce economic losses and have a positive impact on the environment and public health","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the fact that they catch and consume insect pests, cockroaches, and other domestic soft-bodied pests in crops, Heteropoda spiders are highly important predator in tropical and subtropical regions. As with other vagrant spiders, pantropical huntsman spiders do not use webs to capture prey. Their great speed and strong chelicerae (jaws) are used to capture the insects on which they feed. Venom is also injected into the prey from glands extending from the chelicerae into the cephalothorax. In this study, more than 227 individuals belonging to six Heteropoda spiders were collected from Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and brought back to lab, and then stored in 75% ethanol. Among which 64 individuals were males and 163 individuals were females. A total of six known species of the genus Heteropoda are described: Heteropoda dagmarae Jäger and Vedel, 2005, H. onoi Jäger, 2008, H. simplex Jäger and Ono, 2000, H. tetrica Thorell, 1897, H. venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767) and H. zuviele Jäger, 2008. Our findings provide new record for H. dagmarae from China, adding more knowledge to Heteropoda species distribution in China, and may help to study the biogeography and dispersal route of Heteropoda species. Our results also provide a little information for the origin and evolution study of Heteropoda genus, because no author has published any molecular phylogenetic study on this genus. We also provide description, illustration, and distribution map for each species in the current paper
{"title":"Six Heteropoda Spiders (Araneae: Sparassidae) from Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, China","authors":"Shakal Khan Korai, Kai Wang","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4452","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the fact that they catch and consume insect pests, cockroaches, and other domestic soft-bodied pests in crops, Heteropoda spiders are highly important predator in tropical and subtropical regions. As with other vagrant spiders, pantropical huntsman spiders do not use webs to capture prey. Their great speed and strong chelicerae (jaws) are used to capture the insects on which they feed. Venom is also injected into the prey from glands extending from the chelicerae into the cephalothorax. In this study, more than 227 individuals belonging to six Heteropoda spiders were collected from Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and brought back to lab, and then stored in 75% ethanol. Among which 64 individuals were males and 163 individuals were females. A total of six known species of the genus Heteropoda are described: Heteropoda dagmarae Jäger and Vedel, 2005, H. onoi Jäger, 2008, H. simplex Jäger and Ono, 2000, H. tetrica Thorell, 1897, H. venatoria (Linnaeus, 1767) and H. zuviele Jäger, 2008. Our findings provide new record for H. dagmarae from China, adding more knowledge to Heteropoda species distribution in China, and may help to study the biogeography and dispersal route of Heteropoda species. Our results also provide a little information for the origin and evolution study of Heteropoda genus, because no author has published any molecular phylogenetic study on this genus. We also provide description, illustration, and distribution map for each species in the current paper","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Rashied, Muhammad Ikhlaq, Waqar Jaleel, Bilal Akram, Muhammad Faraz Ayoub Khan, Aqib Nawaz Mughal, Adeel Mukhtar, Muhammad Azhar Bashir, Kashif Shabir, Rabia Saeed, Syed Ishfaq Ali Shah, Rashid Azad, Syed Muhammad Zaka, Yurong He
The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is a serious, aggressive social insect pest with an original distribution centered in the southern United States. Now, its population has been established in many countries around the globe. This insect is well-known for causing a range of harmful impacts, such as damaging crops, endangering public safety, harming livestock, reducing the diversity of native flora and fauna, and disrupting ecosystems, particularly in China. Its control is a laborious, expensive, and time-consuming task. Timely implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies is needed for its effective management. Strict preventive measures are needed to avoid its invasion in new areas or places. Effective quarantine measures are essential at seaports and airports to limit the movement of RIFA across countries. If the invasion has occurred, then proper implementation of IPM strategies should be used against RIFA. Considering the broad spectrum of losses caused by RIFA, this study provides proper information about the possible entry routes of invasions and provides guidelines for the implementation of IPM strategies against RIFA
{"title":"Origin, Distribution, Biology and Integrated Management of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A Comprehensive Study","authors":"Abdul Rashied, Muhammad Ikhlaq, Waqar Jaleel, Bilal Akram, Muhammad Faraz Ayoub Khan, Aqib Nawaz Mughal, Adeel Mukhtar, Muhammad Azhar Bashir, Kashif Shabir, Rabia Saeed, Syed Ishfaq Ali Shah, Rashid Azad, Syed Muhammad Zaka, Yurong He","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4447","url":null,"abstract":"The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is a serious, aggressive social insect pest with an original distribution centered in the southern United States. Now, its population has been established in many countries around the globe. This insect is well-known for causing a range of harmful impacts, such as damaging crops, endangering public safety, harming livestock, reducing the diversity of native flora and fauna, and disrupting ecosystems, particularly in China. Its control is a laborious, expensive, and time-consuming task. Timely implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies is needed for its effective management. Strict preventive measures are needed to avoid its invasion in new areas or places. Effective quarantine measures are essential at seaports and airports to limit the movement of RIFA across countries. If the invasion has occurred, then proper implementation of IPM strategies should be used against RIFA. Considering the broad spectrum of losses caused by RIFA, this study provides proper information about the possible entry routes of invasions and provides guidelines for the implementation of IPM strategies against RIFA","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major nutritional bases of mankind and animals worldwide; however, infestations by aphids are the main cause that severely affects wheat production in Pakistan and around the world. In 2021-22 the population densities of Sitobion avenae and their mummified aphids were studied on wheat crop under field conditions at University Research Farm, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. About eight quadrats were taken on each day from the whole field on weekly basis and numbers of aphids were counted visually on each plant part (stems, leaves, and spikes) individually. Seasonal weekly mean population of aphid morphs on wheat crop revealed that population densities were found significantly different among winged, adults, nymphs, and mummies (F5, 551 = 8.38, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 14.80, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 24.13, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 18.30, P = 0.000 respectively). Significantly greater numbers of aphids were recorded on the spikes (29.23 ± 1.14) as compared to those on leaves (8.46 ± 0.68) and stems (0.37 ± 0.05). The overall combined mean population comparison was observed non-significant between aphids morphs winged, adult, nymph, and mummified (F7, 551 = 0.20, P = 0.984; F7, 551 = 0.07, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.08, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.50, P = 0.829 respectively) on the wheat crop. Therefore, the S. avenae peak population timing reported in this study will be helpful as a critical infestation period for scheduling their management practices
小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)是世界上人类和动物的主要营养基础之一;然而，蚜虫的侵害是严重影响巴基斯坦和世界各地小麦生产的主要原因。于2021- 2022年在拉瓦尔品第Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid农业大学研究农场对小麦作物进行了野外条件下的Sitobion avenae及其干尸蚜种群密度研究。每周在全田每天取8个样方，分别目测植株各部位(茎、叶、穗)蚜虫数量。小麦作物蚜虫季节周平均种群密度在有翅、成虫、若虫和干尸间存在显著差异(F5, 551 = 8.38, P = 0.000;F5, 551 = 14.80, p = 0.000;F5, 551 = 24.13, p = 0.000;F5, 551 = 18.30, P = 0.000)。蚜虫数量在穗上(29.23±1.14)只显著高于叶上(8.46±0.68)只和茎上(0.37±0.05)只。翅蚜、成虫、若虫和干尸蚜的总体组合平均种群比较无统计学意义(F7, 551 = 0.20, P = 0.984;F7, 551 = 0.07, p = 0.999;F7, 551 = 0.08, p = 0.999;F7, 551 = 0.50, P = 0.829)。因此，本研究报告的黑线姬蜂种群高峰时间将有助于制定黑线姬蜂的关键侵染期
{"title":"Population Dynamics of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their Mummified Aphids on Wheat Crop","authors":"Usman Ali, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Asif Aziz","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4316","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major nutritional bases of mankind and animals worldwide; however, infestations by aphids are the main cause that severely affects wheat production in Pakistan and around the world. In 2021-22 the population densities of Sitobion avenae and their mummified aphids were studied on wheat crop under field conditions at University Research Farm, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. About eight quadrats were taken on each day from the whole field on weekly basis and numbers of aphids were counted visually on each plant part (stems, leaves, and spikes) individually. Seasonal weekly mean population of aphid morphs on wheat crop revealed that population densities were found significantly different among winged, adults, nymphs, and mummies (F5, 551 = 8.38, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 14.80, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 24.13, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 18.30, P = 0.000 respectively). Significantly greater numbers of aphids were recorded on the spikes (29.23 ± 1.14) as compared to those on leaves (8.46 ± 0.68) and stems (0.37 ± 0.05). The overall combined mean population comparison was observed non-significant between aphids morphs winged, adult, nymph, and mummified (F7, 551 = 0.20, P = 0.984; F7, 551 = 0.07, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.08, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.50, P = 0.829 respectively) on the wheat crop. Therefore, the S. avenae peak population timing reported in this study will be helpful as a critical infestation period for scheduling their management practices","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Sharif Khaskheli, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani, Arfan Ahmed Gilal, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Malik Abdullah Khan, Asad Ali Khan
Tomato mosaic disease (ToMD) caused by Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is a major threat to tomato production globally. In Pakistan, tomato is one of the most popular vegetables, and ToMD causes significant losses in fruit production, quality, and size. Various management strategies are implemented to control the disease. In this study, the efficacy of chemotherapy using ribavirin and 8-azaguanine was investigated. Seedlings of tomato plants were inoculated with sap from symptomatic tomato plants using the sap transmission technique to test the pathogenicity of the virus. Disease incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals for one month after inoculation. Ribavirin and 8-azaguanine were applied to tomato plants at different concentrations, and disease incidence and severity were observed weekly for one month after treatment. The results showed that the mechanically inoculated plants exhibited characteristic symptoms of ToMD, such as a mosaic pattern of color on the leaves. The disease incidence did not reduce with the application of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine, but the severity of the disease was significantly reduced. The plants treated with 1000 µM of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine had significantly lower severity scores compared to the untreated plants. However, the treated plants did not recover from the disease. The study found that ribavirin and 8-azaguanine are effective chemotropic agents in reducing the severity of ToMD, although they cannot cure the disease completely. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanism of how ribavirin and 8-azaguanine suppress the symptoms of ToMD
{"title":"Chemotherapy of Tomato Mosaic Disease using Ribavirin and 8-Azaguanine","authors":"Muhammad Sharif Khaskheli, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani, Arfan Ahmed Gilal, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Malik Abdullah Khan, Asad Ali Khan","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4514","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato mosaic disease (ToMD) caused by Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is a major threat to tomato production globally. In Pakistan, tomato is one of the most popular vegetables, and ToMD causes significant losses in fruit production, quality, and size. Various management strategies are implemented to control the disease. In this study, the efficacy of chemotherapy using ribavirin and 8-azaguanine was investigated. Seedlings of tomato plants were inoculated with sap from symptomatic tomato plants using the sap transmission technique to test the pathogenicity of the virus. Disease incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals for one month after inoculation. Ribavirin and 8-azaguanine were applied to tomato plants at different concentrations, and disease incidence and severity were observed weekly for one month after treatment. The results showed that the mechanically inoculated plants exhibited characteristic symptoms of ToMD, such as a mosaic pattern of color on the leaves. The disease incidence did not reduce with the application of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine, but the severity of the disease was significantly reduced. The plants treated with 1000 µM of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine had significantly lower severity scores compared to the untreated plants. However, the treated plants did not recover from the disease. The study found that ribavirin and 8-azaguanine are effective chemotropic agents in reducing the severity of ToMD, although they cannot cure the disease completely. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanism of how ribavirin and 8-azaguanine suppress the symptoms of ToMD","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amir Afzal, Sharmin Ashraf, Sairah Syed, Ruqeah Mustafa, Madeeha Khan, Javed Iqbal, Uzma Javed, Qamar Shakil
Food security involves not only ensuring access to adequate food, but also ensuring that the food is nutritious and free from contaminants that can harm human health. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are one example of a contaminant that can pose a threat to food security. To address this issue, it is important to implement effective management practices throughout the food chain, from the field to the table, to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contamination. Additionally, promoting awareness about the dangers of aflatoxins at the social level and using a combination of genetic and management practices can help provide a stable and sustainable solution to this problem. This article extensively discusses the harmful effects of Aflatoxins (AFs) and outlines strategies for managing contamination before and after harvest, including the potential for breeding crops with higher resistance. The article also examines the relationship between moisture content and AF contamination in peanuts before harvest. It highlights the impact of AFs on the production of meat, milk, and eggs from animals and underscores the need for a comprehensive policy to prevent AF contamination from entering the food chain at every stage. Improved agronomic practices and cattle feeding, as well as public awareness efforts, can help reduce the risk of AFs in the food supply. With a combination of current genetic improvements and effective pre- and post-harvest management practices, it may be possible to mitigate the issue of AF contamination
{"title":"What Makes Research on Aflatoxin Crucial for Human Health and Development?","authors":"Amir Afzal, Sharmin Ashraf, Sairah Syed, Ruqeah Mustafa, Madeeha Khan, Javed Iqbal, Uzma Javed, Qamar Shakil","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4497","url":null,"abstract":"Food security involves not only ensuring access to adequate food, but also ensuring that the food is nutritious and free from contaminants that can harm human health. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are one example of a contaminant that can pose a threat to food security. To address this issue, it is important to implement effective management practices throughout the food chain, from the field to the table, to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contamination. Additionally, promoting awareness about the dangers of aflatoxins at the social level and using a combination of genetic and management practices can help provide a stable and sustainable solution to this problem. This article extensively discusses the harmful effects of Aflatoxins (AFs) and outlines strategies for managing contamination before and after harvest, including the potential for breeding crops with higher resistance. The article also examines the relationship between moisture content and AF contamination in peanuts before harvest. It highlights the impact of AFs on the production of meat, milk, and eggs from animals and underscores the need for a comprehensive policy to prevent AF contamination from entering the food chain at every stage. Improved agronomic practices and cattle feeding, as well as public awareness efforts, can help reduce the risk of AFs in the food supply. With a combination of current genetic improvements and effective pre- and post-harvest management practices, it may be possible to mitigate the issue of AF contamination","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The blister beetles Meloe proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Meloidae), is a dangerous pest that threatens the agriculture of faba bean fields in El-Farafra Oasis, New Valley Governorate. In this study, an evaluation of the efficiency of different pit-fall trap colors for capturing adults of the blister beetles has been performed in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The experiment revealed that the green and red traps showed the highest number of captured beetles during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, which was highly significant to other traps’ colors. On the other hand, black, blue, gray, white, and yellow traps showed insignificant differences in the number of captured beetles. Concerning the sex of trapped beetles; it could be highlighted that the green trap attracted more female beetles than males with significant differences. Inversely, the red color trap attracted more males than females with significant differences. Approximately 40% of the captured beetle population was recorded in March, while only 11% were trapped in April. A Green pit-fall trap could be deemed a new estimating assay to suppress M. proscarabaeus adults in faba bean fields since the color trap variation affected the number of captured beetles. Therefore, color traps can be relied upon as an effective method in controlling beetles without the number of beetles reaching the limit of economic damage and in a manner that is safe for the environment
{"title":"Effectiveness of Pitfall Trap Colors in Monitoring Adults of Blister Beetle Meloe proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Meloidae) in Faba Bean Fields at El-Farafra Oasis Egypt","authors":"Wael E.A. El-Sheikh, Ahmed H. El Kenway","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4508","url":null,"abstract":"The blister beetles Meloe proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Meloidae), is a dangerous pest that threatens the agriculture of faba bean fields in El-Farafra Oasis, New Valley Governorate. In this study, an evaluation of the efficiency of different pit-fall trap colors for capturing adults of the blister beetles has been performed in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The experiment revealed that the green and red traps showed the highest number of captured beetles during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, which was highly significant to other traps’ colors. On the other hand, black, blue, gray, white, and yellow traps showed insignificant differences in the number of captured beetles. Concerning the sex of trapped beetles; it could be highlighted that the green trap attracted more female beetles than males with significant differences. Inversely, the red color trap attracted more males than females with significant differences. Approximately 40% of the captured beetle population was recorded in March, while only 11% were trapped in April. A Green pit-fall trap could be deemed a new estimating assay to suppress M. proscarabaeus adults in faba bean fields since the color trap variation affected the number of captured beetles. Therefore, color traps can be relied upon as an effective method in controlling beetles without the number of beetles reaching the limit of economic damage and in a manner that is safe for the environment","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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