Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1094/php-05-22-0043-dg
Kensy D. Rodriguez-Herrera, V. Doyle, P. Price, III, B. Padgett, S. Thomas-Sharma
Aerial blight is an important disease affecting soybean production in the US mid-South and other countries. Aerial blight is caused by the soil borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. This diagnostic guide provides details about symptoms, host range, distribution, isolation, identification, and other characteristics of R. solani AG1-IA, to aid with diagnosis and identification of aerial blight in the field.
{"title":"Aerial blight of soybean caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA: A diagnostic guide","authors":"Kensy D. Rodriguez-Herrera, V. Doyle, P. Price, III, B. Padgett, S. Thomas-Sharma","doi":"10.1094/php-05-22-0043-dg","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-05-22-0043-dg","url":null,"abstract":"Aerial blight is an important disease affecting soybean production in the US mid-South and other countries. Aerial blight is caused by the soil borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. This diagnostic guide provides details about symptoms, host range, distribution, isolation, identification, and other characteristics of R. solani AG1-IA, to aid with diagnosis and identification of aerial blight in the field.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49169727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1094/php-05-22-0055-rs
Cameron Saunders, Sonet Van Zyl, R. Naegele
Five isolates of Xylella fastidiosa subs. fastidiosa were evaluated for virulence differences using the grape cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Significant variation in virulence was observed among isolates. Two isolates representing high and moderate virulence in grape were used for evaluating susceptibility on twenty-one grape lines (cultivars (cv.) and breeding lines). Lines showed significant differences in symptom development and bacterial populations when inoculated with one of two isolates. Table grape cultivars Scarlet Royal, Solbrio, and Red Globe were among the cultivars with the highest disease symptoms and bacterial populations, while ‘Flame Seedless’ showed moderate or low symptoms and had lower bacterial populations in this study than most other commercial table grape cultivars. Sources of Pierce’s disease resistance or tolerance commonly used in breeding programs showed few symptoms when inoculated with either isolate, but levels of bacteria within the plant varied. A new source of Pierce’s disease resistance/tolerance, IAC 572, was identified.
{"title":"Virulence variability in Xylella fastidiosa and disease susceptibility of cultivated and wild grape species","authors":"Cameron Saunders, Sonet Van Zyl, R. Naegele","doi":"10.1094/php-05-22-0055-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-05-22-0055-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Five isolates of Xylella fastidiosa subs. fastidiosa were evaluated for virulence differences using the grape cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Significant variation in virulence was observed among isolates. Two isolates representing high and moderate virulence in grape were used for evaluating susceptibility on twenty-one grape lines (cultivars (cv.) and breeding lines). Lines showed significant differences in symptom development and bacterial populations when inoculated with one of two isolates. Table grape cultivars Scarlet Royal, Solbrio, and Red Globe were among the cultivars with the highest disease symptoms and bacterial populations, while ‘Flame Seedless’ showed moderate or low symptoms and had lower bacterial populations in this study than most other commercial table grape cultivars. Sources of Pierce’s disease resistance or tolerance commonly used in breeding programs showed few symptoms when inoculated with either isolate, but levels of bacteria within the plant varied. A new source of Pierce’s disease resistance/tolerance, IAC 572, was identified.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43860801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.1094/php-08-22-0071-rs
A. Mabele, F. Muyekho, H. Wéré
Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV, genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae) causing cucurbit aphid-borne yellows disease (CABYD) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), is characterized by interveinal yellowing symptoms in leaves. CABYV is transmitted by Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae. CABYV causes up to 80% yield loss but there is no information available on its occurrence, serological and molecular characteristics in groundnuts. Two disease diagnostic surveys were conducted during the short and long rain seasons of 2020 and 2021 in Bungoma, Busia, Kakamega and Siaya counties growing groundnut. Disease incidence and severity was scored and data collected analysed using R Software. Serological bioassays were done using TAS-ELISA and positive samples pooled then processed with the transposon-based chemistry library preparation kit (Nextera XT, Illumina). Phylogenetic analyses and comparisons were performed using the MEGA X software. The short rains season recorded higher incidence (73.61%) than the long rains season (42.65%). The CABYV isolates from Kenya clustered with other poleroviruses variedly. CABYV6-2 showed 94.5% nucleotide identity with CpPV2 isolate KX599164.1 from Burkina Faso and 83.4% identity with CABYV isolate MG257902.1 from Korea. This research provides evidence for the first report of CABYV infecting A. hypogaea relevant for development of better plant health management technologies for increased groundnut yield.
{"title":"First Report of Cucurbit Aphid-Borne Yellows Virus Infecting Groundnut in Kenya","authors":"A. Mabele, F. Muyekho, H. Wéré","doi":"10.1094/php-08-22-0071-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-08-22-0071-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV, genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae) causing cucurbit aphid-borne yellows disease (CABYD) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), is characterized by interveinal yellowing symptoms in leaves. CABYV is transmitted by Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae. CABYV causes up to 80% yield loss but there is no information available on its occurrence, serological and molecular characteristics in groundnuts. Two disease diagnostic surveys were conducted during the short and long rain seasons of 2020 and 2021 in Bungoma, Busia, Kakamega and Siaya counties growing groundnut. Disease incidence and severity was scored and data collected analysed using R Software. Serological bioassays were done using TAS-ELISA and positive samples pooled then processed with the transposon-based chemistry library preparation kit (Nextera XT, Illumina). Phylogenetic analyses and comparisons were performed using the MEGA X software. The short rains season recorded higher incidence (73.61%) than the long rains season (42.65%). The CABYV isolates from Kenya clustered with other poleroviruses variedly. CABYV6-2 showed 94.5% nucleotide identity with CpPV2 isolate KX599164.1 from Burkina Faso and 83.4% identity with CABYV isolate MG257902.1 from Korea. This research provides evidence for the first report of CABYV infecting A. hypogaea relevant for development of better plant health management technologies for increased groundnut yield.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42377105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1094/php-08-22-0074-rs
A. J. Jimenez Madrid, M. L. Lewis Ivey
Streptomycin is the primary method used to control apple blossom infections caused by Erwinia amylovora in the United States (US). Improper use of streptomycin can contribute to resistance development in E. amylovora and other epiphytic bacteria in the apple tree. Streptomycin resistant (SmR) E. amylovora strains have been reported in several apple production states in the US, however, the prevalence and genetic basis of E. amylovora resistance in Ohio (OH) orchards is reported for the first time in this study. While most strains isolated from OH were sensitive to streptomycin, 7.8% had a resistant phenotype with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 or 2500 µg/ml. Resistance was conferred by the linked strA-strB genes on the non-conjugative plasmid pEA29. Only one strain (MIC=2500 µg/ml) did not have the linked strA-strB genes or a mutation in codon 43 of rspL. Epiphytic bacteria, including other species of Erwinia and species of Pantoea, with a resistant phenotype were also recovered from apple blossoms. Epiphytic isolates (44%) were resistant up to 500 µg/ml and 56% up to 2500 µg/ml. The genetic basis for resistance of a subset of epiphytic bacteria (n=54) was confirmed to be through the presence of the plasmid transmitted gene pair, strA/strB.
{"title":"An Overview of Streptomycin Resistance in Erwinia amylovora from Ohio Apple Orchards","authors":"A. J. Jimenez Madrid, M. L. Lewis Ivey","doi":"10.1094/php-08-22-0074-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-08-22-0074-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Streptomycin is the primary method used to control apple blossom infections caused by Erwinia amylovora in the United States (US). Improper use of streptomycin can contribute to resistance development in E. amylovora and other epiphytic bacteria in the apple tree. Streptomycin resistant (SmR) E. amylovora strains have been reported in several apple production states in the US, however, the prevalence and genetic basis of E. amylovora resistance in Ohio (OH) orchards is reported for the first time in this study. While most strains isolated from OH were sensitive to streptomycin, 7.8% had a resistant phenotype with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 or 2500 µg/ml. Resistance was conferred by the linked strA-strB genes on the non-conjugative plasmid pEA29. Only one strain (MIC=2500 µg/ml) did not have the linked strA-strB genes or a mutation in codon 43 of rspL. Epiphytic bacteria, including other species of Erwinia and species of Pantoea, with a resistant phenotype were also recovered from apple blossoms. Epiphytic isolates (44%) were resistant up to 500 µg/ml and 56% up to 2500 µg/ml. The genetic basis for resistance of a subset of epiphytic bacteria (n=54) was confirmed to be through the presence of the plasmid transmitted gene pair, strA/strB.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42860338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1094/php-06-22-0058-rs
A. Wyenandt, Anthony J. Noto, D. Ward
From 2016 to 2018, six fungicide programs for the control of cucurbit powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) on a powdery mildew resistant summer squash ‘Reward F1’ and powdery mildew susceptible ‘Senator’ were evaluated with an emphasis on reducing the number of chlorothalonil applications. In all three years, cucurbit powdery control was greatest (based on lowest AUDPC values) when fungicides with a high-risk (HR) for resistance development and with different modes of action were applied in rotation season long or when HR fungicides were applied before and following the onset of disease development, rather than weekly following symptom observation in the susceptible and resistant cultivars. For a disease such as cucurbit powdery mildew, where there are multiple HR fungicides with different modes of action available and where their use could be limited to one or two applications per growing season, these fungicides might be suitable replacements for protectant fungicides in cucurbit crops that have stable, genetic resistance to cucurbit powdery mildew.
{"title":"Replacing low-risk fungicides with high-risk fungicides for control of powdery mildew in a resistant and susceptible summer squash cultivar in New Jersey","authors":"A. Wyenandt, Anthony J. Noto, D. Ward","doi":"10.1094/php-06-22-0058-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-06-22-0058-rs","url":null,"abstract":"From 2016 to 2018, six fungicide programs for the control of cucurbit powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) on a powdery mildew resistant summer squash ‘Reward F1’ and powdery mildew susceptible ‘Senator’ were evaluated with an emphasis on reducing the number of chlorothalonil applications. In all three years, cucurbit powdery control was greatest (based on lowest AUDPC values) when fungicides with a high-risk (HR) for resistance development and with different modes of action were applied in rotation season long or when HR fungicides were applied before and following the onset of disease development, rather than weekly following symptom observation in the susceptible and resistant cultivars. For a disease such as cucurbit powdery mildew, where there are multiple HR fungicides with different modes of action available and where their use could be limited to one or two applications per growing season, these fungicides might be suitable replacements for protectant fungicides in cucurbit crops that have stable, genetic resistance to cucurbit powdery mildew.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42343834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-09DOI: 10.1094/php-07-22-0064-s
Alexandra C. Kessler, A. Koehler
Soybean cyst nematode is the most yield-limiting pathogen of soybean across Delaware (DE) and eastern shore Maryland (MD). To update nematode distribution and population data, a three-year soil survey was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Soybean fields across DE and nine MD counties were sampled from August through October. Three hundred and eleven soil samples were collected, including two hundred and 22 predictive samples and 89 diagnostic samples. Across all samples, nine nematode taxa were identified. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, 53.38%), root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, 18.33%), lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp., 57.23%), and spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp., 54.34%) were most abundant in the region. Among these taxa, 66% of SCN samples had populations above the economic threshold; 39% of RKN; and 14% of lesion. Results from this survey highlight the continued challenge of SCN in the region and that other nematode taxa like RKN and lesion should be monitored. Many fields have multiple nematode genera present, and interactions are poorly understood.
{"title":"A survey of plant parasitic nematodes of soybeans in Delaware and Maryland 2019-2021","authors":"Alexandra C. Kessler, A. Koehler","doi":"10.1094/php-07-22-0064-s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-07-22-0064-s","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean cyst nematode is the most yield-limiting pathogen of soybean across Delaware (DE) and eastern shore Maryland (MD). To update nematode distribution and population data, a three-year soil survey was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Soybean fields across DE and nine MD counties were sampled from August through October. Three hundred and eleven soil samples were collected, including two hundred and 22 predictive samples and 89 diagnostic samples. Across all samples, nine nematode taxa were identified. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, 53.38%), root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, 18.33%), lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp., 57.23%), and spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp., 54.34%) were most abundant in the region. Among these taxa, 66% of SCN samples had populations above the economic threshold; 39% of RKN; and 14% of lesion. Results from this survey highlight the continued challenge of SCN in the region and that other nematode taxa like RKN and lesion should be monitored. Many fields have multiple nematode genera present, and interactions are poorly understood.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45508337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-05DOI: 10.1094/php-04-22-0039-br
Jiahuai Hu
Leyland cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii) is an evergreen landscape tree that is fast-growing and widely used to create windbreaks or privacy screening in Arizona. In Jul 2021, branch dieback and tree mortality were observed in Leyland cypress trees. Other symptoms include changed needle color, yellowing, wilting, branch decline or longitudinal bark cankers on the stems and branches with resin exudates. Four branches with canker and resin exudates were collected for pathogen identification. Slow-growing fungal colonies on PDA had dense and floccose appearance with green or grayish-olive color in the center. Acervuli were formed on sterilized cypress twigs placed on water agar for 3 weeks under natural lighting provided by a nearby window with an eastern exposure (12-14 h photophase). Conidia were oblong-fusiform in shape with sizes ranging from 21-28 × 8-11 μm (15 measurements). Conidia were 5-septate with four dark brown media cells and two hyaline small end cells (1μm long). These morphological characteristics putatively classified the fungus as S. cardinale. ITS and BTUB DNA sequences confirmed its ID. To complete Koch's postulates, pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on five 3-year-old Leyland cypress plants in 5-liter pots. This provides the first account of the occurrence of bark cankers caused by S. cardinale in Leyland cypress in Arizona.
{"title":"Detection of Seiridium cardinale Causing Bark Cankers on Leyland Cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii) in Arizona","authors":"Jiahuai Hu","doi":"10.1094/php-04-22-0039-br","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-04-22-0039-br","url":null,"abstract":"Leyland cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii) is an evergreen landscape tree that is fast-growing and widely used to create windbreaks or privacy screening in Arizona. In Jul 2021, branch dieback and tree mortality were observed in Leyland cypress trees. Other symptoms include changed needle color, yellowing, wilting, branch decline or longitudinal bark cankers on the stems and branches with resin exudates. Four branches with canker and resin exudates were collected for pathogen identification. Slow-growing fungal colonies on PDA had dense and floccose appearance with green or grayish-olive color in the center. Acervuli were formed on sterilized cypress twigs placed on water agar for 3 weeks under natural lighting provided by a nearby window with an eastern exposure (12-14 h photophase). Conidia were oblong-fusiform in shape with sizes ranging from 21-28 × 8-11 μm (15 measurements). Conidia were 5-septate with four dark brown media cells and two hyaline small end cells (1μm long). These morphological characteristics putatively classified the fungus as S. cardinale. ITS and BTUB DNA sequences confirmed its ID. To complete Koch's postulates, pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on five 3-year-old Leyland cypress plants in 5-liter pots. This provides the first account of the occurrence of bark cankers caused by S. cardinale in Leyland cypress in Arizona.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43986407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-04DOI: 10.1094/php-01-22-0009-rs
K. Neugebauer, G. Dabbah, T. Miles
Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc) is the causal agent of mummy berry in highbush blueberries. The primary inoculum of Mvc consists of ascospores that are discharged from apothecia on overwintered mummified blueberry fruits on the ground below blueberry bushes. Models currently exist in southern climates to predict the emergence of apothecia and ascospore discharge based on growing degree days. In order to better understand the release of primary inoculum in northern climates, apothecial emergence and ascospore discharge was studied in relation to weather variables. A Burkard spore trap was used to collect ascospores in blueberry fields with a history of the disease in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2009. Peak ascospore discharge was inversely correlated with daily relative humidity, and the majority of ascospores were initially discharged between 61 and 291 growing degree-days (using 5.5°C base) and after 1549 to 1924 chill-hours (above freezing) were attained. The chilling requirement of pseudosclerotia was studied by removing them at different times during the winter months and allowing them to germinate in the laboratory. Additionally, the optimal average apothecial cup diameter in the field was investigated in relationship to ascospore discharge (between 3-7 mm). Finally, we proposed a simplified degree-day model to predict apothecia emergence and ascospore discharge with apothecia emergence timings at several locations from 2007-2010. The information in the study may be used to predict mummy berry apothecium emergence and ascospore discharge and could be incorporated into web-based risk modeling applications with the aim of providing growers useful tools to improve fungicide spray timing.
{"title":"Models for Apothecial Emergence and Ascospore Discharge of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in Michigan Blueberry Fields","authors":"K. Neugebauer, G. Dabbah, T. Miles","doi":"10.1094/php-01-22-0009-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-01-22-0009-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc) is the causal agent of mummy berry in highbush blueberries. The primary inoculum of Mvc consists of ascospores that are discharged from apothecia on overwintered mummified blueberry fruits on the ground below blueberry bushes. Models currently exist in southern climates to predict the emergence of apothecia and ascospore discharge based on growing degree days. In order to better understand the release of primary inoculum in northern climates, apothecial emergence and ascospore discharge was studied in relation to weather variables. A Burkard spore trap was used to collect ascospores in blueberry fields with a history of the disease in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2009. Peak ascospore discharge was inversely correlated with daily relative humidity, and the majority of ascospores were initially discharged between 61 and 291 growing degree-days (using 5.5°C base) and after 1549 to 1924 chill-hours (above freezing) were attained. The chilling requirement of pseudosclerotia was studied by removing them at different times during the winter months and allowing them to germinate in the laboratory. Additionally, the optimal average apothecial cup diameter in the field was investigated in relationship to ascospore discharge (between 3-7 mm). Finally, we proposed a simplified degree-day model to predict apothecia emergence and ascospore discharge with apothecia emergence timings at several locations from 2007-2010. The information in the study may be used to predict mummy berry apothecium emergence and ascospore discharge and could be incorporated into web-based risk modeling applications with the aim of providing growers useful tools to improve fungicide spray timing.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49518232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-04DOI: 10.1094/php-07-22-0061-br
J. Patel, Peng Tian, N. Navarrete-Tindall, W. S. Bartelette
Prunus americana (wild plum) is commonly found in Missouri and many other US states from Texas to Massachusetts. In May 2022, P. americana fruits exhibiting brown rot symptoms were observed in Cole County, Missouri. The symptoms include brown rot and mummified fruits. Advanced symptoms include fruits covered with fungal growth. A single-spore isolate (PAM-1) was recovered from fruits showing brow rot symptoms. The PAM-1 isolate cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) grew a 100 mm diameter Petri dish in seven days. The colony was off-white to light brown in color, circular, and showed concentric rings. The colony had entire margins and produced abundant conidia on PDA. The conidia (n=50) were 12.07 µm long and 7.64 µm wide. The conidia are oblong to lemon-shaped and hyaline. The polymerase chain reaction with ITS1 and ITS4 primers generated 508 bp DNA sequence which showed 100% identity to Monilinia fructicola (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ515894.1 and EF207419.1). Pathogenicity tests on both wounded and unwounded fruits exhibited similar symptoms. Control fruits did not show any symptoms. Based on the disease symptoms, pathogen morphology, molecular characterization, and pathogenicity test the pathogen was identified as M. fructicola. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific report showing M. fructicola as a causal organism of brown rot of wild plum in Missouri.
{"title":"Occurrence of brown rot of wild plum caused by Monilinia fructicola in Missouri","authors":"J. Patel, Peng Tian, N. Navarrete-Tindall, W. S. Bartelette","doi":"10.1094/php-07-22-0061-br","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-07-22-0061-br","url":null,"abstract":"Prunus americana (wild plum) is commonly found in Missouri and many other US states from Texas to Massachusetts. In May 2022, P. americana fruits exhibiting brown rot symptoms were observed in Cole County, Missouri. The symptoms include brown rot and mummified fruits. Advanced symptoms include fruits covered with fungal growth. A single-spore isolate (PAM-1) was recovered from fruits showing brow rot symptoms. The PAM-1 isolate cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) grew a 100 mm diameter Petri dish in seven days. The colony was off-white to light brown in color, circular, and showed concentric rings. The colony had entire margins and produced abundant conidia on PDA. The conidia (n=50) were 12.07 µm long and 7.64 µm wide. The conidia are oblong to lemon-shaped and hyaline. The polymerase chain reaction with ITS1 and ITS4 primers generated 508 bp DNA sequence which showed 100% identity to Monilinia fructicola (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ515894.1 and EF207419.1). Pathogenicity tests on both wounded and unwounded fruits exhibited similar symptoms. Control fruits did not show any symptoms. Based on the disease symptoms, pathogen morphology, molecular characterization, and pathogenicity test the pathogen was identified as M. fructicola. To our knowledge, this is the first scientific report showing M. fructicola as a causal organism of brown rot of wild plum in Missouri.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45455585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-04DOI: 10.1094/php-05-22-0054-rs
Papan Chowhan, A. Chakraborty
Between December 2021 and January 2022, leaf spot disease was observed on leaves of field grown banana plants and the disease was reported from the location of Sarai, Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal. The temperature ranged from 10.3-17.8 °C in December and 9.0-24.0 °C in January. Symptoms first appeared as yellowish brown spots throughout the middle portion as well as around the margin of leaves. Lesions often have a brown border and can be surrounded by a yellow halo. Symptoms ranged from a few lesions scattered across leaves to lesions densely covering large sections of leaves. The diseased leaf sample (1-1.5 cm) was cut into small pieces and transferred into PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium after surface sterilization of the leaf sample with 0.1% HgCl2 for 2 min, followed by ethanol for 2 min. A fungus was isolated from the infected leaf onto potato dextrose agar amended with antibiotic Monocef. The fungus was characterized morphologically using microscopes and identified as Curvularia lunata using molecular techniques (As per Light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic views of mycelia and conidia of the fungus). Based on molecular identification (18S rDNA partial sequencing), the fungus was identified as Curvularia lunata (ON246070) and finally submitted to NCBI GenBank. Disease symptoms were developed within 5 days on inoculated detached leaves. In detached leaf inoculation technique, on inoculated leaf surfaces, conidial germination was observed after 24, 48 and 72 hrs. of inoculation of spore suspension (1x103 conidia/ml). Curvularia lunata was reisolated from the developed infected spots.
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