Pub Date : 2022-12-19DOI: 10.1094/php-10-22-0114-br
Devin Bily, Beth McClelland
Magnolia ‘Butterflies’ is a deciduous hybrid cultivar resulting from a cross between M. acuminata and M. denudata. It is a pyramidal ornamental tree or multi-stemmed shrub that grows well in USDA hardiness zones 5 to 9, with fragrant, canary yellow flowers. On 06 July 2021, during a survey at a Fairfax County, VA ornamental plant nursery, six out of 11 plants in 18.9-liter pots exhibited leaf necrosis and premature senescence on the lower branches.
{"title":"First Report of Phytophthora nicotianae causing leaf necrosis on Magnolia ‘Butterflies’ in a Virginia ornamental plant nursery","authors":"Devin Bily, Beth McClelland","doi":"10.1094/php-10-22-0114-br","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-10-22-0114-br","url":null,"abstract":"Magnolia ‘Butterflies’ is a deciduous hybrid cultivar resulting from a cross between M. acuminata and M. denudata. It is a pyramidal ornamental tree or multi-stemmed shrub that grows well in USDA hardiness zones 5 to 9, with fragrant, canary yellow flowers. On 06 July 2021, during a survey at a Fairfax County, VA ornamental plant nursery, six out of 11 plants in 18.9-liter pots exhibited leaf necrosis and premature senescence on the lower branches.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46098646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.1094/php-09-22-0092-s
N. Kleczewski, A. L. Colgrove, C. Harbach, N. D. Bowman, D. Plewa
In Illinois, Soybean cyst nematode (SCN: Heterodera glycines), was estimated to cause over 15 million $U.S. in losses as recently as 2021. In addition, populations of SCN insensitive to PI88788 derived resistance, the most commonly used SCN resistance source in commercially available soybeans, continues to increase. Despite this, awareness of this pathogen and its current status in the state are relatively lacking. A survey was conducted in 2018 and 2020 to assess the presence, abundance, and virulence phenotypes of SCN in Illinois soybean fields. Soil samples were collected and processed for SCN eggs after harvest each year and samples exceeding threshold values of SCN eggs were virulence tested using the Hg type test. A total of 95 samples were collected, representing 46 counties. Eighty seven percent of fields sampled contained SCN eggs, with 38% containing population densities over 2,000 eggs /100 cm3. All samples included in the Hg type test had a female index >10 on indicator line PI88788, indicating insensitivity to this resistance source. Extrapolated across soybean production acres, these data indicate that approximately 4.4 million acres of soybeans contain levels of SCN requiring SCN management and over 54% of acres using cultivars derived from PI88788 are not fully protected from this pathogen.
{"title":"A survey of soybean cyst nematode population densities and phenotypes in Illinois: 2018 and 2020","authors":"N. Kleczewski, A. L. Colgrove, C. Harbach, N. D. Bowman, D. Plewa","doi":"10.1094/php-09-22-0092-s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-09-22-0092-s","url":null,"abstract":"In Illinois, Soybean cyst nematode (SCN: Heterodera glycines), was estimated to cause over 15 million $U.S. in losses as recently as 2021. In addition, populations of SCN insensitive to PI88788 derived resistance, the most commonly used SCN resistance source in commercially available soybeans, continues to increase. Despite this, awareness of this pathogen and its current status in the state are relatively lacking. A survey was conducted in 2018 and 2020 to assess the presence, abundance, and virulence phenotypes of SCN in Illinois soybean fields. Soil samples were collected and processed for SCN eggs after harvest each year and samples exceeding threshold values of SCN eggs were virulence tested using the Hg type test. A total of 95 samples were collected, representing 46 counties. Eighty seven percent of fields sampled contained SCN eggs, with 38% containing population densities over 2,000 eggs /100 cm3. All samples included in the Hg type test had a female index >10 on indicator line PI88788, indicating insensitivity to this resistance source. Extrapolated across soybean production acres, these data indicate that approximately 4.4 million acres of soybeans contain levels of SCN requiring SCN management and over 54% of acres using cultivars derived from PI88788 are not fully protected from this pathogen.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47920735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.1094/php-07-22-0067-rs
A. Keinath
Based on worldwide reports, Phytophthora nicotianae and Pythium aphanidermatum are the Phytophthora and Pythium species most frequently reported on eggplant (Solanum melongena). Both species were identified on fruit of several eggplant cultivars grown in Charleston, SC, in spring 2018. The objective of this study was to determine if seven cultivars, each representing a different fruit type, differed in susceptibility to Phytophthora nicotianae and if periderm or flesh firmness or fruit density was associated with differences. Eggplant fruit were inoculated with colonized agar plugs and incubated 4 days at high relative humidity. Japanese eggplant cv. Millionaire had a greater incidence of fruit infection, wider lesion diameter, and a greater percentage of lesion area with pathogen growth than six other cultivars. Patio Baby, an Indian type, and Fairy Tale, a graffiti type, had the lowest incidence compared to the other five cultivars and no pathogen growth in lesions. Periderm firmness was negatively correlated with incidence, lesion diameter, and diameter of pathogen growth within lesions (P ≤ 0.01). The significant correlations of lesion size with the size of pathogen growth suggest that the same characteristics that limit lesion expansion, e. g., some aspect of periderm firmness, also may limit mycelial growth and sporangial production. Growers may need to apply oomycete-specific fungicides registered on eggplant more frequently to Japanese cultivars than to cultivars that produce graffiti or Indian type fruit.
{"title":"Eggplant Fruit Periderm Firmness Correlated with Resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae","authors":"A. Keinath","doi":"10.1094/php-07-22-0067-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-07-22-0067-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Based on worldwide reports, Phytophthora nicotianae and Pythium aphanidermatum are the Phytophthora and Pythium species most frequently reported on eggplant (Solanum melongena). Both species were identified on fruit of several eggplant cultivars grown in Charleston, SC, in spring 2018. The objective of this study was to determine if seven cultivars, each representing a different fruit type, differed in susceptibility to Phytophthora nicotianae and if periderm or flesh firmness or fruit density was associated with differences. Eggplant fruit were inoculated with colonized agar plugs and incubated 4 days at high relative humidity. Japanese eggplant cv. Millionaire had a greater incidence of fruit infection, wider lesion diameter, and a greater percentage of lesion area with pathogen growth than six other cultivars. Patio Baby, an Indian type, and Fairy Tale, a graffiti type, had the lowest incidence compared to the other five cultivars and no pathogen growth in lesions. Periderm firmness was negatively correlated with incidence, lesion diameter, and diameter of pathogen growth within lesions (P ≤ 0.01). The significant correlations of lesion size with the size of pathogen growth suggest that the same characteristics that limit lesion expansion, e. g., some aspect of periderm firmness, also may limit mycelial growth and sporangial production. Growers may need to apply oomycete-specific fungicides registered on eggplant more frequently to Japanese cultivars than to cultivars that produce graffiti or Indian type fruit.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46769799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1094/php-06-22-0057-dg
T. Boufleur, João Vitor Pelizzaro Morales, Túlio V. Martins, Manoel Penachio Gonçalves, N. S. Massola, L. Amorim
Myrtle rust is associated with more than 480 host species belonging to the Myrtaceae family, including economically important genera, such as Eucalyptus, Metrosideros, Angophora, Syzygium, and Psidium, and native plant species that are part of forest biodiversity in several countries (Soewarto et al. 2018). This disease is caused by Austropuccinia psidii (G. Winter) Beenken, 2017 (Synonym Puccinia psidii (G. Winter), 1884). In this publication we provided methods for myrtle rust diagnosis and to manipulate the pathogen in field and laboratory conditions.
{"title":"A diagnostic guide for myrtle rust","authors":"T. Boufleur, João Vitor Pelizzaro Morales, Túlio V. Martins, Manoel Penachio Gonçalves, N. S. Massola, L. Amorim","doi":"10.1094/php-06-22-0057-dg","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-06-22-0057-dg","url":null,"abstract":"Myrtle rust is associated with more than 480 host species belonging to the Myrtaceae family, including economically important genera, such as Eucalyptus, Metrosideros, Angophora, Syzygium, and Psidium, and native plant species that are part of forest biodiversity in several countries (Soewarto et al. 2018). This disease is caused by Austropuccinia psidii (G. Winter) Beenken, 2017 (Synonym Puccinia psidii (G. Winter), 1884). In this publication we provided methods for myrtle rust diagnosis and to manipulate the pathogen in field and laboratory conditions.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44431506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.1094/php-05-22-0044-rs
Paula Rios Glusberger, Joseph R. Petrone, Alam Muñoz-Beristain, A. Guha, C. Vincent, Jinyun Li, Nian Wang, N. Killiny, E. Triplett
Citrus greening disease is now completely endemic to Florida citrus trees, having spread rapidly across all counties in the past 20 years and causing devastating economic losses. The disease’s etiological agent is the phloem-restricted bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Liberibacter crescens, the closest culturable relative, was discovered to prefer citrate as its most effective carbon and energy source. Citrus plants load free-citrate in response to phosphorus deficiency. In Florida’s calcareous soils, supplemental phosphate fertilization is very low due to the assumption that it is readily available for plants through the soil. It is likely that citrus trees are loading citrate to mine phosphorus from the soil, which could inadvertently exacerbate CLas infection. In greenhouse experiments, foliar sprayed phosphate is taken up by the plants, resulting in decreased free-citrate levels and changes in fumaric and succinic acids in the phloem, in addition to delaying titer detection of CLas. Our field experiments - where mature trees have a well-established HLB infection that’s maintained by infected psyllids – exhibited lower CLas titer for some of the phosphate treatments across time.
{"title":"Foliar phosphate applications influence organic acid composition in the citrus phloem and could reduce HLB disease by limiting CLas titers","authors":"Paula Rios Glusberger, Joseph R. Petrone, Alam Muñoz-Beristain, A. Guha, C. Vincent, Jinyun Li, Nian Wang, N. Killiny, E. Triplett","doi":"10.1094/php-05-22-0044-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-05-22-0044-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus greening disease is now completely endemic to Florida citrus trees, having spread rapidly across all counties in the past 20 years and causing devastating economic losses. The disease’s etiological agent is the phloem-restricted bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Liberibacter crescens, the closest culturable relative, was discovered to prefer citrate as its most effective carbon and energy source. Citrus plants load free-citrate in response to phosphorus deficiency. In Florida’s calcareous soils, supplemental phosphate fertilization is very low due to the assumption that it is readily available for plants through the soil. It is likely that citrus trees are loading citrate to mine phosphorus from the soil, which could inadvertently exacerbate CLas infection. In greenhouse experiments, foliar sprayed phosphate is taken up by the plants, resulting in decreased free-citrate levels and changes in fumaric and succinic acids in the phloem, in addition to delaying titer detection of CLas. Our field experiments - where mature trees have a well-established HLB infection that’s maintained by infected psyllids – exhibited lower CLas titer for some of the phosphate treatments across time.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49177755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.1094/php-08-22-0080-br
Patricia Kaishian, T. Creswell, J. Bonkowski, C. Aimé
Smoketrees (or smoke bush, Cotinus spp.) are large deciduous trees or bushes in the Anacardiaceae. European smoketrees (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) are valued as an ornamental for their unusual flowers and striking Autumn color. In June 2020, leaves of C. coggygria from a single tree in a home landscape in Franklin, Indiana. were found to be infected. Leaves with evidence of rust disease— plant tissue distortion with visible fungal growth—were submitted to the Purdue Plant and Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Morphological identification was supported by extracting DNA from the specimen, sequencing the 28S region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat, and comparing this to another accessioned P. cotini-coggygriae specimen (PUR018082; GenBank accession #MZ188974) from the Arthur Fungarium (PUR), resulting in 100% identity shared. This is the first vouchered record of P cotini-coggygriae in the midwestern United States.
{"title":"First report of smoketree rust, caused by Pileolaria cotini-coggygriae, in the Midwest USA","authors":"Patricia Kaishian, T. Creswell, J. Bonkowski, C. Aimé","doi":"10.1094/php-08-22-0080-br","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-08-22-0080-br","url":null,"abstract":"Smoketrees (or smoke bush, Cotinus spp.) are large deciduous trees or bushes in the Anacardiaceae. European smoketrees (Cotinus coggygria Scop.) are valued as an ornamental for their unusual flowers and striking Autumn color. In June 2020, leaves of C. coggygria from a single tree in a home landscape in Franklin, Indiana. were found to be infected. Leaves with evidence of rust disease— plant tissue distortion with visible fungal growth—were submitted to the Purdue Plant and Pest Diagnostic Laboratory. Morphological identification was supported by extracting DNA from the specimen, sequencing the 28S region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat, and comparing this to another accessioned P. cotini-coggygriae specimen (PUR018082; GenBank accession #MZ188974) from the Arthur Fungarium (PUR), resulting in 100% identity shared. This is the first vouchered record of P cotini-coggygriae in the midwestern United States.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45375213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-25DOI: 10.1094/php-08-22-0072-rs
Cameron M. Stephens, T. Gannon, L. Thiessen, M. Cubeta, J. Kerns
Take-all root rot (TARR) of ultradwarf bermudagrass is caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Gg), Gaeumannomyces graminicola (Ggram), Candidacolonium cynodontis (Cc), and Magnaporthiopsis cynodontis (Mc). Multiple pathogens have recently been associated with this disease and biological parameters such as fungicide sensitivity have not been explored in ultradwarf bermudagrass. While fungicides are commonly used to mitigate disease development, high organic matter present in the turfgrass system may limit the bioavailability of fungicides. Fungicide bioavailability may be influenced by organic matter concentration and physicochemical properties of fungicides may provide insight into their binding affinity. However, the influence of organic matter content on fungicide bioavailability has not been investigated. Therefore, the in vitro sensitivity of Gg, Ggram, Cc, and Mc to 14 different fungicides across three chemical classes was determined. An in vitro bioavailability assay was developed using three fungicides and three organic matter concentrations. Generally, DMI and QoI fungicides provided the greatest reduction in mycelial growth whereas the SDHIs did not reduce mycelial growth. These data can serve as a foundation for TARR pathogen sensitivity to inform in vitro fungicide sensitivity studies and field efficacy trials. Pyraclostrobin and propiconazole have a high affinity to bind to organic matter which was evident as more fungicide was required to inhibit Gg growth as organic matter concentration increased. This was not observed when evaluating azoxystrobin, which has a lower binding affinity. Understanding how TARR pathogens respond to fungicide in vitro and how organic matter concentration affects in vitro sensitivity will improve fungicide selection for management of TARR.
{"title":"In vitro fungicide sensitivity and effect of organic matter concentration on fungicide bioavailability in take-all root rot pathogens isolated from North Carolina","authors":"Cameron M. Stephens, T. Gannon, L. Thiessen, M. Cubeta, J. Kerns","doi":"10.1094/php-08-22-0072-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-08-22-0072-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Take-all root rot (TARR) of ultradwarf bermudagrass is caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis (Gg), Gaeumannomyces graminicola (Ggram), Candidacolonium cynodontis (Cc), and Magnaporthiopsis cynodontis (Mc). Multiple pathogens have recently been associated with this disease and biological parameters such as fungicide sensitivity have not been explored in ultradwarf bermudagrass. While fungicides are commonly used to mitigate disease development, high organic matter present in the turfgrass system may limit the bioavailability of fungicides. Fungicide bioavailability may be influenced by organic matter concentration and physicochemical properties of fungicides may provide insight into their binding affinity. However, the influence of organic matter content on fungicide bioavailability has not been investigated. Therefore, the in vitro sensitivity of Gg, Ggram, Cc, and Mc to 14 different fungicides across three chemical classes was determined. An in vitro bioavailability assay was developed using three fungicides and three organic matter concentrations. Generally, DMI and QoI fungicides provided the greatest reduction in mycelial growth whereas the SDHIs did not reduce mycelial growth. These data can serve as a foundation for TARR pathogen sensitivity to inform in vitro fungicide sensitivity studies and field efficacy trials. Pyraclostrobin and propiconazole have a high affinity to bind to organic matter which was evident as more fungicide was required to inhibit Gg growth as organic matter concentration increased. This was not observed when evaluating azoxystrobin, which has a lower binding affinity. Understanding how TARR pathogens respond to fungicide in vitro and how organic matter concentration affects in vitro sensitivity will improve fungicide selection for management of TARR.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42093104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.1094/php-08-22-0077-rs
A. Culbreath, T. Brenneman, R. Kemerait, E. Cantonwine
Management of fungicide resistance in Nothopassalora personata, the cause of late leaf spot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), is a challenge in peanut production areas of the southeastern United States. Field experiments were conducted in Tifton, GA in 2020 and 2021, and in Plains, GA in 2021 to determine the effects of mixtures of seven elemental sulfur fungicide products with the QoI fungicide azoxystrobin on late leaf spot in fields where QoI-resistant populations of N. personata are suspected. Application of azoxystrobin or sulfur alone had little reduction in on standardized area under the disease progress curve (SAUDPC) or final disease intensity ratings compared to the nontreated control. However, mixtures of azoxystrobin with all micronized sulfur products evaluated had SAUDPC values and final disease intensity ratings lower less than those in the azoxystrobin alone or Microthiol Disperss 80W sulfur alone. One non-micronized sulfur formulation had SAUDPC values and final intensity ratings similar to those of azoxystrobin or Microthiol Disperss 80W sulfur alone. The results suggest multiple micronized elemental sulfur products have potential for use as mixing partners with azoxystrobin leaf spot control in fields where the efficacy of azoxystrobin alone is not adequate.
{"title":"Comparison of elemental sulfur products as tank mix partners with azoxystrobin for management of late leaf spot (Nothopassalora personata) of peanut","authors":"A. Culbreath, T. Brenneman, R. Kemerait, E. Cantonwine","doi":"10.1094/php-08-22-0077-rs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-08-22-0077-rs","url":null,"abstract":"Management of fungicide resistance in Nothopassalora personata, the cause of late leaf spot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), is a challenge in peanut production areas of the southeastern United States. Field experiments were conducted in Tifton, GA in 2020 and 2021, and in Plains, GA in 2021 to determine the effects of mixtures of seven elemental sulfur fungicide products with the QoI fungicide azoxystrobin on late leaf spot in fields where QoI-resistant populations of N. personata are suspected. Application of azoxystrobin or sulfur alone had little reduction in on standardized area under the disease progress curve (SAUDPC) or final disease intensity ratings compared to the nontreated control. However, mixtures of azoxystrobin with all micronized sulfur products evaluated had SAUDPC values and final disease intensity ratings lower less than those in the azoxystrobin alone or Microthiol Disperss 80W sulfur alone. One non-micronized sulfur formulation had SAUDPC values and final intensity ratings similar to those of azoxystrobin or Microthiol Disperss 80W sulfur alone. The results suggest multiple micronized elemental sulfur products have potential for use as mixing partners with azoxystrobin leaf spot control in fields where the efficacy of azoxystrobin alone is not adequate.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46718011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-19DOI: 10.1094/php-09-22-0089-sc
Henry S. Smith, D. Szarka, E. Dixon, Oluwatoni Adedokun, M. Munir, Magdalena Ricciardi, Rebecca Schroer, N. Gauthier
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a versatile crop that can be used to produce a wide range of products including food, fiber, and medicine. In 2021, U.S. hemp was valued at over $824 million. Emerging threats to hemp production in Kentucky and the southeastern U.S. are head blight in floral and grain hemp. During the 2020 growing season, severe losses, some as high as 100%, resulted from head blights. Necrotic floral tissues and seed heads from research trials were analyzed to confirm species identity and pathogenicity. Previously unreported causal species in Kentucky included F. avenaceum, F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex, and F. sporotrichioides; F. graminearum was also confirmed. These species are known to cause head blight of cereal grains. The mycotoxin production potential of each of these species warrants further studies into the parameters that influence infection and the interaction between these Fusarium spp. and hemp.
{"title":"Emerging Fusarium spp. causing Head Blight on Hemp in Kentucky","authors":"Henry S. Smith, D. Szarka, E. Dixon, Oluwatoni Adedokun, M. Munir, Magdalena Ricciardi, Rebecca Schroer, N. Gauthier","doi":"10.1094/php-09-22-0089-sc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/php-09-22-0089-sc","url":null,"abstract":"Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a versatile crop that can be used to produce a wide range of products including food, fiber, and medicine. In 2021, U.S. hemp was valued at over $824 million. Emerging threats to hemp production in Kentucky and the southeastern U.S. are head blight in floral and grain hemp. During the 2020 growing season, severe losses, some as high as 100%, resulted from head blights. Necrotic floral tissues and seed heads from research trials were analyzed to confirm species identity and pathogenicity. Previously unreported causal species in Kentucky included F. avenaceum, F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex, and F. sporotrichioides; F. graminearum was also confirmed. These species are known to cause head blight of cereal grains. The mycotoxin production potential of each of these species warrants further studies into the parameters that influence infection and the interaction between these Fusarium spp. and hemp.","PeriodicalId":20251,"journal":{"name":"Plant Health Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41705042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-10DOI: 10.1094/php-08-22-0076-rs
Amanda D. Howland, E. Cole, K. Poley, M. Quintanilla
Bare-root production of Hemerocallis spp., daylily, is of major economic importance to Michigan’s ornamental industry but production of clean nursery material is challenging due to plant-parasitic nematodes. The northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is the most important perennial ornamental pathogen in northern North America; it causes over 20% yield loss in Hemerocallis spp. production and reduces marketability and distribution. A field trial was established in 2018-2020 at a Michigan commercial nursery to determine effective and long-term management strategies to reduce nematode population levels. Eleven treatments were tested: a control, four bio-nematicides, two nematicides, a nematicide root dip, and three compost blends. Soil samples were taken three times/year along with annual root samples and plant height measurements. Results indicated that TerraClean 5.0 (hydrogen peroxide) and Majestene 304 (Chromobacterium subtsugae) nematicides best controlled M. hapla populations by 49% and 37%, respectively, compared to the control, while Indemnify (fluopyram) significantly increased plant biomass and yields by 31%. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the impact of M. hapla on Hemerocallis spp. production by inoculating daylily with varying nematode inoculation densities. Even at low population levels, plant biomass reductions were observed and M. hapla was able to readily reproduce on Hemerocallis spp. These experiments highlight the importance of managing M. hapla and provides effective, alternative management methods that can reduce the application of fumigants and prevent yield losses to increase profitability for ornamentals.
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