Mir Shahbaz Ali Talpur, Manzoor Ali Abro, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Jan Muhammad Marri, Gul Bahar Poussio, Muhammad Mazhar Qayyum, Faheem Uddin Rajer, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Saima Shafique
The present research aimed to effectively manage Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of banana leaf spot disease, through the utilization of diverse botanical extracts, essential oils, and biocontrol agents. Various concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) of botanical extracts, namely Garlic, Turmeric, Ginger, Neem, and Mint, were tested to assess their antifungal efficacy. Garlic demonstrated complete inhibition of radial growth (0.00 mm), with decreasing growth observed in Neem, Turmeric, Ginger, and the most extensive growth seen in Mint (32.83, 21.33, and 16.25 mm, respectively). Antifungal effects of specific essential oils (Clove, Tarpin, Castor, Bitter chamomile, Neem) were evaluated using the poisoned food technique at the mentioned concentrations. Clove exhibited complete growth inhibition (0.00 mm), followed by Tarpin, Castor, and Neem. Conversely, Bitter Chamomile oil promoted maximum growth (35.41, 30.41, and 25.50 mm). Control plates displayed growth of 90 mm. The study also assessed different in vitro biocontrol agents (Trichoderma harzianum, Zasmidium anthuriicola, Penicillium sclerotiorum, Hypocrea lixii, and Chaetomium subaffine) against the target pathogen. Among these, Z. anthuriicola (18.41 mm) prevented F. oxysporum growth most effectively, followed by T. harzianum, P. sclerotiorum, C. subaffine, and H. lixii. While managing this destructive disease remains a significant challenge, the eco-friendly strategies employed in the study demonstrated that Garlic extract, Clove oil, and the biocontrol agent Z. anthuriicola substantially hindered the mycelial growth of the target pathogen.
{"title":"Exploring the Effects of Plant Extracts, Biological Agents and Essential Oils on the Non-Chemical Management of Banana Leaf Spot Disease","authors":"Mir Shahbaz Ali Talpur, Manzoor Ali Abro, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Jan Muhammad Marri, Gul Bahar Poussio, Muhammad Mazhar Qayyum, Faheem Uddin Rajer, Jamal-U-Ddin Hajano, Saima Shafique","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4723","url":null,"abstract":"The present research aimed to effectively manage Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of banana leaf spot disease, through the utilization of diverse botanical extracts, essential oils, and biocontrol agents. Various concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) of botanical extracts, namely Garlic, Turmeric, Ginger, Neem, and Mint, were tested to assess their antifungal efficacy. Garlic demonstrated complete inhibition of radial growth (0.00 mm), with decreasing growth observed in Neem, Turmeric, Ginger, and the most extensive growth seen in Mint (32.83, 21.33, and 16.25 mm, respectively). Antifungal effects of specific essential oils (Clove, Tarpin, Castor, Bitter chamomile, Neem) were evaluated using the poisoned food technique at the mentioned concentrations. Clove exhibited complete growth inhibition (0.00 mm), followed by Tarpin, Castor, and Neem. Conversely, Bitter Chamomile oil promoted maximum growth (35.41, 30.41, and 25.50 mm). Control plates displayed growth of 90 mm. The study also assessed different in vitro biocontrol agents (Trichoderma harzianum, Zasmidium anthuriicola, Penicillium sclerotiorum, Hypocrea lixii, and Chaetomium subaffine) against the target pathogen. Among these, Z. anthuriicola (18.41 mm) prevented F. oxysporum growth most effectively, followed by T. harzianum, P. sclerotiorum, C. subaffine, and H. lixii. While managing this destructive disease remains a significant challenge, the eco-friendly strategies employed in the study demonstrated that Garlic extract, Clove oil, and the biocontrol agent Z. anthuriicola substantially hindered the mycelial growth of the target pathogen.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amir Afzal, Aftab Ahmad, Muhammad Ali Hassaan, Sunbal Mushtaq, Asad Abbas
Pakistan’s agricultural sector is essential for the country’s economy, food security, and poverty reduction. However, it faces challenges such as water scarcity, land degradation, low productivity, climate change and infestation of pests and diseases. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions such as better soil management practices, improved access to high-quality seeds, and efficient water management practices. Pest and disease management is a crucial component of successful crop production. Effective management involves a range of tactics, including integrated pest and disease management, cultural practices, resistant crop varieties, and proper pesticide use. However, there are concerns about the potential negative impacts of chemical pesticides, highlighting the need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. By combining different control methods and tailoring them to specific situations, farmers can minimize economic losses and improve crop productivity while promoting environmental sustainability and human health. It is important to continue researching and developing new pest and disease management strategies to ensure that farmers have access to the most effective and sustainable practices. Smallholder farmers must be made aware of these practices and provided with education, subsidies, and credit. Implementing these measures can increase productivity, improve incomes, and contribute to the country’s economic development
{"title":"Enhancing Agricultural Sustainability in Pakistan: Addressing Challenges and Seizing Opportunities through Effective Plant Disease Management","authors":"Amir Afzal, Aftab Ahmad, Muhammad Ali Hassaan, Sunbal Mushtaq, Asad Abbas","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4595","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan’s agricultural sector is essential for the country’s economy, food security, and poverty reduction. However, it faces challenges such as water scarcity, land degradation, low productivity, climate change and infestation of pests and diseases. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions such as better soil management practices, improved access to high-quality seeds, and efficient water management practices. Pest and disease management is a crucial component of successful crop production. Effective management involves a range of tactics, including integrated pest and disease management, cultural practices, resistant crop varieties, and proper pesticide use. However, there are concerns about the potential negative impacts of chemical pesticides, highlighting the need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. By combining different control methods and tailoring them to specific situations, farmers can minimize economic losses and improve crop productivity while promoting environmental sustainability and human health. It is important to continue researching and developing new pest and disease management strategies to ensure that farmers have access to the most effective and sustainable practices. Smallholder farmers must be made aware of these practices and provided with education, subsidies, and credit. Implementing these measures can increase productivity, improve incomes, and contribute to the country’s economic development","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waqar Ali, Aasma Fahad, Asim Mehmood, Aqsa Amin, Saif Ullah, Faisal Sohail Fateh, Muhammad Fayyaz
This review article delves into the impact, epidemiology, and management of sheath blight disease in rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, which is a pernicious pathogen causing severe quality and production losses globally. Rice is a staple crop for almost two-thirds of the world’s population, and sheath blight disease significantly affects rice cultivation in many countries, causing substantial annual losses in grain yield. The article provides comprehensive insight into the biology of the pathogen, including its host range, symptoms, disease cycle, and factors influencing its severity. In particular, the pathogen’s virulence factors and the underlying mechanisms of its pathogenesis are explored in detail. The review also highlights the significant economic implications of sheath blight disease in rice and the consequent impact on food security and the livelihoods of farmers. Various management strategies, including chemical, cultural, and biological control measures, are discussed in this manuscript. These strategies offer potential solutions to mitigate the devastating effects of sheath blight disease on rice crops. In particular, the review emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management strategies that combine multiple control measures, including the use of resistant cultivars, fungicides, and cultural practices, to achieve long-term sustainable management of the disease. The manuscript concludes with recommendations for farmers, researchers, and policymakers working in agriculture sector to combat the disease’s threat and reduce crop losses. The findings of this review article can serve as a valuable resource for stakeholders in the rice production industry to enhance their understanding of sheath blight disease and develop effective management strategies to protect the rice crop's health and yield.
{"title":"Sheath Blight of Rice: A Review of Host Pathogen Interaction, Management Strategies and Future Prospects","authors":"Waqar Ali, Aasma Fahad, Asim Mehmood, Aqsa Amin, Saif Ullah, Faisal Sohail Fateh, Muhammad Fayyaz","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4587","url":null,"abstract":"This review article delves into the impact, epidemiology, and management of sheath blight disease in rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, which is a pernicious pathogen causing severe quality and production losses globally. Rice is a staple crop for almost two-thirds of the world’s population, and sheath blight disease significantly affects rice cultivation in many countries, causing substantial annual losses in grain yield. The article provides comprehensive insight into the biology of the pathogen, including its host range, symptoms, disease cycle, and factors influencing its severity. In particular, the pathogen’s virulence factors and the underlying mechanisms of its pathogenesis are explored in detail. The review also highlights the significant economic implications of sheath blight disease in rice and the consequent impact on food security and the livelihoods of farmers. Various management strategies, including chemical, cultural, and biological control measures, are discussed in this manuscript. These strategies offer potential solutions to mitigate the devastating effects of sheath blight disease on rice crops. In particular, the review emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management strategies that combine multiple control measures, including the use of resistant cultivars, fungicides, and cultural practices, to achieve long-term sustainable management of the disease. The manuscript concludes with recommendations for farmers, researchers, and policymakers working in agriculture sector to combat the disease’s threat and reduce crop losses. The findings of this review article can serve as a valuable resource for stakeholders in the rice production industry to enhance their understanding of sheath blight disease and develop effective management strategies to protect the rice crop's health and yield.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136349554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the present study, the incidence and severity of yellow rust and brown rust in different regions of Pothwar have been studied. The lower Pothwar region (Jhelum) had the highest incidence of brown rust with a prevalence of 54.3%, while Rawalpindi had the highest incidence of yellow rust in the upper region with a prevalence of 26.8%. In the middle region (Attock), brown rust incidence was the lowest with a prevalence of 4.6%. The severity of both rusts varied among locations, with some locations experiencing severe outbreaks while others had little or no incidence. The highest incidence of both rusts was observed in Harrial for yellow rust (90%) and Balla for brown rust (100%). The severity of rusts ranged from Resistant to Moderately Susceptible. The study examined the yield attributes of wheat crops in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pothwar regions of Pakistan. The results showed that Rawalpindi district had the highest crop yield, while Jhelum had the lowest. The study also found a correlation between disease incidence and various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, tillers per meter length, tillers per meter square, number of grains per spike, and grain weight. Yellow rust had a strong correlation with humidity, tillers per meter square, and grain weight, while brown rust showed a strong correlation with temperature, precipitation, and humidity. The study highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between environmental factors and crop yield to ensure food security.
{"title":"Assessment of Wheat Foliar Rust Infestations in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pothwar Regions of Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Summia Sami, Shazia Iram","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4588","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the incidence and severity of yellow rust and brown rust in different regions of Pothwar have been studied. The lower Pothwar region (Jhelum) had the highest incidence of brown rust with a prevalence of 54.3%, while Rawalpindi had the highest incidence of yellow rust in the upper region with a prevalence of 26.8%. In the middle region (Attock), brown rust incidence was the lowest with a prevalence of 4.6%. The severity of both rusts varied among locations, with some locations experiencing severe outbreaks while others had little or no incidence. The highest incidence of both rusts was observed in Harrial for yellow rust (90%) and Balla for brown rust (100%). The severity of rusts ranged from Resistant to Moderately Susceptible. The study examined the yield attributes of wheat crops in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pothwar regions of Pakistan. The results showed that Rawalpindi district had the highest crop yield, while Jhelum had the lowest. The study also found a correlation between disease incidence and various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, tillers per meter length, tillers per meter square, number of grains per spike, and grain weight. Yellow rust had a strong correlation with humidity, tillers per meter square, and grain weight, while brown rust showed a strong correlation with temperature, precipitation, and humidity. The study highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between environmental factors and crop yield to ensure food security.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136349834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tahir Mahmood, Anam Moosa, Atta ur Rehman Khan, Ambreen Maqsood, Fozia Kiani, Ghayor Abbas, Kamran Alyas, Bareerah Khalid
Rhizopus is an important post-harvest pathogen that causes rot in fruits and vegetables. During 2022, a considerable incidence of post-harvest rot of peaches was observed in local markets in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The symptoms appeared as whiskery moldy growth on the surface of the fruit. The pathogen was isolated and identified as Rhizopus species based on morphological features. Under the microscope, sporangiospores of Rhizopus were observed as light brown in color. The colony was very fast-growing and spreading. The color of Rhizopus mycelium was greyish. The pathogenicity was confirmed to satisfy Koch’s postulates. The pathogen caused lesions on the surface of peach fruit. The current study also assessed the antifungal effects of essential oils on the growth of Rhizopus. Two essential oils were used: clove oil and cinnamon oil at concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. The disease lesion with a diameter of 1.6 cm was treated with clove oil, 1.3 cm with 100% concentrated cinnamon oil, and 2.4 cm with the control (inoculated with Rhizopus). Cinnamon oil gave the maximum inhibition of Rhizopus on peach fruit compared to clove oil. The loss in fruit weight was minimum (2 g) in cinnamon-treated fruit compared to clove oil (3 g), control (2 g), and the infected one without any treatment (7 g). In conclusion, the study provides important information about Rhizopus as a significant post-harvest pathogen causing rot in fruits and vegetables, with a specific focus on peach fruit in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The findings suggest that cinnamon oil could be a potential natural antifungal agent to mitigate post-harvest rot caused by the fungus in peaches.
{"title":"Using Essential Oils to Protect Peaches from Post-Harvest Rot Caused by Rhizopus Species","authors":"Tahir Mahmood, Anam Moosa, Atta ur Rehman Khan, Ambreen Maqsood, Fozia Kiani, Ghayor Abbas, Kamran Alyas, Bareerah Khalid","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4648","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizopus is an important post-harvest pathogen that causes rot in fruits and vegetables. During 2022, a considerable incidence of post-harvest rot of peaches was observed in local markets in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The symptoms appeared as whiskery moldy growth on the surface of the fruit. The pathogen was isolated and identified as Rhizopus species based on morphological features. Under the microscope, sporangiospores of Rhizopus were observed as light brown in color. The colony was very fast-growing and spreading. The color of Rhizopus mycelium was greyish. The pathogenicity was confirmed to satisfy Koch’s postulates. The pathogen caused lesions on the surface of peach fruit. The current study also assessed the antifungal effects of essential oils on the growth of Rhizopus. Two essential oils were used: clove oil and cinnamon oil at concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, respectively. The disease lesion with a diameter of 1.6 cm was treated with clove oil, 1.3 cm with 100% concentrated cinnamon oil, and 2.4 cm with the control (inoculated with Rhizopus). Cinnamon oil gave the maximum inhibition of Rhizopus on peach fruit compared to clove oil. The loss in fruit weight was minimum (2 g) in cinnamon-treated fruit compared to clove oil (3 g), control (2 g), and the infected one without any treatment (7 g). In conclusion, the study provides important information about Rhizopus as a significant post-harvest pathogen causing rot in fruits and vegetables, with a specific focus on peach fruit in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The findings suggest that cinnamon oil could be a potential natural antifungal agent to mitigate post-harvest rot caused by the fungus in peaches.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136349558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rabeet Ahsan Khan, Muhammad Atiq, Nasir Ahmed Rajput, Irfan Ahmad, Abdul Jabbar, Muhammad Jalal Arif, Abuzar Husnain, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Mehtab, Waqas Ahmad
Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a distinguished source of protein, fat, minerals (Iron, Calcium, and Potassium), fiber, carbohydrates, phosphorous, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Leaf blight of S. cumini, caused by Pestalotiopsis spp., poses a potential threat to the successful production of Jamun fruit. The appearance of small, round, dark, and sunken spots on the fruit diminishes its quality and results in yield losses of 10 to 20%. Fungicides and plant extracts were employed to address this fungal problem under laboratory and greenhouse conditions using a Completely Randomized Design whereas field trials were performed using a Randomized Complete Block Design. In vitro experiments revealed that among the fungicides, minimum fungal growth was observed with Score (12.5 mm), followed by Topsin M (16.89 mm), Fossil (18.37 mm), Excel (23.17 mm), Evito (27.56 mm), and Bloom (32.32 mm), as compared to the control (55.56 mm). Among the phytoextracts, Moringa extracts showed the least fungal growth (15.7 mm), followed by Neem (18.76 mm), Eucalyptus (19 mm), Garlic (22.72 mm), Ginger (27.57 mm), and Cinnamomum verum (Dar Cheni) (31 mm), in comparison to the control (53.17 mm). The most effective fungicides and plant extracts determined in the laboratory experiments were further evaluated in greenhouse and field conditions, both alone and in combinations. In the greenhouse evaluation, the combination of Moringa + Score exhibited the lowest disease incidence (23.63%), followed by Score (28.12%) and Moringa (29.56%), in contrast to the control (52.9%). Under field conditions, among all treatments, Moringa + Score exhibited the least disease incidence of 17.44%. These findings confirm that leaf blight of S. cumini can be managed by using Score fungicide and Moringa oleifera extract.
{"title":"Assessment of Phytoextracts and Synthetic Chemicals for Controlling Leaf Blight of Syzygium Cumini","authors":"Rabeet Ahsan Khan, Muhammad Atiq, Nasir Ahmed Rajput, Irfan Ahmad, Abdul Jabbar, Muhammad Jalal Arif, Abuzar Husnain, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Mehtab, Waqas Ahmad","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4689","url":null,"abstract":"Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a distinguished source of protein, fat, minerals (Iron, Calcium, and Potassium), fiber, carbohydrates, phosphorous, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Leaf blight of S. cumini, caused by Pestalotiopsis spp., poses a potential threat to the successful production of Jamun fruit. The appearance of small, round, dark, and sunken spots on the fruit diminishes its quality and results in yield losses of 10 to 20%. Fungicides and plant extracts were employed to address this fungal problem under laboratory and greenhouse conditions using a Completely Randomized Design whereas field trials were performed using a Randomized Complete Block Design. In vitro experiments revealed that among the fungicides, minimum fungal growth was observed with Score (12.5 mm), followed by Topsin M (16.89 mm), Fossil (18.37 mm), Excel (23.17 mm), Evito (27.56 mm), and Bloom (32.32 mm), as compared to the control (55.56 mm). Among the phytoextracts, Moringa extracts showed the least fungal growth (15.7 mm), followed by Neem (18.76 mm), Eucalyptus (19 mm), Garlic (22.72 mm), Ginger (27.57 mm), and Cinnamomum verum (Dar Cheni) (31 mm), in comparison to the control (53.17 mm). The most effective fungicides and plant extracts determined in the laboratory experiments were further evaluated in greenhouse and field conditions, both alone and in combinations. In the greenhouse evaluation, the combination of Moringa + Score exhibited the lowest disease incidence (23.63%), followed by Score (28.12%) and Moringa (29.56%), in contrast to the control (52.9%). Under field conditions, among all treatments, Moringa + Score exhibited the least disease incidence of 17.44%. These findings confirm that leaf blight of S. cumini can be managed by using Score fungicide and Moringa oleifera extract.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zahra Ahmad, Huma Abbas, Tamsal Murtaza, Atta ur Rehman Khan, Anasr Ali, Khizra Zahid, Zunaira Tahir, Tahir Mahmood, Amer Habib
In peaches, post-harvest losses occur due to injury during mishandling, storage, processing, and transportation, especially caused by pathogen infections that result in the reduction of quantity, quality, and market value of agricultural commodities. Numerous postharvest pathogens attack peaches, especially Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mold disease, resulting in losses of about $10 billion globally. The current paper reports the results of a study that investigated the occurrence of different fungi and the effect of different essential oils on mold growth in five peach cultivars. The study found that Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, and A. niger had different preferences and distributions among the cultivars. The study also found that Florida King 6-A was resistant to B. cinerea, while Early Gold was highly susceptible. The study also found that cinnamon oil was the most effective essential oil in controlling mold growth in Florida King 6-A, while sesame oil was the least effective in Early Grand. The study also found that clove bud oil at 100% concentration had the highest antifungal potency among the tested essential oils and that different concentrations of essential oils were required for different cultivars. These findings highlight the varying levels of susceptibility among peach cultivars to fungal pathogens and the varying degrees of effectiveness associated with different essential oils in mitigating fungal growth. Such insights are invaluable for agricultural practices aiming to protect peach crops from fungal infections and optimize yield.
{"title":"Assessment of Responses of Peach Cultivars to Postharvest Pathogen Botrytis Cinerea and its Mitigation using Plant Essential Oils","authors":"Zahra Ahmad, Huma Abbas, Tamsal Murtaza, Atta ur Rehman Khan, Anasr Ali, Khizra Zahid, Zunaira Tahir, Tahir Mahmood, Amer Habib","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4639","url":null,"abstract":"In peaches, post-harvest losses occur due to injury during mishandling, storage, processing, and transportation, especially caused by pathogen infections that result in the reduction of quantity, quality, and market value of agricultural commodities. Numerous postharvest pathogens attack peaches, especially Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mold disease, resulting in losses of about $10 billion globally. The current paper reports the results of a study that investigated the occurrence of different fungi and the effect of different essential oils on mold growth in five peach cultivars. The study found that Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, and A. niger had different preferences and distributions among the cultivars. The study also found that Florida King 6-A was resistant to B. cinerea, while Early Gold was highly susceptible. The study also found that cinnamon oil was the most effective essential oil in controlling mold growth in Florida King 6-A, while sesame oil was the least effective in Early Grand. The study also found that clove bud oil at 100% concentration had the highest antifungal potency among the tested essential oils and that different concentrations of essential oils were required for different cultivars. These findings highlight the varying levels of susceptibility among peach cultivars to fungal pathogens and the varying degrees of effectiveness associated with different essential oils in mitigating fungal growth. Such insights are invaluable for agricultural practices aiming to protect peach crops from fungal infections and optimize yield.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136349555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher Kalima Phiri, Vernon H. Kabambe, James Bokosi
Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with the current emphasis on legume crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in Lilongwe, Malawi to evaluate the effects of site, A. vogelii dormancy-breaking period on Mkanakaufiti and IT82E-16 cowpea varieties. Varieties of cowpea were grown in A. vogelii-infested pots sourced from three agroecological zones and subjected to varied dormancy-breaking periods. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated four times. The study revealed that dormancy breaking had impacts depending on the A. vogelii source. However, the Alectra source affected the A. vogelii shoot counts and cowpea grain weight. Neno-Manyenye collections had a higher incidence without induced dormancy breaking periods while Lilongwe-Kamowa, and Salima-Matumba collections had a high incidence after the dormancy-breaking period. Late infestation (at 119 to 149 days after planting) on resistant Mkanakaufiti cowpea variety by A. vogelii collections used indicated apparent strain variability of collections used. The results confirmed the delayed resistance mechanism of Mkanakaufiti against A. vogelii. Nevertheless, the variety reactions on the parasitic weed depends on suitability, compatibility, and specificity, although some resistant genotypes tend to lose the resistance mechanism with time. A. vogelii seeds organic carbon % varied (4.87±1.73 to 9.13±0.95) from the three agroecological zones which signified the collections’ variability due to warmer temperatures, relative humidity, and crop husbandry practices under long-term conditions. Therefore, screening efforts for resistance or evaluation of agronomic options to suppress the weed should be intensified.
{"title":"Unraveling Seed Dormancy and Host Specificity of Alectra Vogelii in Malawi","authors":"Christopher Kalima Phiri, Vernon H. Kabambe, James Bokosi","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4663","url":null,"abstract":"Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with the current emphasis on legume crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in Lilongwe, Malawi to evaluate the effects of site, A. vogelii dormancy-breaking period on Mkanakaufiti and IT82E-16 cowpea varieties. Varieties of cowpea were grown in A. vogelii-infested pots sourced from three agroecological zones and subjected to varied dormancy-breaking periods. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated four times. The study revealed that dormancy breaking had impacts depending on the A. vogelii source. However, the Alectra source affected the A. vogelii shoot counts and cowpea grain weight. Neno-Manyenye collections had a higher incidence without induced dormancy breaking periods while Lilongwe-Kamowa, and Salima-Matumba collections had a high incidence after the dormancy-breaking period. Late infestation (at 119 to 149 days after planting) on resistant Mkanakaufiti cowpea variety by A. vogelii collections used indicated apparent strain variability of collections used. The results confirmed the delayed resistance mechanism of Mkanakaufiti against A. vogelii. Nevertheless, the variety reactions on the parasitic weed depends on suitability, compatibility, and specificity, although some resistant genotypes tend to lose the resistance mechanism with time. A. vogelii seeds organic carbon % varied (4.87±1.73 to 9.13±0.95) from the three agroecological zones which signified the collections’ variability due to warmer temperatures, relative humidity, and crop husbandry practices under long-term conditions. Therefore, screening efforts for resistance or evaluation of agronomic options to suppress the weed should be intensified.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136349559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azher Mustafa, Saima Naseer, Salman Ahmad, Hafiz Muhammad Aatif, Azhar Abbas Khan, Zeshan Hassan, Ch. Muhammad Shahis Hanif, Saba Saeed, Javed Anwar Shah, Yasir Ali
The production of chili in Pakistan is currently facing a significant threat from Chili leaf curl virus (ChiLCV). A study was conducted in the crop growing seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad to assess the susceptibility and resistance of nine chili genotypes to ChiLCV. Each genotype was replicated three times by using the Randomized Complete Block Design. Weekly documentation was carried out to record the incidence and severity of the disease. During the first and second crop growing seasons, it was observed that, Tarapuri (78%, 76.9%), CH 107 (67.8%, 63.7%), Talhari (65.7%, 56.8%), CH 109 (52.7%, 54.4%), CH 108 (50.8, 51.1), and GSL-111 (42.6%, 39.5%) genotypes showed susceptible response to ChiLCV. The two genotypes Hybrid-46 (17.7%, 18.5%) and Hot Queen (15.5%, 13.4%) exhibited a moderately resistant response and only one genotype CBS1292 (40.7%, 39.1%) showed a moderately susceptible response against ChiLCV. The results of the screening experiment indicated that a majority of chili varieties exhibit susceptibility to chili leaf curl disease and the most of the germplasm is deficient in terms of providing protection against the disease. In addition, another study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of five insecticides, namely Acephate 75 SP, Emamectin, Imidacloprid, Diafenthiuron, and a combination of these insecticides, in managing percent disease incidence, reducing whitefly population, and enhancing crop yield. Among the various insecticides evaluated, Diafenthiuron exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing disease incidence (7.70%, 6.66%), reducing white fly population (1.80, 1.56), and increasing the yield of green fruit (120.71, 132.52q/ha) followed by combination of all of these inecticides, Imidacloprid, Emamectin, and Acephate during both crop growing seasons. This approach has proved a high level of safety and ecological compatibility, and it appeared to be a practical disease management tool.
{"title":"Assessing the Resistance of Different Chili Genotypes to Chili Leaf Curl Virus (Chilcv) and Evaluating Insecticides for Controlling its Vector, Bemisia Tabaci","authors":"Azher Mustafa, Saima Naseer, Salman Ahmad, Hafiz Muhammad Aatif, Azhar Abbas Khan, Zeshan Hassan, Ch. Muhammad Shahis Hanif, Saba Saeed, Javed Anwar Shah, Yasir Ali","doi":"10.33804/pp.007.02.4661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.02.4661","url":null,"abstract":"The production of chili in Pakistan is currently facing a significant threat from Chili leaf curl virus (ChiLCV). A study was conducted in the crop growing seasons 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad to assess the susceptibility and resistance of nine chili genotypes to ChiLCV. Each genotype was replicated three times by using the Randomized Complete Block Design. Weekly documentation was carried out to record the incidence and severity of the disease. During the first and second crop growing seasons, it was observed that, Tarapuri (78%, 76.9%), CH 107 (67.8%, 63.7%), Talhari (65.7%, 56.8%), CH 109 (52.7%, 54.4%), CH 108 (50.8, 51.1), and GSL-111 (42.6%, 39.5%) genotypes showed susceptible response to ChiLCV. The two genotypes Hybrid-46 (17.7%, 18.5%) and Hot Queen (15.5%, 13.4%) exhibited a moderately resistant response and only one genotype CBS1292 (40.7%, 39.1%) showed a moderately susceptible response against ChiLCV. The results of the screening experiment indicated that a majority of chili varieties exhibit susceptibility to chili leaf curl disease and the most of the germplasm is deficient in terms of providing protection against the disease. In addition, another study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of five insecticides, namely Acephate 75 SP, Emamectin, Imidacloprid, Diafenthiuron, and a combination of these insecticides, in managing percent disease incidence, reducing whitefly population, and enhancing crop yield. Among the various insecticides evaluated, Diafenthiuron exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing disease incidence (7.70%, 6.66%), reducing white fly population (1.80, 1.56), and increasing the yield of green fruit (120.71, 132.52q/ha) followed by combination of all of these inecticides, Imidacloprid, Emamectin, and Acephate during both crop growing seasons. This approach has proved a high level of safety and ecological compatibility, and it appeared to be a practical disease management tool.","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136242781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Brankov, G. S. Alves, Bruno Canella Vieira, Miloš Zarić, G. Kruger
{"title":"Particle drift potential of mesotrione and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron-methyl tank mixture in a low-speed wind tunnel","authors":"M. Brankov, G. S. Alves, Bruno Canella Vieira, Miloš Zarić, G. Kruger","doi":"10.17221/39/2023-pps","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/39/2023-pps","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20213,"journal":{"name":"Plant protection science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45248615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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