M. Somervuori, E. Isotahdon, Maija Nuppunen-Puputti, M. Bomberg, L. Carpén, P. Rajala
In Finland, the repositories for low and intermediate-level waste (LLW and ILW) are situated at three different geographical locations in deep granite bedrock where the waste containers can be subjected to anoxic groundwater containing microbes. The composition of groundwater varies in terms of chemistry and microbial activity in different locations. In this study, groundwater from three repository areas was analyzed in respect of chemistry and microbial community. Corrosion tendency of three steel grades, carbon steel AISI/SAE 1005 and stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L, was studied in these groundwater environments using electrochemical methods. As a reference, measurements were also performed in simulated groundwater without microbes. The measurements show that corrosivity of the water and thus the steels’ performance differs depending on its location of origin. Also, the groundwater differed remarkably in in their chemical composition as well as abundance and diversity of microbial community. Consequently, the local environment has to be considered when evaluating the long-term safety of disposal of nuclear waste.
{"title":"Corrosivity of different natural groundwaters from repository sites","authors":"M. Somervuori, E. Isotahdon, Maija Nuppunen-Puputti, M. Bomberg, L. Carpén, P. Rajala","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10064","url":null,"abstract":"In Finland, the repositories for low and intermediate-level waste (LLW and ILW) are situated at three different geographical locations in deep granite bedrock where the waste containers can be subjected to anoxic groundwater containing microbes. The composition of groundwater varies in terms of chemistry and microbial activity in different locations. In this study, groundwater from three repository areas was analyzed in respect of chemistry and microbial community. Corrosion tendency of three steel grades, carbon steel AISI/SAE 1005 and stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L, was studied in these groundwater environments using electrochemical methods. As a reference, measurements were also performed in simulated groundwater without microbes. The measurements show that corrosivity of the water and thus the steels’ performance differs depending on its location of origin. Also, the groundwater differed remarkably in in their chemical composition as well as abundance and diversity of microbial community. Consequently, the local environment has to be considered when evaluating the long-term safety of disposal of nuclear waste.","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"446 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78190101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The one of the common causes of damage of water turbines, marine propellers, pumps or other components of hydraulic machinery, which contribute to their faster failure, is the cavitation erosion. The cause of cavitation erosion is the phenomenon of cavitation which is caused by formation and collapse of bubbles in liquids that are subjected to frequent pressure change. Cavitation bubbles with the possibility of several times of growth and imploding arise from cavitation embryos, which are insoluble gases contained in the liquid. The cavitation tests were performed in cavitation tunnel equipped with system of the barricades. The following flow velocity values were obtained: 2.30 m∙s −1 , 2.49 m∙s -1 m∙s −1 , 2.67 m∙s −1 and 2.83 m∙s −1 . The tested materials were two types of the austenitic stainless steels–1.4301 and 1.4541 after heat treatment. The study compares the impact of mechanical properties, the chemical composition of steel and the flow velocity on cavitation resistance. The test results showed that steel 1.4301 had better cavitation erosion resistance than 1.4541 steel at all set flow rates. The differences in weight loss and roughness (Ra parameter) were about two times higher for 1.4541 steel compared to 1.4301steel. Moreover, the similar mechanisms of surface degradation were observed. The conducted tests showed a significant influence of the fluid flow, chemical composition and mechanical properties on the cavitation erosion resistance.
{"title":"The comparison of cavitation erosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels 1.4541 and 1.4301","authors":"D. Zakrzewska, A. Krella, A. Marchewicz","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10060","url":null,"abstract":": The one of the common causes of damage of water turbines, marine propellers, pumps or other components of hydraulic machinery, which contribute to their faster failure, is the cavitation erosion. The cause of cavitation erosion is the phenomenon of cavitation which is caused by formation and collapse of bubbles in liquids that are subjected to frequent pressure change. Cavitation bubbles with the possibility of several times of growth and imploding arise from cavitation embryos, which are insoluble gases contained in the liquid. The cavitation tests were performed in cavitation tunnel equipped with system of the barricades. The following flow velocity values were obtained: 2.30 m∙s −1 , 2.49 m∙s -1 m∙s −1 , 2.67 m∙s −1 and 2.83 m∙s −1 . The tested materials were two types of the austenitic stainless steels–1.4301 and 1.4541 after heat treatment. The study compares the impact of mechanical properties, the chemical composition of steel and the flow velocity on cavitation resistance. The test results showed that steel 1.4301 had better cavitation erosion resistance than 1.4541 steel at all set flow rates. The differences in weight loss and roughness (Ra parameter) were about two times higher for 1.4541 steel compared to 1.4301steel. Moreover, the similar mechanisms of surface degradation were observed. The conducted tests showed a significant influence of the fluid flow, chemical composition and mechanical properties on the cavitation erosion resistance.","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85805296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Slurry erosion resistance of ferritic X10CrAlSi18 and austenitic AISI 304 stainless steels","authors":"M. Buszko, A. Krella","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76029850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Snihirova, Linqian Wang, Min Deng, Cheng Wang, D. Hoeche, S. Lamaka, M. Zheludkevich
Magnesium is a light weight, relatively low cost and Earth abundant material. The advantageous properties of Mg increase its usage in different areas, including batteries. Aqueous Mg-air primary batteries represent one class of promising power sources for multiple applications. However, during the discharge Mg anode is prone to self-corrosion with formation of an insoluble film of magnesium hydroxide and generation of hydrogen. The possible solution for enhancement of battery performance is addressing the Mg electrode-electrolyte interface by appropriate additives, that serve as corrosion inhibitors for the suppression of the Mg self-corrosion and that prevent the formation of blocking precipitates, Mg(OH)2. In this work, we studied the effect of InCl3 as effective additive, which at low concentrations reduce the self-corrosion of Mg electrode [1]. The performance of InCl3 was investigated by EIS measurement and in-situ local simultaneous measurement of pH with concentration of dissolved oxygen. InCl3 was capable of retarding electrolyte alkalization during polarization due to its hydrolysis reaction, which leads to less film-relevant potential drop. Nevertheless, insufficient amount of In3+ addition also shows pH buffering effect for the bulk environment, but is not able to hinder the increase of local pH. [1] L. Wang, D. Snihirova, M. Deng, C. Wang, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, M.L. Zheludkevich, Indium chloride as an electrolyte additive for primary aqueous batteries,
{"title":"Effect of indium chloride on corrosion of Mg under polarization","authors":"D. Snihirova, Linqian Wang, Min Deng, Cheng Wang, D. Hoeche, S. Lamaka, M. Zheludkevich","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10065","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium is a light weight, relatively low cost and Earth abundant material. The advantageous properties of Mg increase its usage in different areas, including batteries. Aqueous Mg-air primary batteries represent one class of promising power sources for multiple applications. However, during the discharge Mg anode is prone to self-corrosion with formation of an insoluble film of magnesium hydroxide and generation of hydrogen. The possible solution for enhancement of battery performance is addressing the Mg electrode-electrolyte interface by appropriate additives, that serve as corrosion inhibitors for the suppression of the Mg self-corrosion and that prevent the formation of blocking precipitates, Mg(OH)2. In this work, we studied the effect of InCl3 as effective additive, which at low concentrations reduce the self-corrosion of Mg electrode [1]. The performance of InCl3 was investigated by EIS measurement and in-situ local simultaneous measurement of pH with concentration of dissolved oxygen. InCl3 was capable of retarding electrolyte alkalization during polarization due to its hydrolysis reaction, which leads to less film-relevant potential drop. Nevertheless, insufficient amount of In3+ addition also shows pH buffering effect for the bulk environment, but is not able to hinder the increase of local pH. [1] L. Wang, D. Snihirova, M. Deng, C. Wang, D. Höche, S.V. Lamaka, M.L. Zheludkevich, Indium chloride as an electrolyte additive for primary aqueous batteries,","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"15 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83508624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Hydrostatic testing (HYD) is a practice often applied to welded pipelines to test both the strength and the leakage (contrary to Pneumatic tests that test only leakage possibility). For most cases of HYD, seawater is a frequent option. HYD can be performed with either wrong HYD (where untreated or maltreated water is used) or as incomplete HYD (where the water used for HYD remains in the pipe or wet layup is used with untreated water). In either case, corrosion in the form of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) can happen and attack weak spots such as the welding zone (HAZ). This will be leading to the loss of mechanical integrity in terms of premature failure (brittle) and leakages. In this webinar, the main causes of post-HYD MIC and possible ways to prevent it are being discussed.
{"title":"On post-hydrostatic testing microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC): causes and preventional methods","authors":"R. Javaherdashti","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10054","url":null,"abstract":": Hydrostatic testing (HYD) is a practice often applied to welded pipelines to test both the strength and the leakage (contrary to Pneumatic tests that test only leakage possibility). For most cases of HYD, seawater is a frequent option. HYD can be performed with either wrong HYD (where untreated or maltreated water is used) or as incomplete HYD (where the water used for HYD remains in the pipe or wet layup is used with untreated water). In either case, corrosion in the form of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) can happen and attack weak spots such as the welding zone (HAZ). This will be leading to the loss of mechanical integrity in terms of premature failure (brittle) and leakages. In this webinar, the main causes of post-HYD MIC and possible ways to prevent it are being discussed.","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76182736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stainless steel corrosion via direct iron-to-microbe electron transfer by <em>Geobacter</em> species","authors":"Dake Xu","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81091232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abbout, Malak Rehioui, R. Hsissou, M. Zouarhi, D. Chebabe, H. Erramli, N. Hajjaji
: Carbon steel suffers from high degradation in an acidic medium like acidic stripping. For this reason, the protection of the carbon steel from the aggressive acidic attacks is required. One of the most common methods of protection is the use of corrosion inhibitors. For environmental reasons, researchers have investigated a new generation of inhibitors, called green inhibitors that cause less damage to the environment while providing high protection efficiency against corrosion. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a bio-sourced polymer as a corrosion inhibitor against carbon steel corrosion in a 1 M HCl solution. Galactomannan was obtained from the Ceratonia Siliqua L. seeds, and its structure was characterized by using Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Effects of the inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel was evaluated using different electrochemical methods (Tafel curves, impedance diagrams). Ability of the Galactomannan molecules to form links with iron atoms was characterized using UV-visible analysis. Surfaces of the corroded specimens was evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS. The results show that the Galactomannan acts as a mixed type inhibitor by physisorption and chemisorption on the metal surface. Besides, the efficiency of this compound increases with the concentration of the inhibitor and reaches a value of 86.7% at a concentration of 1 g/L.
{"title":"The performance of the Galactomannan as a green inhibitor to protect the carbon steel against corrosion","authors":"S. Abbout, Malak Rehioui, R. Hsissou, M. Zouarhi, D. Chebabe, H. Erramli, N. Hajjaji","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10052","url":null,"abstract":": Carbon steel suffers from high degradation in an acidic medium like acidic stripping. For this reason, the protection of the carbon steel from the aggressive acidic attacks is required. One of the most common methods of protection is the use of corrosion inhibitors. For environmental reasons, researchers have investigated a new generation of inhibitors, called green inhibitors that cause less damage to the environment while providing high protection efficiency against corrosion. This study aims to evaluate the impact of a bio-sourced polymer as a corrosion inhibitor against carbon steel corrosion in a 1 M HCl solution. Galactomannan was obtained from the Ceratonia Siliqua L. seeds, and its structure was characterized by using Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Effects of the inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion resistance of carbon steel was evaluated using different electrochemical methods (Tafel curves, impedance diagrams). Ability of the Galactomannan molecules to form links with iron atoms was characterized using UV-visible analysis. Surfaces of the corroded specimens was evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS. The results show that the Galactomannan acts as a mixed type inhibitor by physisorption and chemisorption on the metal surface. Besides, the efficiency of this compound increases with the concentration of the inhibitor and reaches a value of 86.7% at a concentration of 1 g/L.","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88063306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risk-based inspection and maintenance planning to manage the integrity of corroded pipelines","authors":"M. Dann","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81416225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Da-Hai Xia, C. Pan, Shi-zhe Song, Weixian Jin, Wenbin Hu, Baomin Fan
s: This work was to prepare a layer of dodecyl phosphate (DDPO4) film on 2024 aluminum alloy substrate for corrosion protection by self-assembling. The prepared DDPO4 self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) properties were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle measurement (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Experimental results indicated that DDPO4 was successfully assembled on aluminum alloy substrate via covalent bond attachment. The modified surface was hydrophobic due to the DDPO4 attached to the oxide surface and a hydrocarbon tail-up orientation. In order to build a molecular adsorption dynamics model, the impact of temperature and pH values for assembling process has also been evaluated. Accelerated corrosion test showed that the DDPO4 modified 2024 aluminum alloy substrate exhibited excellent corrosion resistance in an electrolyte containing 0.01M Cl − + 0.01M SO 42− , and no apparent corrosion pits were observed after an exposure of 96 h. The charge transfer resistance of the DDPO4 covered aluminum alloy was ∼ 100 times larger than that of the blank aluminum alloy. The results of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation for DDPO4 adsorbed on the Al 2 O 3 (110) face indicate that the head group of DDPO4 is the active group and bind as tridentate with the O in P=O bond can adsorbed on the Al 2 O 3 surface.
5:采用自组装的方法在2024铝合金基体上制备了一层用于防腐的十二烷基磷酸(DDPO4)薄膜。采用x射线光电子能谱(XPS)、水接触角测量(CA)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)对制备的DDPO4自组装单层(SAMs)进行了表征。实验结果表明，通过共价键在铝合金基体上成功组装了DDPO4。由于DDPO4附着在氧化物表面，并且呈碳氢化合物尾部取向，修饰后的表面具有疏水性。为了建立分子吸附动力学模型，还评估了温度和pH值对组装过程的影响。加速腐蚀试验表明，DDPO4修饰的2024铝合金基片在含有0.01M Cl−+ 0.01M SO 42−的电解液中具有优异的耐蚀性，暴露96 h后未发现明显的腐蚀坑，其电荷转移电阻比空白铝合金大约100倍。对吸附在al2o3(110)表面的DDPO4进行了分子动力学(MD)模拟，结果表明，DDPO4的头基为活性基团，与P=O键中的O形成三叉键，可以吸附在al2o3表面。
{"title":"Covalent surface modification of 2024 aluminum alloy surface by self-assembly dodecyl phosphate film towards corrosion protection","authors":"Da-Hai Xia, C. Pan, Shi-zhe Song, Weixian Jin, Wenbin Hu, Baomin Fan","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10040","url":null,"abstract":"s: This work was to prepare a layer of dodecyl phosphate (DDPO4) film on 2024 aluminum alloy substrate for corrosion protection by self-assembling. The prepared DDPO4 self-assembly monolayers (SAMs) properties were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle measurement (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Experimental results indicated that DDPO4 was successfully assembled on aluminum alloy substrate via covalent bond attachment. The modified surface was hydrophobic due to the DDPO4 attached to the oxide surface and a hydrocarbon tail-up orientation. In order to build a molecular adsorption dynamics model, the impact of temperature and pH values for assembling process has also been evaluated. Accelerated corrosion test showed that the DDPO4 modified 2024 aluminum alloy substrate exhibited excellent corrosion resistance in an electrolyte containing 0.01M Cl − + 0.01M SO 42− , and no apparent corrosion pits were observed after an exposure of 96 h. The charge transfer resistance of the DDPO4 covered aluminum alloy was ∼ 100 times larger than that of the blank aluminum alloy. The results of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation for DDPO4 adsorbed on the Al 2 O 3 (110) face indicate that the head group of DDPO4 is the active group and bind as tridentate with the O in P=O bond can adsorbed on the Al 2 O 3 surface.","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76188595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Initiation of chloride-induced corrosion of low carbon steel rebar in concrete using <em>in-situ</em> quantitative phase microscopy","authors":"Ebenezer O. Fanijo, A. Brand","doi":"10.3390/cmdwc2021-10050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cmdwc2021-10050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20503,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of 1st Corrosion and Materials Degradation Web Conference","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87252954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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