SUMMARYThe siphonous, yellow–green alga Vaucheria piloboloides (Vaucheriales, Xanthophyceae) is the type species of the section Piloboloideae and is widely reported worldwide. Despite its taxonomic importance and broad range distribution, its detailed life cycle and molecular phylogenetic position are unknown. In the present study, we established culture strains of V. piloboloides collected from Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and examined its morphology, life cycle and phylogenetic position based on rbcL sequences. The morphology of the gametangia and aplanosporangia (asexual sporangia) of our samples, along with their monoecious nature, resembled that of V. piloboloides from the Atlantic coast, including the type locality. The rbcL phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that our sample formed a clade with other Piloboloideae species, supporting the current sectional scheme of Vaucheria. Under culture conditions, our samples exhibited a monophasic life cycle. Development of gametangia was observed in any culture conditions, whereas development of aplanosporangia could be induced by low salinity (salinity = 24).
{"title":"Life cycle and molecular phylogeny of Vaucheria piloboloides (Vaucheriales, Xanthophyceae) from Sado Island, Japan","authors":"Masakazu Hoshino, Satoru Tadokoro, Shingo Akita, Shinya Uwai","doi":"10.1111/pre.12566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12566","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARYThe siphonous, yellow–green alga <jats:italic>Vaucheria piloboloides</jats:italic> (Vaucheriales, Xanthophyceae) is the type species of the section <jats:italic>Piloboloideae</jats:italic> and is widely reported worldwide. Despite its taxonomic importance and broad range distribution, its detailed life cycle and molecular phylogenetic position are unknown. In the present study, we established culture strains of <jats:italic>V. piloboloides</jats:italic> collected from Sado Island, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and examined its morphology, life cycle and phylogenetic position based on <jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L sequences. The morphology of the gametangia and aplanosporangia (asexual sporangia) of our samples, along with their monoecious nature, resembled that of <jats:italic>V. piloboloides</jats:italic> from the Atlantic coast, including the type locality. The <jats:italic>rbc</jats:italic>L phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that our sample formed a clade with other <jats:italic>Piloboloideae</jats:italic> species, supporting the current sectional scheme of <jats:italic>Vaucheria</jats:italic>. Under culture conditions, our samples exhibited a monophasic life cycle. Development of gametangia was observed in any culture conditions, whereas development of aplanosporangia could be induced by low salinity (salinity = 24).","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ana Lucía Conesa, Fernando Gaspar Dellatorre, Ezequiel Latour, Nora Marta Andrea Ponce, Carlos A. Stortz, Luis Alberto Scolaro, Vera Alejandra Álvarez, Verónica Leticia Lassalle, Victoria Belen Ayala‐Peña
SUMMARYFucose‐rich sulfated polysaccharides such as fucoidans are primarily found in brown algae. These compounds possess interesting pharmacological perspectives for antiviral and antioxidant drug development. The brown alga Myriogloea major (Chordariaceae, Ectocarpales) is an endemic brown alga from Argentine Patagonia similar to other members of the Chordariaceae family used as a commercial source of fucoidans. In the present study, M. major was extracted with diluted hydrochloric acid (pH 2) solution in a protocol usually utilized for obtaining fucoidans. The dry weight from two extracts at different extraction stages (E1 and E2) represented 42% of the extracted dried biomass. Chemical analysis showed that the extracts contained between 15% (E2) and 20% (E1) of sulfate esters and approximately 80% of fucose constituents on their polysaccharides. The total phenolic content was lower than 1% (gallic acid equivalents). We analyzed the antioxidant activity of these extracts against the anti‐herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1, HSV‐2 and bovine coronavirus. The antioxidant activity was lower than 50% at a concentration of 1 mg mL−1 in both extracts. Our findings demonstrate that, in the presence of these extracts, the viral adsorption and internalization were reduced by up to 75%. By applying its antiviral action to block the viral infection, the progeny virus released from host cells was significantly restricted, without affecting cell‐to‐cell spread of virus or virus viability.
{"title":"Antiviral potential of extracts from Myriogloea major against herpes simplex type 1, 2 and bovine coronavirus","authors":"Ana Lucía Conesa, Fernando Gaspar Dellatorre, Ezequiel Latour, Nora Marta Andrea Ponce, Carlos A. Stortz, Luis Alberto Scolaro, Vera Alejandra Álvarez, Verónica Leticia Lassalle, Victoria Belen Ayala‐Peña","doi":"10.1111/pre.12564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12564","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARYFucose‐rich sulfated polysaccharides such as fucoidans are primarily found in brown algae. These compounds possess interesting pharmacological perspectives for antiviral and antioxidant drug development. The brown alga <jats:italic>Myriogloea major</jats:italic> (Chordariaceae, Ectocarpales) is an endemic brown alga from Argentine Patagonia similar to other members of the Chordariaceae family used as a commercial source of fucoidans. In the present study, <jats:italic>M. major</jats:italic> was extracted with diluted hydrochloric acid (pH 2) solution in a protocol usually utilized for obtaining fucoidans. The dry weight from two extracts at different extraction stages (E1 and E2) represented 42% of the extracted dried biomass. Chemical analysis showed that the extracts contained between 15% (E2) and 20% (E1) of sulfate esters and approximately 80% of fucose constituents on their polysaccharides. The total phenolic content was lower than 1% (gallic acid equivalents). We analyzed the antioxidant activity of these extracts against the anti‐herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1, HSV‐2 and bovine coronavirus. The antioxidant activity was lower than 50% at a concentration of 1 mg mL<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in both extracts. Our findings demonstrate that, in the presence of these extracts, the viral adsorption and internalization were reduced by up to 75%. By applying its antiviral action to block the viral infection, the progeny virus released from host cells was significantly restricted, without affecting cell‐to‐cell spread of virus or virus viability.","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SummaryIt is generally accepted that kelp populations have a metapopulation structure. Most zoospores settle near to their parent individual, and infrequent but long‐distance dispersal of zoospores contributes to gene flow between local populations. Population genetic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping by MIG‐seq (i.e. multiplexed inter‐simple sequence repeats genotyping by sequencing) was performed on the dominant kelp, Eisenia bicyclis, in two areas: Kitsunezaki (a sheltered area) and Shimoda (an exposed site). Regional scale analysis of genetic structure was conducted at six sites in Kitsunezaki and three sites in Shimoda. When viewed on a regional scale based on the inbreeding coefficient within the local population, the inbreeding ratio was higher in Shimoda than in Kitsunezaki, probably as a result of the limited vertical zonal distribution in the exposed environment. Vertically wide distribution in the sheltered environment apparently enabled frequent crossing among individuals in Kitsunezaki. By contrast, when viewed on a local scale based on the pairwise kinship coefficient (FST) between populations, gene flow among local populations in Shimoda occurred over a wide area, but was limited in Kitsunezaki. In Shimoda, genetic exchange between local populations, even if inbreeding is locally active, is likely to support metapopulation maintenance and rapid recovery of local populations. In Kitsunezaki, however, genetic exchange among local populations is limited within few 100 m, and the metapopulation structure will decline in the long term because of inbreeding depression. Local dispersal distance of zoospores was investigated based on parent–offspring analysis in the Kitsunezaki population, which revealed that zoospores mainly settled within 5 m of their parent. However, some zoospores traveled over 27 m within the 4 × 30 m study area. The present study shows the importance of examination at different spatial scales when investigating zoospore dispersal of laminarialean kelps.
{"title":"Local versus regional patterns in zoospore dispersal of the kelp Eisenia bicyclis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)","authors":"Haruka Suzuki, Tomoya Aoki, Chika Mitsuyuki, Yoshihisa Suyama, Yukio Agatsuma, Masakazu N. Aoki","doi":"10.1111/pre.12563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12563","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryIt is generally accepted that kelp populations have a metapopulation structure. Most zoospores settle near to their parent individual, and infrequent but long‐distance dispersal of zoospores contributes to gene flow between local populations. Population genetic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping by MIG‐seq (i.e. multiplexed inter‐simple sequence repeats genotyping by sequencing) was performed on the dominant kelp, <jats:italic>Eisenia bicyclis</jats:italic>, in two areas: Kitsunezaki (a sheltered area) and Shimoda (an exposed site). Regional scale analysis of genetic structure was conducted at six sites in Kitsunezaki and three sites in Shimoda. When viewed on a regional scale based on the inbreeding coefficient within the local population, the inbreeding ratio was higher in Shimoda than in Kitsunezaki, probably as a result of the limited vertical zonal distribution in the exposed environment. Vertically wide distribution in the sheltered environment apparently enabled frequent crossing among individuals in Kitsunezaki. By contrast, when viewed on a local scale based on the pairwise kinship coefficient (<jats:italic>F</jats:italic><jats:sub>ST</jats:sub>) between populations, gene flow among local populations in Shimoda occurred over a wide area, but was limited in Kitsunezaki. In Shimoda, genetic exchange between local populations, even if inbreeding is locally active, is likely to support metapopulation maintenance and rapid recovery of local populations. In Kitsunezaki, however, genetic exchange among local populations is limited within few 100 m, and the metapopulation structure will decline in the long term because of inbreeding depression. Local dispersal distance of zoospores was investigated based on parent–offspring analysis in the Kitsunezaki population, which revealed that zoospores mainly settled within 5 m of their parent. However, some zoospores traveled over 27 m within the 4 × 30 m study area. The present study shows the importance of examination at different spatial scales when investigating zoospore dispersal of laminarialean kelps.","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novelties in nomenclature and typification appearing in Phycological Research 72 (3).","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/pre.12562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12562","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emily Curren, Victor S. Kuwahara, Teruaki Yoshida, Sandric Chee Yew Leong
SUMMARYCyanobacteria are ancient organisms that contribute significantly to primary production in aquatic ecosystems. Although they are a group of microbes present in a wide range of environments, their diversity on anthropogenic substrates, namely microplastics, is still largely unknown. In the present study, we describe a new genus and species of cyanobacteria from the Nodosilineaceae family. Strains were isolated from foam microplastic particles obtained from beach sediments facing the Singapore Strait. This species is morphologically similar to the polyphyletic, cosmopolitan Leptolyngbya spp.; however, it forms an independent clade with 16S rRNA phylogeny and has a unique 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer secondary structure. To date, no cyanobacteria have been isolated and cultured from the surfaces of microplastic particles. Using a polyphasic approach combining morphological, phylogenetic and ecological traits, we describe a new genus and species Sphaerothrix gracilis. The presence of certain cyanobacteria rafting on microplastic surfaces can potentially indicate a long‐distance transport into new ecosystems with implications on toxicity and biodiversity.
{"title":"Sphaerothrix gracilis gen. et sp. nov. (Nodosilineales, Cyanobacteria): a novel filamentous cyanobacterium isolated from tropical coastal microplastics","authors":"Emily Curren, Victor S. Kuwahara, Teruaki Yoshida, Sandric Chee Yew Leong","doi":"10.1111/pre.12553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12553","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARYCyanobacteria are ancient organisms that contribute significantly to primary production in aquatic ecosystems. Although they are a group of microbes present in a wide range of environments, their diversity on anthropogenic substrates, namely microplastics, is still largely unknown. In the present study, we describe a new genus and species of cyanobacteria from the Nodosilineaceae family. Strains were isolated from foam microplastic particles obtained from beach sediments facing the Singapore Strait. This species is morphologically similar to the polyphyletic, cosmopolitan <jats:italic>Leptolyngbya</jats:italic> spp.; however, it forms an independent clade with 16S rRNA phylogeny and has a unique 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer secondary structure. To date, no cyanobacteria have been isolated and cultured from the surfaces of microplastic particles. Using a polyphasic approach combining morphological, phylogenetic and ecological traits, we describe a new genus and species <jats:italic>Sphaerothrix gracilis.</jats:italic> The presence of certain cyanobacteria rafting on microplastic surfaces can potentially indicate a long‐distance transport into new ecosystems with implications on toxicity and biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140940638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marine Benthic Dinoflagellates – Their Relevance for Science and Society (2nd Edition). MonaHoppenrath, NicolasChomérat, TakeoHoriguchi, Shauna A.Murray and LesleyRhodes2023. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Senckenberg‐Buch88, 376 pp., 122 figures (more than 240 colour images, about 250 electron micrographs and more than 330 drawings), 8 tables, in English. ISBN 978‐3‐510‐61424‐0, hardcover, € 34.90.","authors":"Tomohiro Nishimura","doi":"10.1111/pre.12550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12550","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140802133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomoyo Katayama, Kazuya Takahashi, Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Kazutaka Takahashi
SUMMARYThe significant concentrations of phosphate in wastewater can be considered as an important fertilizer source. Some microalgae uptake phosphate from wastewater and store it in the form of polyphosphate (polyP). Therefore, biological phosphorus recovery processes have been attracting significant attention recently. However, wastewaters are often rich in ammonium, and so microalgae used for phosphorus recovery should be tolerant of this component. In the present study, 151 microalgae were isolated from freshwater, brackish water and seawater. Among them, 11 strains showed higher growth rates in ammonium‐rich media. Of these, the strain SLG4‐06 originating from a marine environment showed the highest polyP accumulation rate and was selected as the most potential alga for phosphorus recovery from wastewater. Based on the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear‐encoded 18S rDNA and chloroplast‐encoded rbcL of strain SLG4‐06, we propose Picochloropsis malayensis gen. et sp. nov. for this strain in the Chlorellales, Trebouxiophyceae. Because P. malayensis can grow in both seawater and freshwater environments, it may be suitable for wastewater treatment in marine aquaculture ponds with widely fluctuating salinity levels.
{"title":"Picochloropsis malayensis gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorellales, Chlorophyta), an ammonium tolerant, polyphosphate‐accumulating microalga from seawater","authors":"Tomoyo Katayama, Kazuya Takahashi, Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid, Fatimah Md. Yusoff, Kazutaka Takahashi","doi":"10.1111/pre.12552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12552","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARYThe significant concentrations of phosphate in wastewater can be considered as an important fertilizer source. Some microalgae uptake phosphate from wastewater and store it in the form of polyphosphate (polyP). Therefore, biological phosphorus recovery processes have been attracting significant attention recently. However, wastewaters are often rich in ammonium, and so microalgae used for phosphorus recovery should be tolerant of this component. In the present study, 151 microalgae were isolated from freshwater, brackish water and seawater. Among them, 11 strains showed higher growth rates in ammonium‐rich media. Of these, the strain SLG4‐06 originating from a marine environment showed the highest polyP accumulation rate and was selected as the most potential alga for phosphorus recovery from wastewater. Based on the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of nuclear‐encoded 18S rDNA and chloroplast‐encoded <jats:italic>rbcL</jats:italic> of strain SLG4‐06, we propose <jats:italic>Picochloropsis malayensis</jats:italic> gen. et sp. nov. for this strain in the Chlorellales, Trebouxiophyceae. Because <jats:italic>P. malayensis</jats:italic> can grow in both seawater and freshwater environments, it may be suitable for wastewater treatment in marine aquaculture ponds with widely fluctuating salinity levels.","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140630715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study reports a new representative of Chlorella‐clade that was newly isolated from the Lake Vos'merka (Samara region, Russian Federation). 18S–ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequence analyses indicated that the studied strain ACSSI 368 and related Chlorella chlorelloides, Chlorella pulchelloides, formed an separate cluster in the Chlorella‐clade, unrelated to the holotype of the genus Chlorella – Chlorella vulgaris. The independent place of the genus was also confirmed by genetic distances. The individual species status of the studied strain ACSSI 368, compared with the sister C. chlorelloides, was confirmed by morphological differences (cell number per colony, type of chloroplast, number of autospores), genetic distances of the interspecific level by 18S–ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 fragment, alone by internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences, one complementary base change in ITS1, and the results of species delimitation using five methods. A description of studied strain ACSSI 368 was provided as an authentic strain of the type species Aliichlorella ignota. Currently, the new genus Aliichlorella also includes Aliichlorella chlorelloides comb. nov. and Aliichlorella pulchelloides comb. nov. In general, six different delimitation algorithms were used in the present study. The ASAP (i.e. assemble species by automatic partitioning) and LocMin (i.e. ‘local minimum’ function) algorithms showed synchronous results, but their accuracy with respect to closely related species was somewhat lower. The mlPTP algorithm simultaneously aimed to combine closely related species in one and at the same time divide slightly distinguishing strains within a species into several molecular operational taxonomic units. The bPTP algorithm separated excessively Chlorella‐clade representatives into individual species. The generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) algorithm results were consistent the most with the modern understanding of the Chlorella‐clade taxonomy. However, the same method is one of the most time‐consuming because, for its implementation, it is necessary to carry out long preparatory work. The KoT results were less accurate than the GMYC results, although this is less time‐consuming because it does not require the preliminary construction of ultrametric trees.
{"title":"A description of Aliichlorella ignota gen. et sp. nov. and a comparison of the efficiency of species delimitation methods in the Chlorella‐clade (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta)","authors":"Elena Krivina, Aleksey Portnov, Anna Temraleeva","doi":"10.1111/pre.12551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12551","url":null,"abstract":"The present study reports a new representative of <jats:italic>Chlorella</jats:italic>‐clade that was newly isolated from the Lake Vos'merka (Samara region, Russian Federation). 18S–ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 sequence analyses indicated that the studied strain ACSSI 368 and related <jats:italic>Chlorella chlorelloides</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Chlorella pulchelloides</jats:italic>, formed an separate cluster in the <jats:italic>Chlorella</jats:italic>‐clade, unrelated to the holotype of the genus <jats:italic>Chlorella</jats:italic> – <jats:italic>Chlorella vulgaris.</jats:italic> The independent place of the genus was also confirmed by genetic distances. The individual species status of the studied strain ACSSI 368, compared with the sister <jats:italic>C. chlorelloides</jats:italic>, was confirmed by morphological differences (cell number per colony, type of chloroplast, number of autospores), genetic distances of the interspecific level by 18S–ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 fragment, alone by internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences, one complementary base change in ITS1, and the results of species delimitation using five methods. A description of studied strain ACSSI 368 was provided as an authentic strain of the type species <jats:italic>Aliichlorella ignota</jats:italic>. Currently, the new genus <jats:italic>Aliichlorella</jats:italic> also includes <jats:italic>Aliichlorella chlorelloides</jats:italic> comb. nov. and <jats:italic>Aliichlorella pulchelloides</jats:italic> comb. nov. In general, six different delimitation algorithms were used in the present study. The ASAP (i.e. assemble species by automatic partitioning) and LocMin (i.e. ‘local minimum’ function) algorithms showed synchronous results, but their accuracy with respect to closely related species was somewhat lower. The mlPTP algorithm simultaneously aimed to combine closely related species in one and at the same time divide slightly distinguishing strains within a species into several molecular operational taxonomic units. The bPTP algorithm separated excessively <jats:italic>Chlorella</jats:italic>‐clade representatives into individual species. The generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) algorithm results were consistent the most with the modern understanding of the <jats:italic>Chlorella</jats:italic>‐clade taxonomy. However, the same method is one of the most time‐consuming because, for its implementation, it is necessary to carry out long preparatory work. The KoT results were less accurate than the GMYC results, although this is less time‐consuming because it does not require the preliminary construction of ultrametric trees.","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Ikbal Illijas, Nobuya Suzuki, Masaki Honda, Nur Rahmawaty Arma, Andriani Nasir, Luqman Saleh, Dahlia Dahlia, Rahmi Mulyani, Yutaka Itabashi
SummaryThe red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla is a prostaglandin (PG)‐producing macroalga. The alga is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms, mainly arachidonic acid (AA), which is a precursor of PGs. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the ability of the red alga to produce PGs using acetone powder as the crude enzyme prepared from the alga. The acetone powder (250 mg) was incubated with different amounts of exogenous AA (0.1–4 mg). For the determination of PG contents, 5 μL of a sample solution (5 mL in water) consisting of acetone powder and AA was injected into the HPLC column. For PG analysis, an HPLC system connected with a mass spectrometer was used. Results of the study showed that the released PGs from incubation of acetone powder and AA consisted of PGE2, 15‐keto‐PGE2, 15‐hydroperoxy‐PGE2, PGA2, and PGF2α. The capability of the crude enzyme prepared from the red alga to produce PGs was affected by available oxygen and AA concentrations. The crude enzyme (250 mg) was capable of producing 164 and 141 μg of PGE2 and 15‐keto‐PGE2, respectively, from incubation with 250 μg of AA. This in vitro method could be a simple way to provide PGs in the laboratory.
摘要红藻蛭石藻（Gracilaria vermiculophylla）是一种生产前列腺素（PG）的大型藻类。该藻富含 20 个碳原子的多不饱和脂肪酸，主要是花生四烯酸（AA），而花生四烯酸是前列腺素的前体。本研究的目的是利用丙酮粉作为从红藻中制备的粗酶，分析红藻生产 PGs 的能力。将丙酮粉（250 毫克）与不同量的外源 AA（0.1-4 毫克）进行培养。为了测定 PG 含量，将 5 μL 由丙酮粉末和 AA 组成的样品溶液（5 mL 水）注入 HPLC 柱。在分析 PG 时，使用了与质谱仪相连的 HPLC 系统。研究结果表明，丙酮粉末和 AA 培养释放的 PG 包括 PGE2、15-酮-PGE2、15-氢过氧-PGE2、PGA2 和 PGF2α。从红藻中制备的粗酶产生 PGs 的能力受可用氧气和 AA 浓度的影响。粗酶（250 毫克）与 250 微克 AA 培养后，能分别产生 164 和 141 微克 PGE2 和 15-酮-PGE2。这种体外方法是在实验室中提供 PGs 的一种简单方法。
{"title":"Laboratory‐scale preparation of prostaglandins using acetone powder of the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla","authors":"Muhammad Ikbal Illijas, Nobuya Suzuki, Masaki Honda, Nur Rahmawaty Arma, Andriani Nasir, Luqman Saleh, Dahlia Dahlia, Rahmi Mulyani, Yutaka Itabashi","doi":"10.1111/pre.12548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pre.12548","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryThe red alga <jats:italic>Gracilaria vermiculophylla</jats:italic> is a prostaglandin (PG)‐producing macroalga. The alga is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms, mainly arachidonic acid (AA), which is a precursor of PGs. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the ability of the red alga to produce PGs using acetone powder as the crude enzyme prepared from the alga. The acetone powder (250 mg) was incubated with different amounts of exogenous AA (0.1–4 mg). For the determination of PG contents, 5 μL of a sample solution (5 mL in water) consisting of acetone powder and AA was injected into the HPLC column. For PG analysis, an HPLC system connected with a mass spectrometer was used. Results of the study showed that the released PGs from incubation of acetone powder and AA consisted of PGE<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, 15‐keto‐PGE<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, 15‐hydroperoxy‐PGE<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, PGA<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, and PGF<jats:sub>2α</jats:sub>. The capability of the crude enzyme prepared from the red alga to produce PGs was affected by available oxygen and AA concentrations. The crude enzyme (250 mg) was capable of producing 164 and 141 μg of PGE<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and 15‐keto‐PGE<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, respectively, from incubation with 250 μg of AA. This in vitro method could be a simple way to provide PGs in the laboratory.","PeriodicalId":20544,"journal":{"name":"Phycological Research","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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