Problemi na khigienata最新文献

The object of the present investigation was, on the basis of analysis of the activity of female cashiers in state saving bank (SSB), working with video-display terminals (VDT), and of investigation the subjective complaints, evaluation of the ergonomic factors of the working places to be made, which could serve for the elaboration of adequate preventive measures. Inquiry and ergonomic methods, chronometric measurements and interviews were used. The investigations were performed on 66 female cashiers from 4 branches of SSB--Sofia. The analysis revealed that according to the different indices the working places did not meet the ergonomic requirements. The principal unfavourable ergonomic factors were the discrepancy of the illumination of the working places with the requirements of similar type of activity and the characteristics of the sitting posture. The cashiers estimated the illumination as insufficient with poor distribution of the lighting sources. The arrangement and principal parameters of the working places did not correspond to the recommended ones. Discrepancies as insufficient length and width of the working surface, insufficient space for the legs were causes for occupying non-ergonomic working postures and led to tension of the muscular-skeletal system. About 2/3 of the examined female cashiers had complaints of pains in the neck, back and lumbar region, which they related to the occupied working posture and to the arrangement and dimensions of the working places.

A complex occupational hygienic and clinical allergologic investigation in a methylene-diphenyl diizocyanate (MDI)-based polyurethane products manufacture was carried out for the first time in this country. The average MDI concentrations for a shift are within the limits of TWA, but during short operations exceed STEL and reach 0.072-0.181 mg/m3. By clinical and immuno-allergologic methods, applied on 46 MDI-exposed workers and 42 controls, the sensibilizing effect on the respiratory system, skin and eyes was detected. The allergic reactions take the course of bronchial asthma (6.5%), rhinitis and rhinopharyngitis (37%), rhinosinusitis (13%), conjunctivitis (13%), and urticaria and dermatitis (17.4%), as in 12 cases (12%) the allergic illnesses are combined. The specific occupational sensibilization, proved by positive dermal allergy tests with MDI in 24 (52%) exposed workers, and increased MDI-IgE antibodies in 4 workers, is of high statistical reliability in comparison with the control group and supposes immune reactions of quick type (IgE) and mainly retarded type--cell mediated. Various prophylactic measures against the proven occupational sensibilization risk are proposed.

Anthropological pollutions falling in the soil by different routes evolve multitude unfavourable consequences for human being and health. The present publication considers a laboratory survey on the influence of lead, copper and zinc by their combined presence in soil onto soil autocleaning ability. The results from the experiments will serve the goals of complex hygiene standards of these three soil pollutants. A number of micro-organisms, relating to soil as an ecological compartment, are tested by two hygienic microbiological methods. The results from experiments point out as maximum permissible concentration (MPC) the following combination of concentrations within the range of the microbiological index: lead--54 mg/kg, copper--90 mg/kg, zinc--165 mg/kg. Concentrations over the above-mentioned have an oppressive effect on saprophytic microflora in higher rate than the observed impact of pathogenic micro-organisms. In conditions of MPC higher than the reached ones the autocleaning ability of the soil is threatened and thus a basis with unfavourable epidemiological indicators is established.

Our investigations during the last decades emphasized the ever more increasing importance of the motor activity for the wholesome development of the child's and adolescent's body. Contrary to that, nowadays a tendency imposes for ever more immobile manner of life among the children and the growing up adolescents, which bears an extremely unfavourable influence on their physical development and activity, health conditions, as well as on a number of psycho-functional indices for their vital activity. The presented literary review from 36 origins demonstrate that as a result of hypokinesis the percentage of children and adolescent with overweight and obesity increases, the alimentary-energetic balance of the body is disturbed, the morbidity increases, particularly of the cardio-circulatory system, etc. All these phenomena impose in front of the physicians a number of health-hygienic problems, the solution of which could be achieved mainly by direction of the efforts for creation of adequate programmes for stimulation of the physical activity of the children and adolescents in the school, as well as in the family medium. The researchers in a number of highly developed countries even alarm for the constitution of national programmes for physical activity and physical education in view of saving the growing up generation from the noxious effect of hypokinesis with all deriving from it unfavourable for the health consequences.

Tylosin-specific lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and its restriction of HLA class II antigens have been investigated in 21 allergic workers exposed to tylosin. Nine workers from tylosin industry without allergic symptoms and five nonexposed nonallergic subjects served as controls. The results showed a significantly higher lymphocyte proliferative response to tylosin in allergic workers compared to control groups. Lymphocyte proliferation was observed in five workers with allergic complaints but negative skin tests. The tylosin concentration leading to maximal proliferative response varied from 10 to 1000 micrograms/ml among individuals. Six from seven workers with maximal response to the lowest concentration of tylosin carried HLA-DQ2 antigen. Lymphocyte from most control subjects did not respond in vitro to tylosin. Weak proliferative response to tylosin was observed in two workers without clinical symptoms of allergy. No association was found between lymphocyte reactivity to PHA and tylosin in the three studied groups. In conclusion, tylosin leads to a specific activation of T lymphocytes in occupationally sensitized workers. Possibly, the T cell recognition of the hapten/protein complex is restricted by HLA-DQ2 antigen in tylosin occupational allergy. Lymphocyte stimulation test can be used for the diagnosis of tylosin occupational allergy, as well as for the detection of latently sensitized workers.

The authors studied the dynamic of changes in auditory-vestibular system as well as the mechanisms of general and specific adaptation of organism to different extreme effects. 94 volunteers were examined in conditions of hyperbarism, hypobarism, hypergravitation and sea extreme factors. For registration of morphological changes and their correlation with biochemical and electrophysiological changes, experiments were performed on 272 animals using the same extreme factors. Complex clinical, biochemical, electrophysiological psychophysiological, and in the animals-morphological studies were performed. The state of the auditory-vestibular, cardiovascular, nerve, respiratory systems as well as the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, mineral-electrolytes and biogenic amines are followed up. It is well known that the immediate adaptation to extreme effects occurs on three levels-biochemical, anatomo-physiological and nerve-psychic. These levels are comparatively independent but also mutually related and determining each other. It was found out that in the different types of extreme effects the leading role is played by a different level. For example in sea extreme effects the nerve psychic adaptation level is dominating while in hyperbaric overstrain the anatomo-physiologic level plays the leading role. It is found out that 70% of the incidents during divers' experience is due to changes mainly in the middle year and in the labyrinth. Attention is paid on the role of genotype characteristics of adaptation as well as on the organism's tolerance towards the nitrous narcosis and oxidative intoxication. An interesting finding is that the animals and volunteers who decrease the blood serotonin values following the extreme effect are with higher stability and the immediate adaptation occurs quicker and is more effective. There is no data in the literature on this topic. These results could be used for prognosing the stability of the organism and for decreasing the health risk for the working under extreme effects, for their prevention and treatment as well as in the professional selection.

The presented methods include mechanical studies of the changes in the vision-movement reaction, the stability of the attention and mental activity; subjective evaluation of the tiredness, self-esteem, activity and temper as well as of some individual features. The methods have been approbated on students at XI, XII grade of SOU and present possibilities for evaluation of the correspondence between strain and physiologic and psychologic changes in the students during training.

The problem of the microclimatic parameters of the environment in some clinics and hospital departments is discussed as well as their significance in the general therapeutic course. The impact of the air environment as a potent therapeutic factor is outlined. It is stated that the temperature regime in the rooms must be differentiated in accordance to the climatic conditions, seasons, patient's age, the nosologic group. Discussing the problem with regard to the balance "man-environment" it is outlined that the adaptive capabilities, which are narrowed and altered in the patient, can not compensate for the unfavourable conditions of the environment. The authors point at differentiated values of the microclimatic parameters for the rooms in some clinics and departments.

Preserving the environment and human health is an irreversible part of the activity towards stable development. Acknowledging the necessity of such development, the European countries commence working out of plans that subordinate their policy to this object. Concerning the health policy the new strategy requires improving of the integrated system for environmental and health control-an administrative framework that reflects the partnership between health and environmental institutions and the other sectors at all levels of control. The main means and instruments for control of health and the environment are: 1) information system for health and environment; 2) identification and evaluation of the health and environmental risks; 3) a framework of the current legislation; 4) additional measures for control, including economical and fiscal instruments; 5) professional training and qualification; 6) public information and health education; 7) public participation; 8) researches and technological works. The correct functioning of the complex "taking decisions-control system" and the expected results depend on the adequate working out and application of the above mentioned means. The national action plan for environment and health is a fundamental project on a large scale for preserving the health and environmental interests of the country targeting at its stable progress.

In the course of the experimental laboratory studies it was found out a significant impairment of the communication following a 2-hour processing of speech signals in conditions of masking noise. In order to diminish the auditory exhaustion in impeded communication the authors created physiologically grounded model of the working and resting regime in accordance to the experimental data, which require the including of two breaks in the first half of the working day, i.e. after a two hour exposition to masking noise. The minimal duration of the break at the end of the second hour (according to the experimental data) must be not less than 10 minutes in order to reach the initial or near to it speech communication. The time of the second break may coincide with the regulated lunch-time. The created working and resting regime was approbated in working conditions at DF "Kremikovtsi". It was found out that following the introduction of the physiological regime of work and rest, the auditory exhaustion decreased which was expressed in lowering of the rate of tone-intensity steps.