Procedia CIRP最新文献

英文中文

Investigating the reparability of fusion bonded metal-plastic composites for improved circularity 研究提高金属-塑料复合材料圆度的可修复性

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2024.09.018

Christian Gundlach , Klaus Dilger , Sven Hartwig

Multi-material structures have long been established for various components in the automotive industry in the context of lightweight construction, with metal and fiber-reinforced plastic in particular being advantageously joined together in the form of so-called hybrid designs. The joining technology plays a decisive role here with regard to the hybrid component's performance and aging resistance. However, the complexity of component manufacture and the feasibility of subsequent repair, reprocessing and recycling concepts are largely determined by the choice of joining technology. The aim of the present work is to investigate the reparability of joints produced fusion bonding on a fundamental level. Lap shear specimens consisting of a laser-structured, metallic joining partner and a fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) sheet are used as a basis for evaluation. The test sequence comprises an initial joining and three consecutive repair processes of the joint by means of fusion bonding, with a destructive lap shear test taking place after each joining process. Two repair approaches (with and without an additional polyamide-6 film) are investigated. Over three repair processes, a slightly decreasing trend in lap shear strength is found if the repair is carried out without additional polyamide-6 film. Using a polyamide-6 film during the repair leads to higher strength in every case tested. Thermal analysis and microindentation on the FRTP substrate takes place in order to quantify the influence of the heating required for repair. A negative effect on the degree of crystallinity and the strength of the polyamide-6 matrix close to the steel-FRTP interface is found. Nevertheless, based on the criteria derived from DIN EN 45554, the conclusion is drawn that the reparability of metal-FRTP joints produced by fusion bonding is possible on a sample scale. For future work, a more in-depth study of the joining surfaces, especially the metal part, as well as the inclusion of an aging step before each lap shear test should be considered.

长期以来，在轻量化结构的背景下，汽车工业的各种部件已经建立了多材料结构，特别是金属和纤维增强塑料以所谓的混合设计的形式有利地结合在一起。连接技术对混合材料的性能和抗老化性能起着决定性的作用。然而，部件制造的复杂性以及后续维修、再加工和回收概念的可行性在很大程度上取决于连接技术的选择。本工作的目的是在一个基本的水平上研究产生融合连接的关节的可修复性。由激光结构、金属连接伙伴和纤维增强热塑性塑料（FRTP）板组成的搭接剪切试样被用作评估的基础。试验序列包括初始连接和通过熔合对接头进行连续三次修复过程，每次连接过程后进行破坏性搭接剪切试验。研究了两种修复方法（有和没有额外的聚酰胺-6膜）。在三次修复过程中，如果不添加聚酰胺-6膜进行修复，则搭接剪切强度略有下降。在修复过程中使用聚酰胺-6薄膜，在每个测试案例中都可以获得更高的强度。在FRTP基板上进行热分析和微压痕是为了量化修复所需加热的影响。在接近钢- frtp界面处，聚酰胺-6基体的结晶度和强度受到不利影响。然而，根据DIN EN 45554的标准，得出的结论是，在样品规模上，熔合生产的金属- frtp接头的可修复性是可能的。对于未来的工作，更深入地研究连接面，特别是金属部分，以及在每次搭接剪切试验之前包含一个老化步骤，应该考虑。

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引用次数: 0

From goals to actions: Insights on how European SMEs plan and implement sustainability projects 从目标到行动：了解欧洲中小企业如何规划和实施可持续发展项目

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2024.12.069

Nelli Kononova , Max Juraschek , Claudia Franzè , Clara Behrend , Jaione Agirre , Oscar Revilla , Gabriela Ventura Silva , Christoph Herrmann

Rising energy and material costs, new reporting requirements, limited resources, increasing product quality demands as well as higher customer expectations on climate action and social standards urge the manufacturing industry to continuously take action. Especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are challenged by the need to identify the relevant action fields for their sustainable transition in the midst of political initiatives such as the “Green Deal”.

In practice, sustainability projects experience different consecutive stages and their goals and content might change over the course of the project. Based on data from the EU-funded “greenSME” fast-track sustainability projects, a self-assessment of the sustainability pathway of European SMEs is developed and conducted. This includes development of the action plan and the final implementation of the actions. Within the actions, companies could have decided to concentrate on one or several sustainability dimensions with the help of advanced technologies, social innovation or environmental services. Findings reveal discrepancies between the initial self-assessment goals and the practical implementation outcomes among European manufacturing SMEs. The highest implementation rates were observed in areas such as worker skills and training (105%), Life Cycle Assessment (85%), resource management (42%), and Internet of Things (39%).

不断上升的能源和材料成本、新的报告要求、有限的资源、不断提高的产品质量要求以及客户对气候行动和社会标准的更高期望，促使制造业不断采取行动。特别是中小型企业（SMEs）面临的挑战是，需要在“绿色协议”等政治倡议中确定其可持续转型的相关行动领域。在实践中，可持续发展项目经历了不同的连续阶段，其目标和内容可能会随着项目的进行而改变。基于欧盟资助的“绿色中小企业”快速通道可持续发展项目数据，对欧洲中小企业的可持续发展路径进行了自我评估。这包括制定行动计划和最终实施行动。在这些行动中，公司可以决定在先进技术、社会创新或环境服务的帮助下，专注于一个或几个可持续发展方面。研究发现，欧洲制造业中小企业的初始自我评估目标与实际实施结果存在差异。执行率最高的领域包括工人技能和培训（105%）、生命周期评估（85%）、资源管理（42%）和物联网（39%）。

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引用次数: 0

Strategies and action plans for Scandinavian municipalities and their climate goals relating to circular economy 斯堪的纳维亚城市的战略和行动计划及其与循环经济有关的气候目标

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2024.12.071

Thea Mork Kummen , Rolf André Bohne , Jardar Lohne , Freja Nygaard Rasmussen

The building and construction sector is responsible for extracting half of the virgin materials produced, and one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions. The public sector and municipalities account for a significant part of the building stock and can influence the building sector’s emission reductions and resource uses. This study aims to investigate strategies and action plans towards emission reductions related to circular economy initiatives in Scandinavian municipalities. Further, the study identifies effective practices and hindrances towards these circularity goals. The method of this study combines qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data was collected through analysis of existing climate strategies. The data was analyzed and sorted into categories, and further sorted with goals, tools and focus areas. The study reveals an increased focus and inclusion of circular economy principles and measures. Initiatives in strategies are mainly focused on waste management and recycling, rather than concrete measures for reuse. The study also showed that there is significant variation in the structure and content of different strategic documents. Recommendations for municipalities to improve the circular economic measures through action plans are provided. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to ensure the implementation of circular goals in municipal strategies.

建筑行业开采了全球一半的原始材料，排放了全球三分之一的温室气体。公共部门和市政当局占建筑存量的很大一部分，可以影响建筑部门的减排和资源利用。本研究旨在调查斯堪的纳维亚各城市与循环经济倡议有关的减排战略和行动计划。此外，该研究确定了实现这些循环目标的有效实践和障碍。本研究采用定性与定量相结合的研究方法。通过对现有气候战略的分析收集数据。对数据进行分析和分类，并进一步按照目标、工具和重点领域进行分类。该研究表明，循环经济原则和措施得到了越来越多的关注和包容。战略中的倡议主要侧重于废物管理和再循环，而不是再使用的具体措施。研究还表明，不同战略文件在结构和内容上存在显著差异。为市政当局提供了通过行动计划改进循环经济措施的建议。此外，该研究强调了使用关键绩效指标（kpi）以确保在市政战略中实施循环目标的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S2212-8271(25)00665-1

引用次数: 0

Design interventions to reduce embodied emissions and in-use energy losses of radial switched reluctance motors for electric vehicles 设计干预措施，以减少电动汽车径向开关磁阻电机的隐含排放和使用中的能量损失

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2025.04.002

Frederick Follows , Julian M. Allwood

The transport sector is rapidly electrifying, so the emissions of vehicles in-use will reduce in line with the grid. The embodied emissions of motor manufacture are therefore gaining more attention. This work investigates design interventions for an automotive switched reluctance motor (SRM), with the aim of improving its environmental performance compared to permanent magnet (PM) machines. The components investigated are the coils, stator, case, and rotor components (magnetic pole pieces, frame and shaft), considering the materials, manufacturing processes, and scrap waste. The effect of design choices on embodied emissions and in-use energy losses over a vehicle lifetime are determined from a representative duty cycle. In both categories significant savings are identified. Individual changes may reduce embodied emissions by 33% and in-use losses by 26%, while combining interventions can at best lead to savings of 80% and 55% respectively.

交通运输部门正在迅速电气化，因此在用车辆的排放量将随着电网的发展而减少。因此，电机制造过程中所产生的废气排放受到越来越多的关注。这项工作研究了汽车开关磁阻电机（SRM）的设计干预措施，目的是改善其与永磁（PM）电机相比的环境性能。考虑到材料、制造工艺和废料，研究的组件包括线圈、定子、外壳和转子组件（磁极片、框架和轴）。设计选择对车辆寿命期间的具体排放和使用中能量损失的影响是由代表性的占空比确定的。在这两个类别中都确定了显著的节省。个别变化可使实际排放量减少33%，使用中损失减少26%，而综合干预最多可分别节省80%和55%。

引用次数: 0

Proposal of a design tool combining performance criteria and circularity potential – A flexible film packaging application 结合性能标准和循环潜力的设计工具的建议-柔性薄膜包装的应用

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2024.12.009

Celina V. de Melo , Talissa G. Albertini , Alex C. Bottene , Daniel G. da Costa

The increasing production of plastic worldwide requires different alternatives to prevent this material from polluting the planet. Flexible polymeric packaging, for food applications holds a significant share, mainly due to the associated linear usage cycle. Therefore, developing new products with the potential for circularity is a goal of suppliers in this important supply chain. This paper proposes a packaging design methodology that considers performance criteria and the circularity potential of the final product in its conceptual phase. The developed tool combines the material selection methodology proposed by Ashby [8] and the circularity indicator MCI [7], proposed by Ellen MacArthur Foundation. The result is a decision flowchart, consisting of the stages: gathering packaging requirements (mechanical and protection), selecting materials that meet the requirements, constructing the matrix of possibilities, proposing packaging concepts, evaluating circularity potential, and ranking according to cost criteria. The tool was evaluated using a case study methodology, conducted in partnership with a representative company of the flexible packaging supply chain. Thus, technical and processing decision attributes were included in the flowchart, bringing industrial contributions to this design tool and proving the feasibility of its use in the development process of new packaging for food applications.

全球塑料产量的不断增加需要不同的替代品来防止这种材料污染地球。用于食品应用的柔性聚合物包装占有重要份额，主要是由于相关的线性使用周期。因此，开发具有循环潜力的新产品是这一重要供应链中供应商的目标。本文提出了一种包装设计方法，考虑性能标准和循环潜力的最终产品在其概念阶段。开发的工具结合了Ashby[8]提出的材料选择方法和Ellen MacArthur基金会提出的圆度指标MCI[7]。结果是一个决策流程图，由以下阶段组成：收集包装要求（机械和保护），选择满足要求的材料，构建可能性矩阵，提出包装概念，评估循环潜力，并根据成本标准进行排名。该工具使用案例研究方法进行评估，与柔性包装供应链的代表性公司合作进行。因此，流程图中包含了技术和加工决策属性，为该设计工具带来了工业贡献，并证明了其在食品应用新包装开发过程中使用的可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative Environmental Impact Analysis of Friction-based Additive Manufacturing Techniques 基于摩擦的增材制造技术的环境影响比较分析

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2024.12.043

Simone Amantia , Kirill Kalashnikov , Giuseppe Ingarao , Rosa Di Lorenzo , Gianluca Buffa , Livan Fratini

In this work, two variants of solid-state friction-based additive processes, Friction Surfacing Deposition and Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing, were compared in terms of their environmental impact. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment analysis was performed, alongside experimental quantification and analysis of energy and resource flows for each process. The energy analysis revealed that the friction stir additive manufacturing is a more energy-consuming technology than surfacing process due to the significantly lower tool feed rate required to produce sound welds. It was determined that the most significant contributor to the environmental impact of both methods is the process scrap. Strategies to reduce material waste were proposed for each technology, tailored to the specific characteristics of their implementation. Furthermore, an additional LCA model was developed to evaluate strategies for minimizing FSAM process scrap.

在这项工作中，比较了两种基于固态摩擦的增材工艺，摩擦表面沉积和搅拌摩擦增材制造，它们对环境的影响。进行了生命周期比较评估分析，同时对每个过程的能量和资源流进行了实验量化和分析。能量分析表明，搅拌摩擦增材制造是一种比堆焊工艺更耗能的技术，因为产生良好焊缝所需的刀具进给速度要低得多。经确定，这两种方法对环境影响最大的贡献者是过程废料。针对每种技术的具体实施特点，提出了减少材料浪费的策略。此外，还开发了一个额外的LCA模型来评估最小化FSAM过程废品的策略。

引用次数: 0

Thermal simulations in additive manufacturing using machine learning 使用机器学习的增材制造热模拟

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2024.12.029

Shradha Ghansiyal , Svenja Ehmsen , Matthias Klar , Jan C. Aurich

Thermal simulations are critical in additive manufacturing to ensure product quality, structural integrity, and optimized designs without the need for repeated real experiments. Conventionally, these simulations utilize numerical-based methods, which can often be time-consuming and resource-intensive, especially as the problem domain expands. To address these limitations, a data-driven framework is proposed. In this work, a methodology to train and validate machine learning-based models for thermal simulation tasks is outlined. For this purpose, an exemplary 2D simulation scenario in laser-based powder bed fusion is considered. Furthermore, the developed framework is utilized in parameter selection with the aim to obtain an energy-efficient process.

热模拟在增材制造中至关重要，它可以确保产品质量、结构完整性和优化设计，而无需重复的真实实验。通常，这些模拟使用基于数值的方法，这通常是耗时和资源密集型的，特别是当问题域扩展时。为了解决这些限制，提出了一个数据驱动的框架。在这项工作中，概述了一种训练和验证用于热模拟任务的基于机器学习的模型的方法。为此，考虑了一个典型的基于激光的粉末床熔合的二维模拟场景。此外，将所开发的框架用于参数选择，以获得节能过程。

引用次数: 0

A data augmentation algorithm for surface inspection in point cloud data 一种点云数据表面检测的数据增强算法

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2025.02.142

Daan Büchner , Ole Schmedemann , Thorsten Schüppstuhl

Due to the high standards in aircraft maintenance, high resolution sensors, such as white light interferometers, are needed. Those sensors scan surfaces in nanometer scale and generate point clouds. This data can be used to detect surface defects. Such anomalies should be identified during the inspection process to assess the current condition of the workpiece. Deep learning algorithms can be used to evaluate the data. However, in the domain of 3D data, the challenge of obtaining training data is amplified due to the time-consuming labeling process. Therefore, this work introduces an algorithm that combines surface features, like cracks, into surface data to generate new labeled training data. The resulting dataset is then used to train a deep learning algorithm to segment the cracks in the point cloud data. The results indicate that the augmented data enhances the training process.

由于飞机维修的高标准，需要高分辨率的传感器，如白光干涉仪。这些传感器扫描纳米尺度的表面并产生点云。该数据可用于检测表面缺陷。这些异常应在检查过程中识别，以评估工件的当前状况。深度学习算法可以用来评估数据。然而，在3D数据领域，由于耗时的标记过程，获得训练数据的挑战被放大了。因此，本工作引入了一种算法，将裂缝等表面特征结合到表面数据中，生成新的标记训练数据。然后使用生成的数据集训练深度学习算法来分割点云数据中的裂缝。结果表明，增强后的数据增强了训练过程。

引用次数: 0

Enhancing Assembly Instruction Generation for Cognitive Assistance Systems with Large Language Models 基于大语言模型的认知辅助系统装配指令生成的改进

Procedia CIRP

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2025.03.010

Benedikt Kelm , Paul Hubert Haas , Simon Jochum , Lennard Margies , Rainer Müller

Cognitive Assistance Systems enhance manual assembly by shortening learning cycles and allowing workers to handle a wider range of products. However, generating assembly instructions remains time-consuming, particularly in environments with high product variability. This paper presents a novel approach to automate and streamline this process using MTM-based standardized instruction texts and Large Language Models via the OpenAI API. By deriving instructions from MTM analyses, a unified syntax and structure can be realized, improving consistency and efficiency. The integration of GTP-4o further enables the automatic generation of context-specific warnings and error notifications. Model fine-tuning and prompt engineering play a pivotal role in this approach, allowing the generation of precise instructions. The evaluation, based on the BLEU and METEOR scores, focuses on the assessment of the technical functionality and the quality of the generated outputs and shows promising results that highlight the potential of this approach for improving the automated generation of standardized assembly instructions for Cognitive Assistance Systems.

认知辅助系统通过缩短学习周期和允许工人处理更广泛的产品来增强手工组装。然而，生成组装指令仍然很耗时，特别是在产品高度可变性的环境中。本文提出了一种新颖的方法，通过OpenAI API使用基于mtm的标准化指令文本和大型语言模型来自动化和简化这一过程。通过从MTM分析中派生指令，可以实现统一的语法和结构，提高一致性和效率。gtp - 40的集成进一步支持自动生成特定于上下文的警告和错误通知。模型微调和提示工程在这种方法中起着关键作用，允许生成精确的指令。基于BLEU和METEOR分数的评估侧重于评估技术功能和生成输出的质量，并显示出有希望的结果，突出了这种方法在改进认知辅助系统的标准化装配指令自动生成方面的潜力。

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