Procedia Structural Integrity最新文献_第2页

In-situ testing and modeling of a masonry bridge in Surrey (UK): Waverley Mill bridge 英国萨里郡一座砌体桥的原位测试和建模：韦弗利磨坊桥

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.262

Nicoletta Bianchini , Zein Sabra , Kieren Green , Ross Wright

Many historic masonry arch bridges on road and railway systems across Europe and the United Kingdom remain operational despite exhibiting structural loss of performance. In the United Kingdom alone, there are more than 70,000 masonry arch spans, with many having undergone design modifications and load adjustments over the years. These modifications typically entail incorporating new materials and bearing elements, with compliance to modern standards being unsuitable and rare. Such circumstances lead to limited understanding of these structures, impacting the accuracy of the bridge capacity assessments. This study is dedicated to the examination of a composite bridge composed of two spans with limited accessibility, located in Waverley Abbey, Surrey. The research (reviews/investigates) two primary aspects: firstly, the diagnostic phase involving in-situ non- destructive methods such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and more intrusive techniques like coring. The second phase entails a numerical assessment using a limit analysis numerical model which considers several modelling assumptions including flooded conditions, ring separation and accounting for defects. In the future, discontinuity layout optimization (DLO) and structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques can be used to extend the scope of the traditional rigid block limit analysis method and useful for calibrating numerical models and performing direct checks of performance goal compliance. As the Waverley bridge serves as a representative example of the numerous structures predominantly found in the Surrey region, this investigation can be extended to include bridges sharing similar material, geometry and shapes.

在欧洲和英国的公路和铁路系统中，许多历史悠久的圬工拱桥尽管在结构上失去了性能，但仍可继续使用。仅在英国，就有 7 万多座圬工拱桥，其中许多在多年前就进行了设计修改和荷载调整。这些修改通常需要采用新材料和承重构件，而符合现代标准的情况并不适合，也很少见。这种情况导致对这些结构的了解有限，影响了桥梁承载能力评估的准确性。本研究致力于对位于萨里郡韦弗利修道院的一座由两跨组成的复合桥梁进行检查，该桥梁的通行能力有限。研究（回顾/调查）主要包括两个方面：首先是诊断阶段，涉及原位非破坏性方法，如地面穿透雷达 (GPR)，以及取芯等更具侵入性的技术。第二阶段需要使用极限分析数值模型进行数值评估，该模型考虑了多个建模假设，包括淹没条件、环状分离和缺陷考虑。未来，不连续布局优化 (DLO) 和结构健康监测 (SHM) 技术可用于扩展传统刚性块体极限分析方法的范围，并可用于校准数值模型和直接检查性能目标是否符合要求。由于 Waverley 桥是萨里地区众多结构中的一个代表性例子，因此这项研究可扩展到具有类似材料、几何形状和外形的桥梁。

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引用次数: 0

Ground investigation: a tool for landslide risk mitigation of infrastructures 地面勘测：减轻基础设施滑坡风险的工具

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.075

G. Scarpelli , A. Ferretti , E. Mammoliti , P. Ruggeri , E. Sakellariadi

Recent monitoring experiences for bridges in Central and South Italy have shown that it is not common for bridges to be directly damaged by landslides phenomena in their vicinities, either because their siting was very carefully selected at the origin or because appropriate protection measures have been taken to reduce geological risk to acceptable levels. In the first case, periodic visual inspections of the manufacts may suffice to monitor possible consequences of ground instability phenomena, but in the second case monitoring of the infrastructure and of the ground is the only possible tool to evaluate the existence of a landslide-structure interaction which can influence its performance and safety. Ground investigation is a fundamental activity for landslide monitoring and analysis, and this is specifically true when a landslide-infrastructure interaction problem needs to be investigated and assessed. By discussing the results from case studies recently inspected, this paper shows how the knowledge of the physical processes and the monitoring of selected parameters are the first irreplaceable tools to mitigate risks associated with instability phenomena interacting with sensitive infrastructures.

最近在意大利中部和南部对桥梁进行监测的经验表明，桥梁在其周边地区直接受到滑坡现象破坏的情况并不常见，这可能是因为桥梁的选址在开始时就经过了非常仔细的选择，也可能是因为已经采取了适当的保护措施，将地质风险降低到可接受的水平。在第一种情况下，定期对建筑进行目视检查可能足以监测地面不稳定现象可能造成的后果，但在第二种情况下，对基础设施和地面进行监测是评估是否存在滑坡与结构相互作用的唯一可能工具，这种相互作用可能会影响其性能和安全。地面调查是滑坡监测和分析的一项基本活动，特别是在需要调查和评估滑坡与基础设施相互作用问题时更是如此。本文通过讨论最近检查的案例研究结果，说明了物理过程知识和选定参数的监测如何成为降低与敏感基础设施相互作用的不稳定现象相关风险的首要工具。

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引用次数: 0

A simplified procedure for the seismic retrofit of bridges by seismic isolation: Part 2 - predimensioning of the isolation system 桥梁隔震改造的简化程序：第 2 部分--隔震系统的预先设计

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.095

Carlo Pettorruso , Virginio Quaglini

This study presents a simplified procedure for the seismic retrofit of bridges by means of isolation system (IS), applicable to bridges with an isostatic or continuous deck layout, supported by conventional bearings that can be replaced by seismic isolators. The procedure consists of two steps: (1) the assessment of suitability of the bridges for seismic isolation; (2) the preliminary design of the isolation system. The first part of the procedure is presented in a companion paper. This contribution presents the second step of the procedure. A nonlinear static analysis of the existing bridge is performed, and its capacity curve is determined. This curve is then transformed into that of the equivalent SDOF system. Combining the information of the nonlinear static analysis and the bridge characteristics in the ADRS plane, the minimum characteristics of the isolation system to achieve a preset performance point are derived. Two scenarios are considered: in the first one it is sufficient to shift the period of the deck; in the second one, in addition to period shifting, it is necessary to introduce damping to control the displacement of the deck. Once the minimum characteristics of the isolators have been defined, the type and model can be identified through a search into databases of commercial devices. The application of the procedure to a case-study bridge and the validation of the method are finally shown.

本研究提出了通过隔震系统（IS）对桥梁进行抗震改造的简化程序，适用于等静压或连续桥面布局的桥梁，由可被抗震隔震装置取代的传统支座支撑。该程序包括两个步骤(1) 评估桥梁是否适合隔震；(2) 隔震系统的初步设计。程序的第一部分已在配套文件中介绍。本文将介绍该程序的第二部分。对现有桥梁进行非线性静力分析，并确定其承载力曲线。然后将该曲线转换为等效 SDOF 系统的曲线。结合非线性静态分析信息和 ADRS 平面上的桥梁特性，得出隔离系统的最小特性，以达到预设的性能点。我们考虑了两种情况：第一种情况下，只需移动桥面的周期即可；第二种情况下，除了移动周期外，还需要引入阻尼来控制桥面的位移。一旦确定了隔振器的最低特性，就可以通过搜索商业设备数据库来确定其类型和型号。最后展示了该程序在案例研究桥梁中的应用以及该方法的验证。

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引用次数: 0

Defects detection of pier and abutments foundations: an overview of a recent experience in Basilicata (Southern Italy) 桥墩和桥台地基缺陷检测：巴西利卡塔（意大利南部）近期经验概述

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.026

Michele D’Amato , A. Lo Monaco , A. Palmiotta , A. Ranaldo , S.F. Dal Sasso , M. Fiorentino , M.R. Margiotta , B. Onorati , B. Sileo , T. Pizzolla

Piers and abutments are bridge supports temporarily or permanently immersed into the water, that may suffer erosion and scour phenomena. As known, the latter involves different processes at different spatial scales not easy to investigate in a combined approach, such as: contraction scour, local scour, gradation of the soil bed, river channel dynamic, climate change and hydrological forces. To this, it should be added that piers/abutments are highly exposed to environmental actions, such as earthquake, landslides and floods that may seriously compromise their stability and, consequently, lead the bridge or an its portion to an out-of-service, or else to a failure. Therefore, it is important to properly identify and assess defects extent and severity on piers and abutments, in order to evaluate their conservation status, and to formulate a judgment for ranking priorities within a multi-level and multi-criteria framework, such as the recent guidelines issued by the Italian Ministry of Infrastructures and Transport. To this regard, in this work an overview of some significant defects related to piers and abutments, with particular emphasis to the ones due to the interaction with the water flow, are illustrated and commented. They are collected in an on-going campaign of inspections performed in the Basilicata region (South of Italy), concerning bridges falling within State Roads networks. Comments are made from a structural and hydraulic point view, in order to highlight the inspected defects importance within the Classes of Attention, according to Italian Guidelines for bridges.

桥墩和桥台是暂时或永久浸入水中的桥梁支撑物，可能会受到侵蚀和冲刷现象的影响。众所周知，后者涉及不同空间尺度上的不同过程，不易用综合方法进行研究，例如：收缩冲刷、局部冲刷、土层分级、河道动态、气候变化和水文作用力。此外，还应注意的是，桥墩/桥台极易受到地震、滑坡和洪水等环境因素的影响，这些因素可能会严重影响其稳定性，从而导致桥梁或其部分停止使用，甚至发生故障。因此，必须正确识别和评估桥墩和桥台的缺陷范围和严重程度，以评估其保护状况，并在多层次和多标准的框架内（如意大利基础设施和交通部最近发布的指导方针）制定优先排序判断。为此，本著作概述了与桥墩和桥台有关的一些重大缺陷，特别强调了与水流相互作用造成的缺陷，并对此进行了说明和评论。这些缺陷是在巴西利卡塔大区（意大利南部）正在进行的一项检查活动中收集到的，涉及国道网中的桥梁。根据意大利桥梁指南，从结构和水力角度提出了意见，以突出检查出的缺陷在关注等级中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of the failure costs of a bridge 桥梁故障成本分析

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.019

Alberto Contardi , Francesco La Fortezza

The preferable maintenance strategy for aged bridges is the one which involves the lowest possible total cost for the community, where for each bridge the total cost is expressed by the sum of the costs of the interventions plus total damages caused by exceeding the limit states multiplied by the probability of exceeding the limit states.

The most delicate and most complex part of the calculation is the determination of damages since the uncertainties involved are many and the values of these parameters may significantly impact on the results of the calculation. Each damage can be estimated as the sum of direct costs (reconstruction of the collapsed part, social consequences like injuries and fatalities, environmental effects) and indirect damages (infrastructure disruption, psychological effects).

Direct costs are quite easy to calculate, but they are also the least significant items. We could evaluate the huge amount of indirect costs using the studies available in literature and also learning from past accidents. Today we know the economic and social consequences of many historical collapses, so it is possible to find out which factors influence the results the most and to determine the real magnitude of each type of damage. In this article many indications are provided to make a reliable estimate of the failure costs for a generic bridge.

老化桥梁的最佳维护策略是尽可能降低社会总成本的策略，其中每座桥梁的总成本由干预成本加超过极限状态造成的总损失乘以超过极限状态的概率之和表示。每项损失都可以估算为直接费用（倒塌部分的重建、人员伤亡等社会后果、环境影响）和间接损失（基础设施破坏、心理影响）的总和。我们可以通过文献中的研究以及从过去的事故中吸取经验教训来评估巨大的间接成本。如今，我们已经知道许多历史性坍塌事故造成的经济和社会后果，因此有可能找出哪些因素对结果影响最大，并确定各类损失的实际严重程度。本文提供了许多指标，以便对一般桥梁的垮塌成本进行可靠的估算。

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引用次数: 0

Road bridges exposure and alternative routes: towards the definition of road network resilience 道路桥梁风险和替代路线：确定道路网络的复原力

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.021

Giada Limongi , Pasquale Bencivenga , Costantino Dell’Aversano , Vittorio Emanuele Iervolino , Angelo Lavino , Mattia Zizi , Gianfranco De Matteis

The road network represents both element-at-risk and key infrastructure to ensure the accessibility of peripheral areas. The overall risk levels of bridges depend on geophysical (mainly earthquakes and landslides) and hydrometeorological hazards (mainly floods), the physical vulnerability of structures, and the exposure (mainly resulting from traffic flows and the presence of alternative roads). In mountain contexts and peripheral territories, the accessibility of entire territorial system directly depends on few trunk and secondary roads. The risk assessment of bridges, according to the Ministerial Guidelines, provides inputs for a territorial risk assessment starting from the accessibility of peripheral territories and the redundancy of the road network as features to determine the resilience of the road network. This study aims at understanding the relationships between bridges as elements-at-risk part of the road network and the influence they have on the overall accessibility of a territory. In this study, through a GIS analysis of a set of selected roads of the Provinces of Caserta (Campania Region), the presence of bridges along the selected roads have been combined with data on the accessibility levels of municipalities they connect. At this purpose, reference to the classification provided by the National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI) has been made to understand how such a classification can change due to a road interruption because of a bridge interruption. The contribution aims at setting the stage for the implementation of a method to determine the presence of alternative roads based on travel times adopted by the SNAI classification and, as a result, the definition of unique threshold values that justifies the variation of the exposure class and allows to determine the resilience of the whole road network.

公路网既是风险因素，也是确保周边地区交通便利的关键基础设施。桥梁的总体风险水平取决于地球物理（主要是地震和山体滑坡）和水文气象灾害（主要是洪水）、结构的物理脆弱性和暴露程度（主要是交通流量和替代道路的存在造成的）。在山区和边缘地区，整个领土系统的可达性直接取决于少数主干道和次干道。根据《部级指南》，桥梁风险评估从周边地区的交通可达性和道路网络的冗余度出发，为地区风险评估提供投入，以确定道路网络的抗灾能力。本研究旨在了解桥梁作为道路网络中的风险要素之间的关系，以及桥梁对领土整体可达性的影响。在这项研究中，通过对卡塞尔塔省（坎帕尼亚大区）的一组选定道路进行地理信息系统分析，将选定道路沿线桥梁的存在情况与桥梁所连接城市的可达性水平数据相结合。为此，参考了《国家内部地区战略》（SNAI）提供的分类方法，以了解这种分类方法如何因桥梁中断而导致道路中断。本文旨在为实施一种方法奠定基础，该方法可根据 SNAI 分类所采用的旅行时间来确定替代道路的存在，并由此定义独特的阈值，从而证明暴露等级的变化是合理的，并可确定整个道路网络的恢复能力。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrological models and datasets to support flood flow estimation at river-bridge intersections 支持河桥交叉口洪水流量估算的水文模型和数据集

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.091

D. Ganora , G. Evangelista , P. Mazzoglio , P. Claps

A working group on the "Hydraulic Compatibility of Bridges" (sites.google.com/view/gii-ponti) has been recently established in the hydraulic engineering academic community aiming at reviewing methodologies, studying good practices, and suggesting guidelines for assessing the bridge hydraulic compatibility. In this initiative, a subgroup is focusing on the hydrological aspects as in Italy there are not standard procedures to estimate design flood values requested by the Italian technical standards of constructions (NTC 2018) over the whole country as, for example, in the UK where the Flood Estimation Handbook provides standard data and methods. Some models are available at the regional scale but are often based on not up-to-date data; moreover, while in large rivers flood discharge values, defined according to the European Flood Directive have been computed and mapped, in small river catchments they are not available.

In this context, the unit of Politecnico di Torino working on hydrology is going to release some country-wide hydrological datasets, including all the available official information on discharge and rainfall extremes updated to recent years, that can be used as a common reference for bridge analyses. These include high-resolution maps of extreme precipitation statistics, a database of flood flow extremes recorded at more than 600 river sections, and a catalogue of river catchments characteristics (morphology, climate, land use, etc).

Nation-wide datasets can support the application of standardized hydrological analyses, needed for flood hazard assessment, especially in small basins. Operational products will be made available within the PNRR RETURN project in order to be easily available and referable for any hydrological analysis in Italy.

最近，水利工程学术界成立了一个 "桥梁水力兼容性 "工作组（sites.google.com/view/gii-ponti），旨在审查方法、研究良好实践并提出评估桥梁水力兼容性的指导原则。在这一倡议中，一个分组重点关注水文方面，因为在意大利，并没有按照意大利建筑技术标准（NTC 2018）要求的标准程序来估算全国的设计洪水值，例如在英国，洪水估算手册提供了标准数据和方法。在这种情况下，都灵理工大学的水文部门将发布一些全国范围的水文数据集，其中包括更新至最近几年的所有关于排水量和极端降雨量的官方信息，这些数据集可作为桥梁分析的通用参考。这些数据集包括极端降水统计的高分辨率地图、600 多个河段记录的极端洪水流量数据库以及河流流域特征（形态、气候、土地利用等）目录。将在 PNRR RETURN 项目内提供业务产品，以便在意大利进行任何水文分析时都能方便地使用和参考。

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引用次数: 0

Definition of direct and indirect types of landslide-bridge interference and a checklist for identifying and characterizing potential landslides 山体滑坡桥梁直接和间接干扰类型的定义，以及识别和描述潜在山体滑坡的清单

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.077

Nicola Perilli , Massimiliano Lombardi , Nicola Nenci , Nunziante Squeglia , Stefano Stacul

According to the new Italian Guidelines on existing bridges (LLG) the evaluation of the landslide susceptibility, vulnerability, and exposure, is based on the collection of the data necessary to fill the Field Sheet Form during the Periodic Field Surveys. Based on the knowledge and expertise gained during the inspections of the surrounding areas of a relevant number of existing bridges located in different geomorphological and geological contexts (i.e., Northern and Southern Apennines of Italy), the Authors recognized several difficulties in the accurate evaluation of the parameters to assess susceptibility and vulnerability according to LLG. In particular, the evaluation of the secondary parameters, namely extent of the interference and overall reliability of the assessment, depends greatly on the arbitrariness of the inspector. The main objectives of this work are: (a) to provide useful elements to distinguish between two types of landslide-bridge interference (direct and indirect) and evaluate the extent of the interference parameter (available options are: Total, Partial, and Approach Zone); (b) to propose an Additional Field Sheet Form aimed to improve the identification and characterization of Potential Landslides and to make more objective the self-evaluation of the inspector about the overall reliability of the assessment (two options: good, limited) of the primary parameters characterizing the landslide (activity, velocity, and magnitude).

根据意大利关于现有桥梁的新指南 (LLG)，对滑坡易发性、易损性和暴露程度的评估是基于在定期实地勘察期间收集必要的数据来填写现场表格。根据对位于不同地貌和地质环境（即意大利亚平宁半岛北部和南部）的大量现有桥梁周边地区进行检查时获得的知识和专业技能，作者认识到在根据 LLG 评估易滑性和易损性的参数的准确评估方面存在一些困难。尤其是次要参数的评估，即干扰程度和评估的整体可靠性，在很大程度上取决于检查员的随意性。这项工作的主要目标是(a) 提供有用的元素，以区分两种类型的滑坡桥梁干扰（直接干扰和间接干扰），并评估干扰参数的范围（可用选项包括：全部、部分和接近区）；(b) 提出附加现场表单，旨在改进潜在滑坡的识别和特征描述，并使检查员对滑坡主要特征参数（活动、速度和规模）的整体可靠性评估（两个选项：良好、有限）的自我评价更加客观。

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引用次数: 0

Management of road bridge networks in Italy by means of integrated SHM systems 利用综合 SHM 系统管理意大利公路桥梁网络

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.206

Filippo Andreose , Paolo Borlenghi , Giuseppe Chellini , Flora Faleschini , Enrique Garcìa-Macìas , Carmelo Gentile , Lorenzo Lepori , Francesco Mariani , Paolo Mannella , Carlo Pellegrino , Antonello Ruccolo , Walter Salvatore , Elisa Tomassini , Filippo Ubertini , Ilaria Venanzi , Mariano Angelo Zanini

Management of stocks with large number of bridges is a relevant issue for the Italian roadway system. In the last years the use of integrated SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) systems is being introduced within the framework of the modern BMS (Bridge Management Systems) with the aim of implementing a continuous damage identification strategy. In this framework, ambient vibration-based SHM has received most attention owing to its minimal intrusiveness, non-destructive character and global damage identification capabilities. A lot of research effort has been devoted in the last years to SHM techniques but ease of use, interpretability and minimal intervention of expert judgement are essential issues for the fruitful application of SHM in real and wide bridge networks. ANAS S.p.A., the main road managing Authority in Italy, is implementing a huge monitoring program on its bridge network with the main purpose of addressing the recent indications of the Italian guidelines for assessing and monitoring of bridges, and the University of Padova, together with the University of Perugia, Politecnico of Milan, University of Pisa and the other Universities of FABRE Consortium are supporting ANAS for the real application of modern SHM techniques. According to these actual needs, a new software suite called P3P has been developed and is being applied to a huge stock of bridges distributed in all the Italian territory.

对于意大利的公路系统而言，管理拥有大量桥梁的库存是一个相关问题。近年来，在现代桥梁管理系统（BMS）的框架内开始使用综合 SHM（结构健康监测）系统，目的是实施持续的损坏识别策略。在这一框架内，基于环境振动的 SHM 因其最小的侵入性、非破坏性和全局损伤识别能力而受到广泛关注。在过去的几年中，人们在 SHM 技术方面投入了大量的研究精力，但要在实际和广泛的桥梁网络中卓有成效地应用 SHM 技术，易用性、可解释性和专家判断的最小干预是至关重要的问题。帕多瓦大学、佩鲁贾大学、米兰理工大学、比萨大学和 FABRE 联合体的其他大学正在支持 ANAS 实际应用现代 SHM 技术。根据这些实际需求，ANAS 开发了一套名为 P3P 的新软件，并将其应用于分布在意大利全境的大量桥梁。

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引用次数: 0

Wave-based fault detection in concrete by the Full Waveform Inversion considering noise 通过考虑噪声的全波形反演进行混凝土故障检测

Procedia Structural Integrity

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2024.09.223

Ina Reichert , Tom Lahmer

In the field of non-destructive testing of concrete, the use of ultrasonic waves became state of the art, among other techniques. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement, in particular concerning the resolution and robustness of the monitoring results.

One approach is the application of the Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) originating from geotechnical engineering, known here as seismic tomography. The forward and backpropagation of waves within a numerical model are deployed to identify material parameters, like the primary and secondary wave velocity as well as density. This approach forms a non-linear, and ill-posed mathematical problem. Its solution is computationally demanding and time-consuming.

Within the presented approach, the Full Waveform Inversion is used on a numerically simulated artificial concrete specimen of relatively large dimensions. Here, the synthetic ultrasound data is compromised by the consideration of different levels of Gaussian white noise. Additionally, several sizes and positions of faults are computed to simulate a variety of possible defects within the concrete material as in reality. Subsequently, the identifiability of the fault together with its recognition quality are investigated. Additionally, recommendations on sensor positioning and layout are given.

在混凝土无损检测领域，除其他技术外，超声波的使用已成为最先进的技术。其中一种方法是应用源自岩土工程的全波形反演 (FWI)，在这里被称为地震层析成像。在数值模型中采用波的正向和反向传播来确定材料参数，如一次波和二次波速度以及密度。这种方法形成了一个非线性的、难以解决的数学问题。在所介绍的方法中，全波形反演用于数值模拟尺寸相对较大的人造混凝土试样。在这里，合成超声波数据因考虑到不同程度的高斯白噪声而受到影响。此外，还计算了多种尺寸和位置的缺陷，以模拟现实中混凝土材料中可能存在的各种缺陷。随后，对故障的可识别性及其识别质量进行研究。此外，还对传感器的定位和布局提出了建议。

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引用次数: 0