Abdul Rashied, Muhammad Ikhlaq, Waqar Jaleel, Bilal Akram, Muhammad Faraz Ayoub Khan, Aqib Nawaz Mughal, Adeel Mukhtar, Muhammad Azhar Bashir, Kashif Shabir, Rabia Saeed, Syed Ishfaq Ali Shah, Rashid Azad, Syed Muhammad Zaka, Yurong He
The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is a serious, aggressive social insect pest with an original distribution centered in the southern United States. Now, its population has been established in many countries around the globe. This insect is well-known for causing a range of harmful impacts, such as damaging crops, endangering public safety, harming livestock, reducing the diversity of native flora and fauna, and disrupting ecosystems, particularly in China. Its control is a laborious, expensive, and time-consuming task. Timely implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies is needed for its effective management. Strict preventive measures are needed to avoid its invasion in new areas or places. Effective quarantine measures are essential at seaports and airports to limit the movement of RIFA across countries. If the invasion has occurred, then proper implementation of IPM strategies should be used against RIFA. Considering the broad spectrum of losses caused by RIFA, this study provides proper information about the possible entry routes of invasions and provides guidelines for the implementation of IPM strategies against RIFA
{"title":"Origin, Distribution, Biology and Integrated Management of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): A Comprehensive Study","authors":"Abdul Rashied, Muhammad Ikhlaq, Waqar Jaleel, Bilal Akram, Muhammad Faraz Ayoub Khan, Aqib Nawaz Mughal, Adeel Mukhtar, Muhammad Azhar Bashir, Kashif Shabir, Rabia Saeed, Syed Ishfaq Ali Shah, Rashid Azad, Syed Muhammad Zaka, Yurong He","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4447","url":null,"abstract":"The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), is a serious, aggressive social insect pest with an original distribution centered in the southern United States. Now, its population has been established in many countries around the globe. This insect is well-known for causing a range of harmful impacts, such as damaging crops, endangering public safety, harming livestock, reducing the diversity of native flora and fauna, and disrupting ecosystems, particularly in China. Its control is a laborious, expensive, and time-consuming task. Timely implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies is needed for its effective management. Strict preventive measures are needed to avoid its invasion in new areas or places. Effective quarantine measures are essential at seaports and airports to limit the movement of RIFA across countries. If the invasion has occurred, then proper implementation of IPM strategies should be used against RIFA. Considering the broad spectrum of losses caused by RIFA, this study provides proper information about the possible entry routes of invasions and provides guidelines for the implementation of IPM strategies against RIFA","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major nutritional bases of mankind and animals worldwide; however, infestations by aphids are the main cause that severely affects wheat production in Pakistan and around the world. In 2021-22 the population densities of Sitobion avenae and their mummified aphids were studied on wheat crop under field conditions at University Research Farm, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. About eight quadrats were taken on each day from the whole field on weekly basis and numbers of aphids were counted visually on each plant part (stems, leaves, and spikes) individually. Seasonal weekly mean population of aphid morphs on wheat crop revealed that population densities were found significantly different among winged, adults, nymphs, and mummies (F5, 551 = 8.38, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 14.80, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 24.13, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 18.30, P = 0.000 respectively). Significantly greater numbers of aphids were recorded on the spikes (29.23 ± 1.14) as compared to those on leaves (8.46 ± 0.68) and stems (0.37 ± 0.05). The overall combined mean population comparison was observed non-significant between aphids morphs winged, adult, nymph, and mummified (F7, 551 = 0.20, P = 0.984; F7, 551 = 0.07, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.08, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.50, P = 0.829 respectively) on the wheat crop. Therefore, the S. avenae peak population timing reported in this study will be helpful as a critical infestation period for scheduling their management practices
小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)是世界上人类和动物的主要营养基础之一;然而，蚜虫的侵害是严重影响巴基斯坦和世界各地小麦生产的主要原因。于2021- 2022年在拉瓦尔品第Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid农业大学研究农场对小麦作物进行了野外条件下的Sitobion avenae及其干尸蚜种群密度研究。每周在全田每天取8个样方，分别目测植株各部位(茎、叶、穗)蚜虫数量。小麦作物蚜虫季节周平均种群密度在有翅、成虫、若虫和干尸间存在显著差异(F5, 551 = 8.38, P = 0.000;F5, 551 = 14.80, p = 0.000;F5, 551 = 24.13, p = 0.000;F5, 551 = 18.30, P = 0.000)。蚜虫数量在穗上(29.23±1.14)只显著高于叶上(8.46±0.68)只和茎上(0.37±0.05)只。翅蚜、成虫、若虫和干尸蚜的总体组合平均种群比较无统计学意义(F7, 551 = 0.20, P = 0.984;F7, 551 = 0.07, p = 0.999;F7, 551 = 0.08, p = 0.999;F7, 551 = 0.50, P = 0.829)。因此，本研究报告的黑线姬蜂种群高峰时间将有助于制定黑线姬蜂的关键侵染期
{"title":"Population Dynamics of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their Mummified Aphids on Wheat Crop","authors":"Usman Ali, Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Asif Aziz","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4316","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major nutritional bases of mankind and animals worldwide; however, infestations by aphids are the main cause that severely affects wheat production in Pakistan and around the world. In 2021-22 the population densities of Sitobion avenae and their mummified aphids were studied on wheat crop under field conditions at University Research Farm, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. About eight quadrats were taken on each day from the whole field on weekly basis and numbers of aphids were counted visually on each plant part (stems, leaves, and spikes) individually. Seasonal weekly mean population of aphid morphs on wheat crop revealed that population densities were found significantly different among winged, adults, nymphs, and mummies (F5, 551 = 8.38, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 14.80, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 24.13, P = 0.000; F5, 551 = 18.30, P = 0.000 respectively). Significantly greater numbers of aphids were recorded on the spikes (29.23 ± 1.14) as compared to those on leaves (8.46 ± 0.68) and stems (0.37 ± 0.05). The overall combined mean population comparison was observed non-significant between aphids morphs winged, adult, nymph, and mummified (F7, 551 = 0.20, P = 0.984; F7, 551 = 0.07, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.08, P = 0.999; F7, 551 = 0.50, P = 0.829 respectively) on the wheat crop. Therefore, the S. avenae peak population timing reported in this study will be helpful as a critical infestation period for scheduling their management practices","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Sharif Khaskheli, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani, Arfan Ahmed Gilal, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Malik Abdullah Khan, Asad Ali Khan
Tomato mosaic disease (ToMD) caused by Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is a major threat to tomato production globally. In Pakistan, tomato is one of the most popular vegetables, and ToMD causes significant losses in fruit production, quality, and size. Various management strategies are implemented to control the disease. In this study, the efficacy of chemotherapy using ribavirin and 8-azaguanine was investigated. Seedlings of tomato plants were inoculated with sap from symptomatic tomato plants using the sap transmission technique to test the pathogenicity of the virus. Disease incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals for one month after inoculation. Ribavirin and 8-azaguanine were applied to tomato plants at different concentrations, and disease incidence and severity were observed weekly for one month after treatment. The results showed that the mechanically inoculated plants exhibited characteristic symptoms of ToMD, such as a mosaic pattern of color on the leaves. The disease incidence did not reduce with the application of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine, but the severity of the disease was significantly reduced. The plants treated with 1000 µM of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine had significantly lower severity scores compared to the untreated plants. However, the treated plants did not recover from the disease. The study found that ribavirin and 8-azaguanine are effective chemotropic agents in reducing the severity of ToMD, although they cannot cure the disease completely. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanism of how ribavirin and 8-azaguanine suppress the symptoms of ToMD
{"title":"Chemotherapy of Tomato Mosaic Disease using Ribavirin and 8-Azaguanine","authors":"Muhammad Sharif Khaskheli, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Zubair Ahmed Nizamani, Arfan Ahmed Gilal, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Malik Abdullah Khan, Asad Ali Khan","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4514","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato mosaic disease (ToMD) caused by Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is a major threat to tomato production globally. In Pakistan, tomato is one of the most popular vegetables, and ToMD causes significant losses in fruit production, quality, and size. Various management strategies are implemented to control the disease. In this study, the efficacy of chemotherapy using ribavirin and 8-azaguanine was investigated. Seedlings of tomato plants were inoculated with sap from symptomatic tomato plants using the sap transmission technique to test the pathogenicity of the virus. Disease incidence and severity were recorded at weekly intervals for one month after inoculation. Ribavirin and 8-azaguanine were applied to tomato plants at different concentrations, and disease incidence and severity were observed weekly for one month after treatment. The results showed that the mechanically inoculated plants exhibited characteristic symptoms of ToMD, such as a mosaic pattern of color on the leaves. The disease incidence did not reduce with the application of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine, but the severity of the disease was significantly reduced. The plants treated with 1000 µM of ribavirin and 8-azaguanine had significantly lower severity scores compared to the untreated plants. However, the treated plants did not recover from the disease. The study found that ribavirin and 8-azaguanine are effective chemotropic agents in reducing the severity of ToMD, although they cannot cure the disease completely. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying mechanism of how ribavirin and 8-azaguanine suppress the symptoms of ToMD","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amir Afzal, Sharmin Ashraf, Sairah Syed, Ruqeah Mustafa, Madeeha Khan, Javed Iqbal, Uzma Javed, Qamar Shakil
Food security involves not only ensuring access to adequate food, but also ensuring that the food is nutritious and free from contaminants that can harm human health. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are one example of a contaminant that can pose a threat to food security. To address this issue, it is important to implement effective management practices throughout the food chain, from the field to the table, to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contamination. Additionally, promoting awareness about the dangers of aflatoxins at the social level and using a combination of genetic and management practices can help provide a stable and sustainable solution to this problem. This article extensively discusses the harmful effects of Aflatoxins (AFs) and outlines strategies for managing contamination before and after harvest, including the potential for breeding crops with higher resistance. The article also examines the relationship between moisture content and AF contamination in peanuts before harvest. It highlights the impact of AFs on the production of meat, milk, and eggs from animals and underscores the need for a comprehensive policy to prevent AF contamination from entering the food chain at every stage. Improved agronomic practices and cattle feeding, as well as public awareness efforts, can help reduce the risk of AFs in the food supply. With a combination of current genetic improvements and effective pre- and post-harvest management practices, it may be possible to mitigate the issue of AF contamination
{"title":"What Makes Research on Aflatoxin Crucial for Human Health and Development?","authors":"Amir Afzal, Sharmin Ashraf, Sairah Syed, Ruqeah Mustafa, Madeeha Khan, Javed Iqbal, Uzma Javed, Qamar Shakil","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4497","url":null,"abstract":"Food security involves not only ensuring access to adequate food, but also ensuring that the food is nutritious and free from contaminants that can harm human health. Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, are one example of a contaminant that can pose a threat to food security. To address this issue, it is important to implement effective management practices throughout the food chain, from the field to the table, to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contamination. Additionally, promoting awareness about the dangers of aflatoxins at the social level and using a combination of genetic and management practices can help provide a stable and sustainable solution to this problem. This article extensively discusses the harmful effects of Aflatoxins (AFs) and outlines strategies for managing contamination before and after harvest, including the potential for breeding crops with higher resistance. The article also examines the relationship between moisture content and AF contamination in peanuts before harvest. It highlights the impact of AFs on the production of meat, milk, and eggs from animals and underscores the need for a comprehensive policy to prevent AF contamination from entering the food chain at every stage. Improved agronomic practices and cattle feeding, as well as public awareness efforts, can help reduce the risk of AFs in the food supply. With a combination of current genetic improvements and effective pre- and post-harvest management practices, it may be possible to mitigate the issue of AF contamination","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Basharat Mehmood, Muhammad Saeed, Asif Ur Rehman, Saqib Saleem, Muhammad Riaz Khan, Muhammad Tahir Younas, Muhammad Shafqat, Zahid Hussain Khan, Shafiq-ur- Rehman, Sajjad Hussain
Bacterial canker of peach caused by Pseudomonas syringae is an increasing problem in Azad Jammu Kashmir with more than 50 pathovars on the basis of host. A detailed survey was conducted in peach growing areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir for the determination of disease prevalence and incidence. Pathogen was isolated and characterized from the collected samples using LOPAT and GaTTA scheme. Furthermore the results of biochemical identification was confirmed using PCR followed by sequencing of obtained expected bands. For the bio-management of virulent pathogenic strains indigenous rhizobacterial isolates were obtained, characterized and evaluated using dual culture as well as in a greenhouse pot experiment against P. syringae pathovars. During a positive sampling method used for the surveillance it was found that maximum disease prevalence was 75% in district Bagh while there was 25% disease prevalence found in Haveli and Sudhanoti. Similarly maximum disease incidence was found in district Bagh that was 16%. A total of 32 isolates were recovered from the collected samples that were further screened on the basis of their virulence. It was found that the total of 18 isolates screened were similar to the already reported strains of P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) on the basis of biochemical and molecular tools. From total 17 rhizobacterial isolates recovered were subjected to dual culture technique and was found that 06 isolates showed promising zone of inhibition upto 11.5 mm. The results of greenhouse evaluation revealed that the minimum disease incidence was recorded 3% using R-9 and R-17 in consortium against Pss as compared to the control treatment (39%). It was concluded that the ecofriendly management practices against this destructive disease must be adopted and appreciated
{"title":"Surveillance of Bacterial Canker of Peach in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and its Bio-Management","authors":"Basharat Mehmood, Muhammad Saeed, Asif Ur Rehman, Saqib Saleem, Muhammad Riaz Khan, Muhammad Tahir Younas, Muhammad Shafqat, Zahid Hussain Khan, Shafiq-ur- Rehman, Sajjad Hussain","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4575","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial canker of peach caused by Pseudomonas syringae is an increasing problem in Azad Jammu Kashmir with more than 50 pathovars on the basis of host. A detailed survey was conducted in peach growing areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir for the determination of disease prevalence and incidence. Pathogen was isolated and characterized from the collected samples using LOPAT and GaTTA scheme. Furthermore the results of biochemical identification was confirmed using PCR followed by sequencing of obtained expected bands. For the bio-management of virulent pathogenic strains indigenous rhizobacterial isolates were obtained, characterized and evaluated using dual culture as well as in a greenhouse pot experiment against P. syringae pathovars. During a positive sampling method used for the surveillance it was found that maximum disease prevalence was 75% in district Bagh while there was 25% disease prevalence found in Haveli and Sudhanoti. Similarly maximum disease incidence was found in district Bagh that was 16%. A total of 32 isolates were recovered from the collected samples that were further screened on the basis of their virulence. It was found that the total of 18 isolates screened were similar to the already reported strains of P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) on the basis of biochemical and molecular tools. From total 17 rhizobacterial isolates recovered were subjected to dual culture technique and was found that 06 isolates showed promising zone of inhibition upto 11.5 mm. The results of greenhouse evaluation revealed that the minimum disease incidence was recorded 3% using R-9 and R-17 in consortium against Pss as compared to the control treatment (39%). It was concluded that the ecofriendly management practices against this destructive disease must be adopted and appreciated","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135911783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The blister beetles Meloe proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Meloidae), is a dangerous pest that threatens the agriculture of faba bean fields in El-Farafra Oasis, New Valley Governorate. In this study, an evaluation of the efficiency of different pit-fall trap colors for capturing adults of the blister beetles has been performed in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The experiment revealed that the green and red traps showed the highest number of captured beetles during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, which was highly significant to other traps’ colors. On the other hand, black, blue, gray, white, and yellow traps showed insignificant differences in the number of captured beetles. Concerning the sex of trapped beetles; it could be highlighted that the green trap attracted more female beetles than males with significant differences. Inversely, the red color trap attracted more males than females with significant differences. Approximately 40% of the captured beetle population was recorded in March, while only 11% were trapped in April. A Green pit-fall trap could be deemed a new estimating assay to suppress M. proscarabaeus adults in faba bean fields since the color trap variation affected the number of captured beetles. Therefore, color traps can be relied upon as an effective method in controlling beetles without the number of beetles reaching the limit of economic damage and in a manner that is safe for the environment
{"title":"Effectiveness of Pitfall Trap Colors in Monitoring Adults of Blister Beetle Meloe proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Meloidae) in Faba Bean Fields at El-Farafra Oasis Egypt","authors":"Wael E.A. El-Sheikh, Ahmed H. El Kenway","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4508","url":null,"abstract":"The blister beetles Meloe proscarabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Meloidae), is a dangerous pest that threatens the agriculture of faba bean fields in El-Farafra Oasis, New Valley Governorate. In this study, an evaluation of the efficiency of different pit-fall trap colors for capturing adults of the blister beetles has been performed in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The experiment revealed that the green and red traps showed the highest number of captured beetles during the 2020 and 2021 seasons, which was highly significant to other traps’ colors. On the other hand, black, blue, gray, white, and yellow traps showed insignificant differences in the number of captured beetles. Concerning the sex of trapped beetles; it could be highlighted that the green trap attracted more female beetles than males with significant differences. Inversely, the red color trap attracted more males than females with significant differences. Approximately 40% of the captured beetle population was recorded in March, while only 11% were trapped in April. A Green pit-fall trap could be deemed a new estimating assay to suppress M. proscarabaeus adults in faba bean fields since the color trap variation affected the number of captured beetles. Therefore, color traps can be relied upon as an effective method in controlling beetles without the number of beetles reaching the limit of economic damage and in a manner that is safe for the environment","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lawat Valley is one of the greenest valleys in Neelum District, situated near the bank of the Neelum River in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Surveys were conducted from seven different localities in the Lawat area of Neelum district during 2018-2020. A total of 250 samples of soil and roots were collected from areas where various fruits and vegetables were grown at a depth of 10-20 cm. The main objective of the survey was to study pathogenic nematodes and observe the incidence of diseases caused by parasitic nematodes. From Lawat Kundian, six nematode species were identified in apricot trees, and seven were identified in walnut trees, including a newly identified species, Cephalenchus regia. C. regia n.sp. was found in the soil around the dry fruit of walnut (Juglans regia) in Lawat Kundian. It differs from other species in having a longer stylet, pharynx, and tail (22-24; 115-130; 150-200 µm, respectively), as well as an anteriorly situated vulva (57.4 - 62.5%)
{"title":"Description of Cephalenchus regia n. sp. associated with Walnut (Juglans regia) from Lawat Kundiyan, District Neelum, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan","authors":"Junaid Bashir, Tabassum Ara Khanum","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4463","url":null,"abstract":"Lawat Valley is one of the greenest valleys in Neelum District, situated near the bank of the Neelum River in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Surveys were conducted from seven different localities in the Lawat area of Neelum district during 2018-2020. A total of 250 samples of soil and roots were collected from areas where various fruits and vegetables were grown at a depth of 10-20 cm. The main objective of the survey was to study pathogenic nematodes and observe the incidence of diseases caused by parasitic nematodes. From Lawat Kundian, six nematode species were identified in apricot trees, and seven were identified in walnut trees, including a newly identified species, Cephalenchus regia. C. regia n.sp. was found in the soil around the dry fruit of walnut (Juglans regia) in Lawat Kundian. It differs from other species in having a longer stylet, pharynx, and tail (22-24; 115-130; 150-200 µm, respectively), as well as an anteriorly situated vulva (57.4 - 62.5%)","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Shahid Nisar, Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Majid Mujtaba, Hassan Ramzan, Saba Malik
Termite attacks can significantly reduce crop and forest productivity by 10 to 25 percent, with traditional chemical insecticides commonly used in Pakistan. The present study, however, aimed to assess the effectiveness of ten different insecticides in controlling subterranean termites at various concentrations and time intervals. Fipronil and Chlorpyrifos were the most effective insecticides at a concentration of 125 ppm, resulting in 100% mortality rates after 24 hours of exposure, while Emamectin Benzoate had the lowest mortality rates, but gradually increased over time. All insecticides tested at a concentration of 250 ppm resulted in varying degrees of mortality rates, with Imidacloprid, Fipronil, and Bifenthrin being the most effective. At a concentration of 500 ppm, all insecticides were effective, with Imidacloprid showing the fastest onset of mortality. Similarly, all insecticides at a concentration of 1000 ppm were effective, with Fipronil being the most effective insecticide. The data suggested that some insecticides were more effective than others in controlling subterranean termites, and the duration of exposure also played a crucial role in the effectiveness of the insecticides. The study found that higher dosages of new chemistry-based termiticides result in maximum subterranean termite mortality after a minimum exposure time. Fipronil, Imidacloprid, and Bifenthrin were the most effective treatments achieving 100% termite mortality at specific dosages and exposure times, while Chlorfenapyr and Emamectin Benzoate showed lower effectiveness. The new chemistry insecticides are considered eco-friendly, safe for humans and non-target fauna, and might be a competent choice for integrated pest management programs
{"title":"Assessing the Efficacy of New Chemistry Insecticides against Subterranean Termite","authors":"Muhammad Shahid Nisar, Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Majid Mujtaba, Hassan Ramzan, Saba Malik","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4448","url":null,"abstract":"Termite attacks can significantly reduce crop and forest productivity by 10 to 25 percent, with traditional chemical insecticides commonly used in Pakistan. The present study, however, aimed to assess the effectiveness of ten different insecticides in controlling subterranean termites at various concentrations and time intervals. Fipronil and Chlorpyrifos were the most effective insecticides at a concentration of 125 ppm, resulting in 100% mortality rates after 24 hours of exposure, while Emamectin Benzoate had the lowest mortality rates, but gradually increased over time. All insecticides tested at a concentration of 250 ppm resulted in varying degrees of mortality rates, with Imidacloprid, Fipronil, and Bifenthrin being the most effective. At a concentration of 500 ppm, all insecticides were effective, with Imidacloprid showing the fastest onset of mortality. Similarly, all insecticides at a concentration of 1000 ppm were effective, with Fipronil being the most effective insecticide. The data suggested that some insecticides were more effective than others in controlling subterranean termites, and the duration of exposure also played a crucial role in the effectiveness of the insecticides. The study found that higher dosages of new chemistry-based termiticides result in maximum subterranean termite mortality after a minimum exposure time. Fipronil, Imidacloprid, and Bifenthrin were the most effective treatments achieving 100% termite mortality at specific dosages and exposure times, while Chlorfenapyr and Emamectin Benzoate showed lower effectiveness. The new chemistry insecticides are considered eco-friendly, safe for humans and non-target fauna, and might be a competent choice for integrated pest management programs","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Shahid, Simon R. Gowen, Muhammad Burhan, Zeeshan Niaz, Anwar ul Haq
The aim of the present test was to develop a Pasteuria penetrans isolate (Pp3) on a Meloidogyne blend and compare the attachment and pathogenic potential of this heterogeneously produced isolate with other Pp3 isolates produced on individual Meloidogyne species (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria). Number of spores attached varied among Meloidogyne spp. Pp3 isolate originally multiplied on M. javanica showed greater attachment level with second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. javanica (13.8) than other Meloidogyne spp. tested and lesser attachment was observed on J2s of a M. arenaria. The Pp3 isolate showed variable influence on the Meloidogyne spp. in suppressing root-knot disease. There was a significant difference in numbers of eggmasses produced by females of Meloidogyne spp. Higher numbers of eggmasses were recorded with females of M. arenaria (370) while fewer numbers of eggmasses were observed in treatment where M. javanica (245) was present. Root galling differed significantly among treatments (P0.01) and higher gall infestation was recorded in M. arenaria treatment (6.2) while lesser galling was observed in M. javanica treatment (4.4). Final female population also varied among treatments (P0.05) showing higher numbers of females in M. arenaria treatment (456) and fewer with M. javanica (398). Parasitism of females of Meloidogyne spp. by Pp3 differed significantly among treatments. Higher numbers of females infected with Pp3 spores were recorded among females of M. javanica (14.4) while lesser numbers of parasitized females were observed in M. arenaria treatment (9.8). There were significant variations in numbers of endospores/female produced by females of Meloidogyne spp. however egg set data did not differ in the treatments. The results showed that the Pp3 isolate was more pathogenic on M. javanica compared with other Meloidogyne spp. (M. incognita, M. arenaria and M blend). The Pp3 isolate was found compatible with different Meloidogyne spp. while M. arenaria proved the least good host to bacterial parasite
本试验的目的是在一种Meloidogyne混合物上培养出一种渗透巴氏菌分离物(Pp3)，并将这种异质生产的分离物与在单个Meloidogyne物种(javanica Meloidogyne, M. incognita和M. arenaria)上生产的其他Pp3分离物的附着性和致病潜力进行比较。不同芽孢的附着孢子数存在差异，Pp3原株与爪哇绿僵菌2期幼虫的附着水平(13.8)高于其他菌株，而与沙棘绿僵菌2期幼虫的附着程度较低。Pp3分离物对Meloidogyne菌株抑制根结病表现出不同程度的影响。两种处理的卵数差异有统计学意义，其中沙棘棘球蚴(370粒)的卵数较多，爪牙棘球蚴(245粒)的卵数较少。不同处理间根瘤率差异极显著(P0.01)，沙棘组根瘤率较高(6.2)，土芹组根瘤率较低(4.4)。最终雌虫种群数量在不同处理间也存在差异(P0.05)，沙粒稻组雌虫数量较多(456只)，爪牙稻组雌虫数量较少(398只)。各处理间雌虫对Pp3的寄生率差异显著。染Pp3孢子的雌虫数量较多(14.4)，而染Pp3孢子的雌虫数量较少(9.8)。在不同处理下，母株产生的内生孢子/雌株数有显著差异，但卵数无显著差异。结果表明，Pp3分离物对javanica的致病性高于其他Meloidogyne属(M. incognita、M. arenaria和M. blend)。Pp3分离物与不同的Meloidogyne属均有亲和性，而M. arenaria是最不适合细菌寄生的宿主
{"title":"Studies on the Efficacy of Heterogeneously Produced Pasteuria Penetrans (PP3) Isolate over Individual Pasteuria Isolates in the Spore Attachment, and Pathogenic Potential on Three Meloidogyne Species","authors":"Muhammad Shahid, Simon R. Gowen, Muhammad Burhan, Zeeshan Niaz, Anwar ul Haq","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4529","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present test was to develop a Pasteuria penetrans isolate (Pp3) on a Meloidogyne blend and compare the attachment and pathogenic potential of this heterogeneously produced isolate with other Pp3 isolates produced on individual Meloidogyne species (Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria). Number of spores attached varied among Meloidogyne spp. Pp3 isolate originally multiplied on M. javanica showed greater attachment level with second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. javanica (13.8) than other Meloidogyne spp. tested and lesser attachment was observed on J2s of a M. arenaria. The Pp3 isolate showed variable influence on the Meloidogyne spp. in suppressing root-knot disease. There was a significant difference in numbers of eggmasses produced by females of Meloidogyne spp. Higher numbers of eggmasses were recorded with females of M. arenaria (370) while fewer numbers of eggmasses were observed in treatment where M. javanica (245) was present. Root galling differed significantly among treatments (P0.01) and higher gall infestation was recorded in M. arenaria treatment (6.2) while lesser galling was observed in M. javanica treatment (4.4). Final female population also varied among treatments (P0.05) showing higher numbers of females in M. arenaria treatment (456) and fewer with M. javanica (398). Parasitism of females of Meloidogyne spp. by Pp3 differed significantly among treatments. Higher numbers of females infected with Pp3 spores were recorded among females of M. javanica (14.4) while lesser numbers of parasitized females were observed in M. arenaria treatment (9.8). There were significant variations in numbers of endospores/female produced by females of Meloidogyne spp. however egg set data did not differ in the treatments. The results showed that the Pp3 isolate was more pathogenic on M. javanica compared with other Meloidogyne spp. (M. incognita, M. arenaria and M blend). The Pp3 isolate was found compatible with different Meloidogyne spp. while M. arenaria proved the least good host to bacterial parasite","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135912130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During disease surveys of plants in 2021, leaf blight was observed on Jasminum sambac plants in City Housing Society, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Infection spots occurred on the margins of leaves in the form of large patches on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces of J. sambac. These spots began as small necrotic spots and developed into irregular pale brown patches with black powder covering the surfaces. The causative organism was consistently isolated from infected leaves on potato dextrose agar. Based on morphological analysis, the species isolated from Jasminum sambac during this research belongs to the genus Bipolaris and has been identified as Bipolaris australiensis. This fungal species has not previously been reported on this host plant worldwide, and this fungal taxon has been characterized for the first time in detail from Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, J. sambac is a new host record for this fungal species in Pakistan and worldwide. A key to the identification of Pakistani species of the genus Bipolaris is presented in this paper
{"title":"First Report of Leaf Blight of Jasminum sambac Caused by Bipolaris australiensis in Pakistan","authors":"Maryam Nawaz, Nousheen Yousaf","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.01.4504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4504","url":null,"abstract":"During disease surveys of plants in 2021, leaf blight was observed on Jasminum sambac plants in City Housing Society, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Infection spots occurred on the margins of leaves in the form of large patches on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces of J. sambac. These spots began as small necrotic spots and developed into irregular pale brown patches with black powder covering the surfaces. The causative organism was consistently isolated from infected leaves on potato dextrose agar. Based on morphological analysis, the species isolated from Jasminum sambac during this research belongs to the genus Bipolaris and has been identified as Bipolaris australiensis. This fungal species has not previously been reported on this host plant worldwide, and this fungal taxon has been characterized for the first time in detail from Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, J. sambac is a new host record for this fungal species in Pakistan and worldwide. A key to the identification of Pakistani species of the genus Bipolaris is presented in this paper","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136081788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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