Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008928103010304
M. Manullang, D. A. Nasution, B. Wirjosentono
: In this work, polyvinylalcohol (PVA)-based interpenetrating-hydrogels containing natural microbentonite (NMB) were prepared in a bench scale reflux-reactor using water as solvent in an optimized condition in the presence of constant compositions of acrylicacid (AA) and N,N’-methylenebisacryamide (MBA) as comono-mers as well as ammoniumpersulphate [(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , APS] as initiator. Results of interpenetrating-hydrogels, with various loadings of NMB (2, 5, 10 and 15%) were moulded and cooled to form film specimens, and then characterized for their properties. First of all, their mechanical properties and chemical structure were measured using tensile testing (ASTM D882) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), then their thermal properties were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and their morphological properties were tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that optimum composition weight ratio of PVA/AA/NMB/MBA/APS = 60/40/10/1/0.5 enhanced highest tensile modulus of the interpenetrating-hydrogel microcomposites 25% in compare to its neat hydrogel counterpart. FTIR analysis of the film speci-mens after exhaustive extraction in n-hexane still contained stable AA-carbonyl (C=O) peak at 1725 cm -1 . Thermal properties of the optimized composition of the hydrogel showed slight improved of thermal stability (decomposition temperature increase from 280 – 285 o C). Morphological properties of the interpenetrating-hydrogel microcomposite also showed finely distributed of the microfiller, which is responsible for its improved mechanical and thermal properties. It is recommended that the interpenetrating-hydrogels can be further developed for application as biomedical materials.
以丙烯酸(AA)和N,N ' -亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为共聚物，过硫酸铵[(nh4) 2 S 2 O 8, APS]为引发剂，在最佳条件下，以水为溶剂，在实验规模的回流反应器中制备了含天然微膨润土(NMB)的聚乙烯醇(PVA)基互穿水凝胶。将不同NMB含量(2、5、10、15%)的互穿水凝胶进行模制和冷却，形成薄膜样品，然后对其性能进行表征。首先，利用拉伸试验(ASTM D882)和红外光谱(FTIR)测量了其力学性能和化学结构，然后利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了其热性能，并用扫描电镜(SEM)测试了其形态性能。结果表明，当PVA/AA/NMB/MBA/APS的最佳配比为60/40/10/1/0.5时，互穿水凝胶微复合材料的最高拉伸模量比纯水凝胶微复合材料提高了25%。在正己烷中穷举提取后的膜样在1725 cm -1处仍含有稳定的aa -羰基(C=O)峰。优化后的水凝胶的热稳定性略有改善(分解温度从280℃提高到285℃)，微填料的形态分布也较为均匀，这是其力学性能和热性能得到改善的原因。建议进一步开发互穿水凝胶作为生物医用材料的应用。
{"title":"Preparation and Characteristics of Polyvinyl Alcohol-based Hydroel Containing Natural Microbentonite","authors":"M. Manullang, D. A. Nasution, B. Wirjosentono","doi":"10.5220/0008928103010304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008928103010304","url":null,"abstract":": In this work, polyvinylalcohol (PVA)-based interpenetrating-hydrogels containing natural microbentonite (NMB) were prepared in a bench scale reflux-reactor using water as solvent in an optimized condition in the presence of constant compositions of acrylicacid (AA) and N,N’-methylenebisacryamide (MBA) as comono-mers as well as ammoniumpersulphate [(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 , APS] as initiator. Results of interpenetrating-hydrogels, with various loadings of NMB (2, 5, 10 and 15%) were moulded and cooled to form film specimens, and then characterized for their properties. First of all, their mechanical properties and chemical structure were measured using tensile testing (ASTM D882) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), then their thermal properties were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and their morphological properties were tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that optimum composition weight ratio of PVA/AA/NMB/MBA/APS = 60/40/10/1/0.5 enhanced highest tensile modulus of the interpenetrating-hydrogel microcomposites 25% in compare to its neat hydrogel counterpart. FTIR analysis of the film speci-mens after exhaustive extraction in n-hexane still contained stable AA-carbonyl (C=O) peak at 1725 cm -1 . Thermal properties of the optimized composition of the hydrogel showed slight improved of thermal stability (decomposition temperature increase from 280 – 285 o C). Morphological properties of the interpenetrating-hydrogel microcomposite also showed finely distributed of the microfiller, which is responsible for its improved mechanical and thermal properties. It is recommended that the interpenetrating-hydrogels can be further developed for application as biomedical materials.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89275952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008839600390044
M. Supeno, R. Siburian, Desi Natalia
: The hybrid coconut shell charcoal is sp 3 , after being mixed with activated carbon and heated to 600(cid:31) for 1 hour it produces sp 2 which shows the characterization of graphene. The process of making graphene in this study, namely coconut shell dried under sunlight then hydrolyzed into charcoal then mixed with activated carbon as a reducing agent at 600°C for 1 hour to produce graphene. The resulting graphene is characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, XRF and BET. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the resulting peaks were not sharp and slightly broadened the diffraction peak at 24° and 44°. The results of SEM-EDX analysis at 4000x magnification showed smaller, thinner surface sizes and structural shapes and reduced buildup in the graphene structure. XRF analysis results show that there are still organic impurities. The results of graphene analysis with BET show the surface area of graphene 82.873 m 2 / g with a pore volume of 0.116 cc / g.
混合椰壳炭为sp3，与活性炭混合，加热至600(cid:31) 1小时后产生sp2，表现出石墨烯的表征。本研究制备石墨烯的工艺是将椰子壳在阳光下晒干，然后水解成木炭，再与活性炭作为还原剂在600℃下混合1小时生成石墨烯。用XRD、SEM-EDX、XRF和BET对所得石墨烯进行了表征。XRD分析结果表明，所得峰不尖锐，在24°和44°处衍射峰略有加宽。在4000倍放大下的SEM-EDX分析结果显示，石墨烯的表面尺寸和结构形状更小、更薄，石墨烯结构中的堆积也减少了。XRF分析结果表明，仍有有机杂质存在。石墨烯的BET分析结果表明，石墨烯的表面积为82.873 m2 / g，孔隙体积为0.116 cc / g。
{"title":"The Synthesis of Graphene from Coconut Shell Charcoal","authors":"M. Supeno, R. Siburian, Desi Natalia","doi":"10.5220/0008839600390044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008839600390044","url":null,"abstract":": The hybrid coconut shell charcoal is sp 3 , after being mixed with activated carbon and heated to 600(cid:31) for 1 hour it produces sp 2 which shows the characterization of graphene. The process of making graphene in this study, namely coconut shell dried under sunlight then hydrolyzed into charcoal then mixed with activated carbon as a reducing agent at 600°C for 1 hour to produce graphene. The resulting graphene is characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, XRF and BET. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the resulting peaks were not sharp and slightly broadened the diffraction peak at 24° and 44°. The results of SEM-EDX analysis at 4000x magnification showed smaller, thinner surface sizes and structural shapes and reduced buildup in the graphene structure. XRF analysis results show that there are still organic impurities. The results of graphene analysis with BET show the surface area of graphene 82.873 m 2 / g with a pore volume of 0.116 cc / g.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89423543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008863101520155
R. Dewi, H. Agusnar, Z. Alfian, Tamrin
: In this study the preparation of biochar from palm kernel shells was carried out by the pyrolysis method. Characterization of biochar is done by using FTIR, XRD, SEM EDX, and DSC / TGA. Based on the results of measurements with FTIR, functional group stretching vibration of O-H and C-C stretching was obtained. The surface of biochar looks rough with irregular pore diameter size. From the SEM analysis, it was obtained that the pore diameter ranged from 625.3 nm - 870.9 nm, while the EDX results showed the carbon content at biochar was 84.93%. The results of the TGA / DSC analysis show that biochar loses weight due to the release of water during heating and in the carbon decomposition phase. From the results of the characterization, it can be concluded that biochar derived from the results of the pyrolysis process with the raw material of palm kernel shell is very good to be used as an activated carbon precursor.
{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of Biochar from Palm Kernel Shells as an Activated Carbon Precursors with the Pyrolysis Method","authors":"R. Dewi, H. Agusnar, Z. Alfian, Tamrin","doi":"10.5220/0008863101520155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008863101520155","url":null,"abstract":": In this study the preparation of biochar from palm kernel shells was carried out by the pyrolysis method. Characterization of biochar is done by using FTIR, XRD, SEM EDX, and DSC / TGA. Based on the results of measurements with FTIR, functional group stretching vibration of O-H and C-C stretching was obtained. The surface of biochar looks rough with irregular pore diameter size. From the SEM analysis, it was obtained that the pore diameter ranged from 625.3 nm - 870.9 nm, while the EDX results showed the carbon content at biochar was 84.93%. The results of the TGA / DSC analysis show that biochar loses weight due to the release of water during heating and in the carbon decomposition phase. From the results of the characterization, it can be concluded that biochar derived from the results of the pyrolysis process with the raw material of palm kernel shell is very good to be used as an activated carbon precursor.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86715195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0009005403390342
B. Wirjosentono, Tamrin, A. Siregar, D. A. Nasution, Paula Netti Sihombing
Blends of cassava starch (CS) and wheat flour (WF) containing soymilk waste powder (SWP) were prepared using gelatinization process for cookies dough, and then baked in the presence of 10% margarine, 1% cane sugar, and 0.1% table salt. It was found that after cookies baking, optimum composition of cookies possesses comparable disintegration time with that of control (fresh wheat flour) was obtained when used weight ratio of CS/WF/SWP = 60/40/20. It was also found that increase fibre and protein as well as other nutrition contents in the cookies dough have been revealed when compared to that of standard cookies using fresh wheat four. DSC analysis of cookies sample containing SWP showed addition of exothermic temperature peak due to decomposition of SWP. SEM micrograph of cookies sample containing SWP showed bigger granules due to aglomeration of SWP covered with CS/WF matrix.
{"title":"Proximate and Physical Characteristics of Cookies Made of Cassava Starch and Wheat Flour Blends Containing Soymilk Waste Powder","authors":"B. Wirjosentono, Tamrin, A. Siregar, D. A. Nasution, Paula Netti Sihombing","doi":"10.5220/0009005403390342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0009005403390342","url":null,"abstract":"Blends of cassava starch (CS) and wheat flour (WF) containing soymilk waste powder (SWP) were prepared using gelatinization process for cookies dough, and then baked in the presence of 10% margarine, 1% cane sugar, and 0.1% table salt. It was found that after cookies baking, optimum composition of cookies possesses comparable disintegration time with that of control (fresh wheat flour) was obtained when used weight ratio of CS/WF/SWP = 60/40/20. It was also found that increase fibre and protein as well as other nutrition contents in the cookies dough have been revealed when compared to that of standard cookies using fresh wheat four. DSC analysis of cookies sample containing SWP showed addition of exothermic temperature peak due to decomposition of SWP. SEM micrograph of cookies sample containing SWP showed bigger granules due to aglomeration of SWP covered with CS/WF matrix.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88315053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008837000100017
F. Ayob, P. Hussain, M. Awang, Aiziz Abdullah, Bakhtiar Arif Baharuddin, Aziz Abdul Rahim, A. Ismail
: An experimental research is being conducted on the joining of dissimilar materials of grey cast iron to low carbon steel utilizing diffusion bonding method. Diffusion bonding process operates on the principle of solid-state diffusion, wherein the atoms of two solid, metallic surfaces intersperse themselves over time, moving an atomic mass form or diffusion through the lattice of a crystalline solid. Upon producing of the diffusion couples through diffusion bonding, the bonds are subjected to SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), EDS/EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), WDX’s (Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties examination. Subsequent investigation is to be carried out to establish the diffusion mechanism, inter-diffusion coefficients and activation energy of the diffusion system. To study the optimum conditions that produce excellent and ultimate bond, various bonding parameters and variables are taken into consideration. This paper describes the research progress undertaken to date, explaining the materials involved, equipment, method and preliminary as well as current results on microstructure analysis, tensile test and micro-hardness test.
{"title":"Examination of Micro-structural, Mechanical Properties and Investigation of Optimum Conditions of Diffusion Bonding between Grey Cast Iron and Low Carbon Steel","authors":"F. Ayob, P. Hussain, M. Awang, Aiziz Abdullah, Bakhtiar Arif Baharuddin, Aziz Abdul Rahim, A. Ismail","doi":"10.5220/0008837000100017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008837000100017","url":null,"abstract":": An experimental research is being conducted on the joining of dissimilar materials of grey cast iron to low carbon steel utilizing diffusion bonding method. Diffusion bonding process operates on the principle of solid-state diffusion, wherein the atoms of two solid, metallic surfaces intersperse themselves over time, moving an atomic mass form or diffusion through the lattice of a crystalline solid. Upon producing of the diffusion couples through diffusion bonding, the bonds are subjected to SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EPMA (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), EDS/EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), WDX’s (Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties examination. Subsequent investigation is to be carried out to establish the diffusion mechanism, inter-diffusion coefficients and activation energy of the diffusion system. To study the optimum conditions that produce excellent and ultimate bond, various bonding parameters and variables are taken into consideration. This paper describes the research progress undertaken to date, explaining the materials involved, equipment, method and preliminary as well as current results on microstructure analysis, tensile test and micro-hardness test.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87620517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008853300570062
Nelly Safitri, T. Rihayat, Suryani, S. Riskina, R. Saputra, A. Safitri, Tjut Yayang Risqatia Hasnah, K. Y. Putri, Y. Yunus
: The use of solar light is currently used as one of the renewable energy by utilizing sunlight, or commonly called photovoltaic (PV). One of the technologies related to the application of solar panels to energy by converting sunlight into electricity is called photovoltaic. The amount of solar energy that can be absorbed depends on the cell size and absorption of solar cells on sunlight. Solar panels are known as WP (Watt peak) where this amount is the maximum power produced by each panel unit with a capacity of 100 watts/hour, size 1200 mm x 550 mm with a thickness of 35 mm. The battery used is 12 Volt 200 Ah, and the heater used is 2000 Watt. Agarwood crust is obtained from the Aquillaria malaccensis tree, which is then soaked for 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 days respectively. The best results of soaking are at 14 days, during which the immersion process has expanded and finally broken, so that water enters the cell wall through diffusion and increases turgor pressure. Soaking water becomes more acidic over time and damages the cell wall. This causes the process of increasing cell wall destruction. However, a longer immersion time causes more oil content to be wasted into soaking water. It was concluded that the most suitable immersion time for extracting agarwood oil was 14 days. The results showed that high oil yield was obtained from oil extracted with a 10 hour hydro distillation sample (0.44% analysis water content). Analysis of chemical compounds using GC-MS showed a typical compound of agarwood namely Guaiol with the highest value 4.10% (GC-FID) and 1.95% (GC-MS). Guaiol was used as a parameter to determine the quality of essential oils produced from the distillation process that has been carried out because the area produced from the test results has an area greater than other components contained in essential oils.
{"title":"Distillation of Agarwood Oil (Aquillaria sp) using Photovoltaic Methods","authors":"Nelly Safitri, T. Rihayat, Suryani, S. Riskina, R. Saputra, A. Safitri, Tjut Yayang Risqatia Hasnah, K. Y. Putri, Y. Yunus","doi":"10.5220/0008853300570062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008853300570062","url":null,"abstract":": The use of solar light is currently used as one of the renewable energy by utilizing sunlight, or commonly called photovoltaic (PV). One of the technologies related to the application of solar panels to energy by converting sunlight into electricity is called photovoltaic. The amount of solar energy that can be absorbed depends on the cell size and absorption of solar cells on sunlight. Solar panels are known as WP (Watt peak) where this amount is the maximum power produced by each panel unit with a capacity of 100 watts/hour, size 1200 mm x 550 mm with a thickness of 35 mm. The battery used is 12 Volt 200 Ah, and the heater used is 2000 Watt. Agarwood crust is obtained from the Aquillaria malaccensis tree, which is then soaked for 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 days respectively. The best results of soaking are at 14 days, during which the immersion process has expanded and finally broken, so that water enters the cell wall through diffusion and increases turgor pressure. Soaking water becomes more acidic over time and damages the cell wall. This causes the process of increasing cell wall destruction. However, a longer immersion time causes more oil content to be wasted into soaking water. It was concluded that the most suitable immersion time for extracting agarwood oil was 14 days. The results showed that high oil yield was obtained from oil extracted with a 10 hour hydro distillation sample (0.44% analysis water content). Analysis of chemical compounds using GC-MS showed a typical compound of agarwood namely Guaiol with the highest value 4.10% (GC-FID) and 1.95% (GC-MS). Guaiol was used as a parameter to determine the quality of essential oils produced from the distillation process that has been carried out because the area produced from the test results has an area greater than other components contained in essential oils.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85508498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008857901330135
N. Bangun, J. Karo-karo, H. Nainggolan, S. Silaban, Nia Erisa Tarigan, Rahmad Ramadan
Esters has been long known in some applications that has been attempted to prepare in many fashion methods. Several catalysts used based on acid either solid or liquid has been known popular. A transition salt also has been intensively reported catalyzes esterification. Very few catalysts from Group A metal shown activities esterification catalysis. Lead (II) nitrate shown a good catalyst performance in esterification long chain fatty acid reacts with primary and secondary alcohol. Palmitic acid reacts with alcohols, glycerol, 1,2-propane diol as well as stearyl alcohol gives high yield ester respectively. All ester has been characterized in FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrophotometer shown the yield was 90-97%.
{"title":"Lead (II) Nitrate Catalyzed Esterification Palmitic Acid with Alcohols","authors":"N. Bangun, J. Karo-karo, H. Nainggolan, S. Silaban, Nia Erisa Tarigan, Rahmad Ramadan","doi":"10.5220/0008857901330135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008857901330135","url":null,"abstract":"Esters has been long known in some applications that has been attempted to prepare in many fashion methods. Several catalysts used based on acid either solid or liquid has been known popular. A transition salt also has been intensively reported catalyzes esterification. Very few catalysts from Group A metal shown activities esterification catalysis. Lead (II) nitrate shown a good catalyst performance in esterification long chain fatty acid reacts with primary and secondary alcohol. Palmitic acid reacts with alcohols, glycerol, 1,2-propane diol as well as stearyl alcohol gives high yield ester respectively. All ester has been characterized in FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrophotometer shown the yield was 90-97%.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81045298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008863801600164
Lisa Aulia Lubis, A. Husin, Maulida
Furfural is an organic compound that can be produced from agricultural waste such as oats, corn cobs, rice husks, bagasse, and sawdust. Cocoa pod husk is a renewable raw material for furfural manufacturing. Furfural synthesis from cocoa pod husk is an attempt to create value-added of cocoa pod husk. Furfural synthesis was based on the hydrolysis of pentosan into xylose which was then dehydrated to furfural. Cocoa pod husk waste contains pectin and lignin which can interfere hydolysis process. It make use pretreatment process to reduce pectin and lignin. Percentages pectin, lignin and pentosan before pretreatment were 9.2 ± 0.5, 14.7% and 38.9% and after pretreatment to be 1.7 ± 0.01, 4.13% and 37.5%. In this study used hydrolysis temperature variations (110, 120, 130 and 140) 0C and hydrolysis time (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) minutes. The optimum conditions obtained at temperature and time of hydrolysis of 1300C and 30 minutes, weight furfural obtained was 6.728 g/7,50g pentosan or 6,728g/20g of cocoa pod husk and yield furfural obtained was 82.2%. This shows that cocoa pod husk has a high potential to be converted into furfural and can be used as a renewable raw material in furfural manufacturing. Furfural identified by color test using aniline acetate 1:1, Gas Cromatographic Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and infraspectrophotometer (FTIR).
{"title":"Synthesis and Identification of Furfural from Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) with Pretreatment Process before Hydrolysis Process","authors":"Lisa Aulia Lubis, A. Husin, Maulida","doi":"10.5220/0008863801600164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008863801600164","url":null,"abstract":"Furfural is an organic compound that can be produced from agricultural waste such as oats, corn cobs, rice husks, bagasse, and sawdust. Cocoa pod husk is a renewable raw material for furfural manufacturing. Furfural synthesis from cocoa pod husk is an attempt to create value-added of cocoa pod husk. Furfural synthesis was based on the hydrolysis of pentosan into xylose which was then dehydrated to furfural. Cocoa pod husk waste contains pectin and lignin which can interfere hydolysis process. It make use pretreatment process to reduce pectin and lignin. Percentages pectin, lignin and pentosan before pretreatment were 9.2 ± 0.5, 14.7% and 38.9% and after pretreatment to be 1.7 ± 0.01, 4.13% and 37.5%. In this study used hydrolysis temperature variations (110, 120, 130 and 140) 0C and hydrolysis time (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) minutes. The optimum conditions obtained at temperature and time of hydrolysis of 1300C and 30 minutes, weight furfural obtained was 6.728 g/7,50g pentosan or 6,728g/20g of cocoa pod husk and yield furfural obtained was 82.2%. This shows that cocoa pod husk has a high potential to be converted into furfural and can be used as a renewable raw material in furfural manufacturing. Furfural identified by color test using aniline acetate 1:1, Gas Cromatographic Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and infraspectrophotometer (FTIR).","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89261703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Research on phosphate adsorption using activated KOH coal bottom ash has been carried out. This study aims to assess the utilization of bottom ash as an adsorbent to adsorb phosphate ions from water bodies. Research starts from the activation process for 5 hours with 3 M NaOH solution. Then the pre-activated and post-activated bottom ash are characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Based on the results of the characterization with SEM-EDS, the surface of pre-activated bottom ash surfaces seems smooth because they are still covered by impurity metals such as Fe, Ti and Mg. After activation, bottom ash surfaces become rough because impurities such as Fe, Ti, and Mg are lost and thus the pores are opened. The bottom ash then was applied to absorb phosphate ions with variations of particle size (50-70 mesh, 70-110 mesh, and 110-140 mesh) and dosage of adsorbent (1, 2, and 3 g) and were contacted for 60 minutes to 1000 ml phosphate solute of concentration 10 mg/l. Remaining phosphate ions concentration in solute after adsorption are analyzed using UV-vis spectrophotometer. Best adsorption of phosphate ions with 74.8% efficiency was obtained at particle size of 110-140 mesh and dosage adsorbent of 3 g. The highest adsorption capacity (7.02 mg / g) was obtained with dosage of 1 g adsorbent. Freundlich and Langmuir's models were used to describe the phosphate ion adsorption by KOH activated bottom ash isotherm. Based on the data obtained, the suitable model for this study is Freundlich model with a value of R 2 = 0.9721.
{"title":"Phosphate Adsorption using KOH Activated Coal Bottom Ash","authors":"Fatimah Agussalim, Alfikri Ramadhan, Budi Pratama Tarigan","doi":"10.5220/0008855501000104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008855501000104","url":null,"abstract":": Research on phosphate adsorption using activated KOH coal bottom ash has been carried out. This study aims to assess the utilization of bottom ash as an adsorbent to adsorb phosphate ions from water bodies. Research starts from the activation process for 5 hours with 3 M NaOH solution. Then the pre-activated and post-activated bottom ash are characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Based on the results of the characterization with SEM-EDS, the surface of pre-activated bottom ash surfaces seems smooth because they are still covered by impurity metals such as Fe, Ti and Mg. After activation, bottom ash surfaces become rough because impurities such as Fe, Ti, and Mg are lost and thus the pores are opened. The bottom ash then was applied to absorb phosphate ions with variations of particle size (50-70 mesh, 70-110 mesh, and 110-140 mesh) and dosage of adsorbent (1, 2, and 3 g) and were contacted for 60 minutes to 1000 ml phosphate solute of concentration 10 mg/l. Remaining phosphate ions concentration in solute after adsorption are analyzed using UV-vis spectrophotometer. Best adsorption of phosphate ions with 74.8% efficiency was obtained at particle size of 110-140 mesh and dosage adsorbent of 3 g. The highest adsorption capacity (7.02 mg / g) was obtained with dosage of 1 g adsorbent. Freundlich and Langmuir's models were used to describe the phosphate ion adsorption by KOH activated bottom ash isotherm. Based on the data obtained, the suitable model for this study is Freundlich model with a value of R 2 = 0.9721.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79615589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5220/0008838400210025
Taslim, Iriany, O. Bani, A. Sinaga
: Mile-a-minute weed (Mikania micrantha) contains a large fraction of pentosan, and thus, is suitable as a precursor of furfural. Generally, furfural production from biomass requires inorganic acids, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, as catalyst. However, the use of inorganic acid is not environmentally benign and causes equipment corrosion. In this study, 50 g dry mile-a-minute weed was reduced to 100 meshes and mixed with 50 g sodium chloride. Then, this mixture was added into roselle petal extract at a ratio of 1:6 (w/v) in a three-neck flask. The flask was then connected to a Liebig condenser and an erlenmeyer was placed at the other end of the condenser to collect the furfural. The reaction was carried out at 100-120℃ and for 0-330 min. The resulting furfural was separated from water by extraction using chloroform. Two layers of liquid were formed during extraction. The top layer was rich in water and the bottom layer was rich in chloroform and furfural. The lower layer was distilled to purify furfural. The purified furfural was identified by aniline acetate color test, Fourier-Tranform Infrared Spectrocopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results suggested that organic acids from roselle petal extraction can be used as a catalyst in furfural systhesis.
{"title":"Furfural Synthesis from Mile-a-Minute Weed (Mikania micrantha) using Roselle Petal Extract as Catalyst","authors":"Taslim, Iriany, O. Bani, A. Sinaga","doi":"10.5220/0008838400210025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5220/0008838400210025","url":null,"abstract":": Mile-a-minute weed (Mikania micrantha) contains a large fraction of pentosan, and thus, is suitable as a precursor of furfural. Generally, furfural production from biomass requires inorganic acids, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, as catalyst. However, the use of inorganic acid is not environmentally benign and causes equipment corrosion. In this study, 50 g dry mile-a-minute weed was reduced to 100 meshes and mixed with 50 g sodium chloride. Then, this mixture was added into roselle petal extract at a ratio of 1:6 (w/v) in a three-neck flask. The flask was then connected to a Liebig condenser and an erlenmeyer was placed at the other end of the condenser to collect the furfural. The reaction was carried out at 100-120℃ and for 0-330 min. The resulting furfural was separated from water by extraction using chloroform. Two layers of liquid were formed during extraction. The top layer was rich in water and the bottom layer was rich in chloroform and furfural. The lower layer was distilled to purify furfural. The purified furfural was identified by aniline acetate color test, Fourier-Tranform Infrared Spectrocopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results suggested that organic acids from roselle petal extraction can be used as a catalyst in furfural systhesis.","PeriodicalId":20533,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73367446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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