Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) has experienced unprecedented variability in recent decades, with record expansion through 2015, followed by an abrupt transition to sustained decline. Using over two decades of under-ice Argo float observations, we show that changes in ocean heat ventilation have modulated these extreme sea ice variations on interannual timescales. Between 2007 and 2015, the ocean thermocline warmed and shoaled within the Weddell Sea and off East Antarctica, with the former accounting for most of the interannual variability in Antarctic SIE. After 2016, as Antarctic SIE declined, surface salinity increased, enhancing exchange between the sharpened thermocline and surface waters. Idealized modeling of the Weddell Sea indicates that these upper ocean trends were due to concurrent variations in wind-driven Ekman upwelling and precipitation. During the sea ice expansion phase, increased precipitation enhanced ocean stratification, suppressing the upward flux of subsurface heat while promoting sea ice growth. However, between 2014 and 2016, a nearly three-fold increase in upwelling rates weakened the upper ocean stratification, releasing the accumulated subsurface heat. Though a similar sequence of events occurred along the East Antarctic margin, distinct upper-ocean trends and surface forcing in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean imply alternative drivers of recent sea ice loss in that region. Nevertheless, these results suggest that future multiyear Antarctic SIE variability will depend on the competing influences of wind-driven upwelling and surface freshwater fluxes.
{"title":"Recent extremes in Antarctic sea ice extent modulated by ocean heat ventilation.","authors":"Earle A Wilson,Lexi Arlen,Ethan C Campbell","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2530832123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2530832123","url":null,"abstract":"Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) has experienced unprecedented variability in recent decades, with record expansion through 2015, followed by an abrupt transition to sustained decline. Using over two decades of under-ice Argo float observations, we show that changes in ocean heat ventilation have modulated these extreme sea ice variations on interannual timescales. Between 2007 and 2015, the ocean thermocline warmed and shoaled within the Weddell Sea and off East Antarctica, with the former accounting for most of the interannual variability in Antarctic SIE. After 2016, as Antarctic SIE declined, surface salinity increased, enhancing exchange between the sharpened thermocline and surface waters. Idealized modeling of the Weddell Sea indicates that these upper ocean trends were due to concurrent variations in wind-driven Ekman upwelling and precipitation. During the sea ice expansion phase, increased precipitation enhanced ocean stratification, suppressing the upward flux of subsurface heat while promoting sea ice growth. However, between 2014 and 2016, a nearly three-fold increase in upwelling rates weakened the upper ocean stratification, releasing the accumulated subsurface heat. Though a similar sequence of events occurred along the East Antarctic margin, distinct upper-ocean trends and surface forcing in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean imply alternative drivers of recent sea ice loss in that region. Nevertheless, these results suggest that future multiyear Antarctic SIE variability will depend on the competing influences of wind-driven upwelling and surface freshwater fluxes.","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"219 1","pages":"e2530832123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Himanshu Batra,Sai Luo,Kevin O Saunders,Jaclyn S Higgins,Fanchong Jian,Jun Zhang,Md Golam Kibria,G M Jonaid,Qingchen J Zhou,Amanda Eaton,Kenneth Cronin,Michael L Mallory,Melissa Mattocks,Robert J Edwards,Robert Parks,Esther M Lee,Adam Yongxin Ye,Aimee Chapdelaine Williams,Geeyoun Jung,Katayoun Mansouri,S Munir Alam,David C Montefiori,Ming Tian,Ralph S Baric,Yunlong Cao,Barton F Haynes,Bing Chen,Frederick W Alt
During V(D)J recombination, antibody diversity is enhanced by nontemplated junctional modifications that generate immensely diverse heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) complementarity-determining 3 antigen-contact regions (CDR3s). We previously developed a mouse model that generates diverse antibody repertoires by rearranging a single human VH1-2 and Vκ1-33, associated with highly diverse CDR3s generated by V(D)J recombination with mouse Ds and/or Js. Immunization of this model with SARS-CoV-2 D614G spike elicited an antibody that potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants through Omicron BA.2.754. Here, we report a related mouse model in which a single VH1-2 rearranges to human D3-3 and JH6, generating diverse HC-CDR3s much longer on average than those of our prior model. Omicron BA.4/.5 spike-ferritin nanoparticle-immunization of the new model elicited four highly related humanized antibodies that potently neutralize downstream Omicron subvariants. All four antibodies had 12 AA HC-CDR3s with two aromatic amino acids that engage an epitope comprising a hydrophobic patch opened-up by early Omicron lineage mutations and conserved in subsequent variants. Immunization of our prior, shorter CDR3-based model, elicited slightly less potent neutralizing antibodies that bound the same Omicron epitope, and were similar in all other aspects to those from the long, fully human CDR3 model. One tested antibody from each set reduced lung viral titers in a mouse-adapted BQ1.1 challenge. The antibodies we describe are related in their epitope recognition to recently described antibodies from Omicron-infected humans. These studies validate the utility of single human VH- and Vκ-rearranging mice for discovering humanized antibodies that neutralize emerging pathogens.
{"title":"Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron broadly neutralizing humanized antibodies in different single human VH1-2-rearranging mouse models.","authors":"Himanshu Batra,Sai Luo,Kevin O Saunders,Jaclyn S Higgins,Fanchong Jian,Jun Zhang,Md Golam Kibria,G M Jonaid,Qingchen J Zhou,Amanda Eaton,Kenneth Cronin,Michael L Mallory,Melissa Mattocks,Robert J Edwards,Robert Parks,Esther M Lee,Adam Yongxin Ye,Aimee Chapdelaine Williams,Geeyoun Jung,Katayoun Mansouri,S Munir Alam,David C Montefiori,Ming Tian,Ralph S Baric,Yunlong Cao,Barton F Haynes,Bing Chen,Frederick W Alt","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2537053123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2537053123","url":null,"abstract":"During V(D)J recombination, antibody diversity is enhanced by nontemplated junctional modifications that generate immensely diverse heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) complementarity-determining 3 antigen-contact regions (CDR3s). We previously developed a mouse model that generates diverse antibody repertoires by rearranging a single human VH1-2 and Vκ1-33, associated with highly diverse CDR3s generated by V(D)J recombination with mouse Ds and/or Js. Immunization of this model with SARS-CoV-2 D614G spike elicited an antibody that potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants through Omicron BA.2.754. Here, we report a related mouse model in which a single VH1-2 rearranges to human D3-3 and JH6, generating diverse HC-CDR3s much longer on average than those of our prior model. Omicron BA.4/.5 spike-ferritin nanoparticle-immunization of the new model elicited four highly related humanized antibodies that potently neutralize downstream Omicron subvariants. All four antibodies had 12 AA HC-CDR3s with two aromatic amino acids that engage an epitope comprising a hydrophobic patch opened-up by early Omicron lineage mutations and conserved in subsequent variants. Immunization of our prior, shorter CDR3-based model, elicited slightly less potent neutralizing antibodies that bound the same Omicron epitope, and were similar in all other aspects to those from the long, fully human CDR3 model. One tested antibody from each set reduced lung viral titers in a mouse-adapted BQ1.1 challenge. The antibodies we describe are related in their epitope recognition to recently described antibodies from Omicron-infected humans. These studies validate the utility of single human VH- and Vκ-rearranging mice for discovering humanized antibodies that neutralize emerging pathogens.","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"25 1","pages":"e2537053123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spinning carbon and sinking phosphorus: Misaligned cycles in the sea.","authors":"Matthew J Church,Katie N Coates","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2602952123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2602952123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"19 1","pages":"e2602952123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The identification of functional ligand-membrane protein interactions under native conditions remains a major challenge in cancer biology. Using cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, we identified a high-affinity DNA aptamer, CW06, against breast cancer cells. To precisely identify its native membrane target, we developed Aptamer-mediated Metabolic Glycan-labeling Proximity Hybridization (Apt-MGPH), which revealed the mitochondrial solute carrier SLC25A24 as the specific target. Unexpectedly, CW06 treatment upregulated SLC25A24 expression, disrupting methionine metabolism, depleting cytosolic SAM, and inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and senescence via the p21-HMGA1 axis. In mouse xenograft models, CW06 significantly inhibited tumor growth without affecting healthy tissues. Targeted degradation of SLC25A24 reverses these effects, confirming its regulatory role in the metabolism-senescence axis. Our study establishes Apt-MGPH as a robust tool for membrane target identification and highlights aptamer-induced target overexpression as a strategy for cancer therapy.
{"title":"Identifying a cancer therapeutic target: Cell-SELEX identifies a membrane protein for aptamer-mediated growth suppression.","authors":"Wei Cui,Hang Xiao,Xiaohong Wen,Chen Li,Suxia Bao,Jiahao Zeng,Yangbing Li,Yan Qiao,Kemin Wang,Honghui Wang,Jin Huang,Qiuping Guo","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2514681123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2514681123","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of functional ligand-membrane protein interactions under native conditions remains a major challenge in cancer biology. Using cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment, we identified a high-affinity DNA aptamer, CW06, against breast cancer cells. To precisely identify its native membrane target, we developed Aptamer-mediated Metabolic Glycan-labeling Proximity Hybridization (Apt-MGPH), which revealed the mitochondrial solute carrier SLC25A24 as the specific target. Unexpectedly, CW06 treatment upregulated SLC25A24 expression, disrupting methionine metabolism, depleting cytosolic SAM, and inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and senescence via the p21-HMGA1 axis. In mouse xenograft models, CW06 significantly inhibited tumor growth without affecting healthy tissues. Targeted degradation of SLC25A24 reverses these effects, confirming its regulatory role in the metabolism-senescence axis. Our study establishes Apt-MGPH as a robust tool for membrane target identification and highlights aptamer-induced target overexpression as a strategy for cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"235 1","pages":"e2514681123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diyendo Massilani,Stéphane Peyrégne,Leonardo N M Iasi,Cesare de Filippo,Fabrizio Mafessoni,Alba Bossoms Mesa,Arev P Sümer,Yaniv Swiel,Divyaratan Popli,Shahar Silverman,Michael James Boyle,Maxim B Kozlikin,Michael V Shunkov,Anatoly P Derevianko,Tom Higham,Katerina Douka,Matthias Meyer,Hugo Zeberg,Janet Kelso,Svante Pääbo
We present a genome sequenced to ~37-fold genomic coverage from an approximately 110,000-y-old male Neandertal from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains and analyze it together with previously published Neandertal genomes of high quality. We show that he belonged to a population more closely related to a ~120,000-y-old Neandertal from Denisova Cave than to Neandertals in Europe or to a ~80,000-y-old Neandertal from Chagyrskaya Cave in the Altai Mountains. Both Neandertals from Denisova Cave show evidence of gene flow from Denisovans, a pattern not seen in later Neandertals from the Altai region or from Western Europe. The extent of chromosomal regions of homozygosity in Neandertals from the Altai region between 120,000 and 80,000 y ago indicates that they lived in smaller and more isolated groups than later Neandertals in Europe (54,000 to 40,000 y ago). We estimate the extent of allele frequency differentiation among Neandertal populations and find that the older Eastern Neandertals in the Altai region and younger Western Neandertals in Europe were as differentiated as the most differentiated present-day human populations worldwide.
{"title":"A high-coverage Neandertal genome from the Altai Mountains reveals population structure among Neandertals.","authors":"Diyendo Massilani,Stéphane Peyrégne,Leonardo N M Iasi,Cesare de Filippo,Fabrizio Mafessoni,Alba Bossoms Mesa,Arev P Sümer,Yaniv Swiel,Divyaratan Popli,Shahar Silverman,Michael James Boyle,Maxim B Kozlikin,Michael V Shunkov,Anatoly P Derevianko,Tom Higham,Katerina Douka,Matthias Meyer,Hugo Zeberg,Janet Kelso,Svante Pääbo","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2534576123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2534576123","url":null,"abstract":"We present a genome sequenced to ~37-fold genomic coverage from an approximately 110,000-y-old male Neandertal from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains and analyze it together with previously published Neandertal genomes of high quality. We show that he belonged to a population more closely related to a ~120,000-y-old Neandertal from Denisova Cave than to Neandertals in Europe or to a ~80,000-y-old Neandertal from Chagyrskaya Cave in the Altai Mountains. Both Neandertals from Denisova Cave show evidence of gene flow from Denisovans, a pattern not seen in later Neandertals from the Altai region or from Western Europe. The extent of chromosomal regions of homozygosity in Neandertals from the Altai region between 120,000 and 80,000 y ago indicates that they lived in smaller and more isolated groups than later Neandertals in Europe (54,000 to 40,000 y ago). We estimate the extent of allele frequency differentiation among Neandertal populations and find that the older Eastern Neandertals in the Altai region and younger Western Neandertals in Europe were as differentiated as the most differentiated present-day human populations worldwide.","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"15 1","pages":"e2534576123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taylor A DePauw,Kexin Gai,Jian Shen,Nicholas J Maurice,Ka Hyun Rhee,William J Valente,Christine H O'Connor,Weiguo Cui,Changwei Peng,Stephen C Jameson
Numerous transcriptional regulators have been associated with the differentiation pathways that lead to recirculating vs. tissue-resident memory T cells. However, it is unclear whether independent, coordinated expression of these regulators is required to determine residency vs. recirculation or whether there is a hierarchy, with some factors playing a dominant role in controlling T cell trafficking. We report that ablation of the gene encoding Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) during CD8+ T cell activation leads to rapid transcriptional reprogramming, such that effector T cells fail to recirculate and prematurely acquire canonical phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics of resident memory cells (TRM). Klf2-deficient memory CD8+ T cells retained the capacity to undergo recall responses, including in vivo pathogen control. These data suggest that KLF2 diverts CD8+ T cells from the TRM differentiation program. In contrast, ablation of another member of the KLF family, KLF3, enhanced differentiation of some recirculating T cell subsets and limited production of TRM in lymphoid tissues. However, both KLF2 and KLF3 were required for differentiation of long-lived effector cells, suggesting cooperation between these factors in some situations. These findings indicate that KLFs occupy a central nexus in coordinating activated CD8+ T cell differentiation and trafficking.
{"title":"KLF2 overrides the resident memory CD8 T cell differentiation program, in opposition to KLF3.","authors":"Taylor A DePauw,Kexin Gai,Jian Shen,Nicholas J Maurice,Ka Hyun Rhee,William J Valente,Christine H O'Connor,Weiguo Cui,Changwei Peng,Stephen C Jameson","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2533700123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2533700123","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous transcriptional regulators have been associated with the differentiation pathways that lead to recirculating vs. tissue-resident memory T cells. However, it is unclear whether independent, coordinated expression of these regulators is required to determine residency vs. recirculation or whether there is a hierarchy, with some factors playing a dominant role in controlling T cell trafficking. We report that ablation of the gene encoding Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) during CD8+ T cell activation leads to rapid transcriptional reprogramming, such that effector T cells fail to recirculate and prematurely acquire canonical phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics of resident memory cells (TRM). Klf2-deficient memory CD8+ T cells retained the capacity to undergo recall responses, including in vivo pathogen control. These data suggest that KLF2 diverts CD8+ T cells from the TRM differentiation program. In contrast, ablation of another member of the KLF family, KLF3, enhanced differentiation of some recirculating T cell subsets and limited production of TRM in lymphoid tissues. However, both KLF2 and KLF3 were required for differentiation of long-lived effector cells, suggesting cooperation between these factors in some situations. These findings indicate that KLFs occupy a central nexus in coordinating activated CD8+ T cell differentiation and trafficking.","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"17 1","pages":"e2533700123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rethinking same-sex sexual behavior: From sensory error to social function.","authors":"Viraj R Torsekar","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2600926123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2600926123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"402 1","pages":"e2600926123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew Wei Ming Tan,Guodong Nian,Zheqi Chen,Xianyang Bao,Yakov Kutsovsky,Zhigang Suo
Natural rubber outperforms synthetic rubbers because of its long chains and strain-induced crystallization (SIC). However, these advantages are largely lost when the natural rubber chains are masticated during processing, and silica particles are added for reinforcement. Mastication eases mixing but shortens chains and lowers performance. Silica particles require covalent interlinks with rubber chains, but these interlinks restrict chain stretch and alignment, reducing SIC. Here, we show that the performance of silica-reinforced natural rubber can be markedly enhanced by preserving long natural rubber chains. We use a solvent to dissolve natural rubber latex into individual rubber chains and use the solution to uniformly disperse silica particles. After drying, the uncured compound can be stored and molded prior to curing. The long rubber chains are then sparsely crosslinked with one another and interlinked with the silica particles. The long strands readily align under stretch and increase SIC. Preserving long chains elevates toughness by an order of magnitude, from ~2 to 44 kJ m-2. High toughness arises from energy dissipation across multiple length scales, over long rubber strands, silica particles, and a zone of SIC. High modulus of ~19 MPa arises from two interpenetrating networks: the network of densely entangled rubber chains and the network of percolated silica particles. The resulting material achieves high toughness while maintaining high modulus, a combination uncommon in silica-reinforced synthetic and natural rubbers.
{"title":"Amplifying toughness in silica-reinforced natural rubber by preserving long chains.","authors":"Matthew Wei Ming Tan,Guodong Nian,Zheqi Chen,Xianyang Bao,Yakov Kutsovsky,Zhigang Suo","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2530834123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2530834123","url":null,"abstract":"Natural rubber outperforms synthetic rubbers because of its long chains and strain-induced crystallization (SIC). However, these advantages are largely lost when the natural rubber chains are masticated during processing, and silica particles are added for reinforcement. Mastication eases mixing but shortens chains and lowers performance. Silica particles require covalent interlinks with rubber chains, but these interlinks restrict chain stretch and alignment, reducing SIC. Here, we show that the performance of silica-reinforced natural rubber can be markedly enhanced by preserving long natural rubber chains. We use a solvent to dissolve natural rubber latex into individual rubber chains and use the solution to uniformly disperse silica particles. After drying, the uncured compound can be stored and molded prior to curing. The long rubber chains are then sparsely crosslinked with one another and interlinked with the silica particles. The long strands readily align under stretch and increase SIC. Preserving long chains elevates toughness by an order of magnitude, from ~2 to 44 kJ m-2. High toughness arises from energy dissipation across multiple length scales, over long rubber strands, silica particles, and a zone of SIC. High modulus of ~19 MPa arises from two interpenetrating networks: the network of densely entangled rubber chains and the network of percolated silica particles. The resulting material achieves high toughness while maintaining high modulus, a combination uncommon in silica-reinforced synthetic and natural rubbers.","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"15 1","pages":"e2530834123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction for Sun et al., The Japanese Archipelago sheltered cave lions, not tigers, during the Late Pleistocene.","authors":"","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2608062123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2608062123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"59 1","pages":"e2608062123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because shame leads to evasions, aggression, and other behaviors that victims and third parties find undesirable, a prominent theory regards this emotion as maladaptive. By contrast, an alternative, adaptationist theory asks whether shame might benefit the actor. Indications that an individual now offers fewer benefits or imposes greater costs on others, if they reach others' minds, lead the individual to be socially devalued: Others become less inclined to help and more inclined to harm her. Thus, an adaptationist theory views shame as a neurocognitive adaptation designed to minimize the leakage of reputation-damaging information and the cost of being devalued. Here, we report tests of two predictions derived from the adaptationist theory across six countries-the United States, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Japan, and China-and two cultural regions within the United States-Southern states (honor) and Northern states (nonhonor). First, failures that indicate reductions in abilities more highly valued by others will elicit more intense shame. Second, failures will trigger greater shame when they occur in public rather than in private. The data supported both predictions in all six countries and in both US cultural regions. The improbable fit between the severity of the devaluative threat and the intensity of shame suggests that this emotion is an adaptation. Further, the replication of these findings across regions that vary widely along the individualism-collectivism and honor-nonhonor dimensions suggests that shame is part of human nature rather than a cultural construction.
{"title":"Cross-cultural evidence that shame is a defense against reputational damage.","authors":"Yiftach Argaman,Daniel Sznycer,Jan Crusius,Florian van Leeuwen,Yohsuke Ohtsubo,Hitomi Ishihara,Jin-Ying Zhuang,Qi-Jun Zhou,Thomas Castelain,Félix Neto,Joana Neto,Assaf Kron","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2526787123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2526787123","url":null,"abstract":"Because shame leads to evasions, aggression, and other behaviors that victims and third parties find undesirable, a prominent theory regards this emotion as maladaptive. By contrast, an alternative, adaptationist theory asks whether shame might benefit the actor. Indications that an individual now offers fewer benefits or imposes greater costs on others, if they reach others' minds, lead the individual to be socially devalued: Others become less inclined to help and more inclined to harm her. Thus, an adaptationist theory views shame as a neurocognitive adaptation designed to minimize the leakage of reputation-damaging information and the cost of being devalued. Here, we report tests of two predictions derived from the adaptationist theory across six countries-the United States, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Japan, and China-and two cultural regions within the United States-Southern states (honor) and Northern states (nonhonor). First, failures that indicate reductions in abilities more highly valued by others will elicit more intense shame. Second, failures will trigger greater shame when they occur in public rather than in private. The data supported both predictions in all six countries and in both US cultural regions. The improbable fit between the severity of the devaluative threat and the intensity of shame suggests that this emotion is an adaptation. Further, the replication of these findings across regions that vary widely along the individualism-collectivism and honor-nonhonor dimensions suggests that shame is part of human nature rather than a cultural construction.","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"e2526787123"},"PeriodicalIF":11.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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