Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2406239121
Sarah E Kohrt, Emily J Novak, Subhashish Tapadar, Bocheng Wu, Jonathan Strope, Yaw Asante, Hyunmin Kim, Matthew S Chang, Douglas Gurdak, Athar Khalil, Michael Rood, Eric Raftery, Diana Stavreva, Holly M Nguyen, Lisha G Brown, Maddy Ramser, Cody Peer, Warren M Meyers, Nicholas Aboreden, Maharshi Chakravortee, Richard Sallari, Peter S Nelson, Kathleen K Kelly, Thomas G W Graham, Xavier Darzacq, William D Figg, Adegboyega K Oyelere, Eva Corey, Remi Adelaiye-Ogala, Berkley E Gryder
Sustained androgen receptor (AR) signaling during relapse is a central driver of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Current AR antagonists, such as enzalutamide, fail to provide long-term benefit for the mCRPC patients who have dramatic increases in AR expression. Here, we report AR antagonists with efficacy in AR-overexpressing models. These molecules bind to the ligand-binding domain of the AR, promote AR localization to the nucleus, yet potently and selectively down-regulate AR-target genes. The molecules BG-15a and the pharmacokinetically optimized BG-15n elicit a decrease in cell and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in models of mCRPC. BG-15a/n treatment causes the collapse of chromatin loops between enhancers and promoters at key genes in the AR-driven epigenome. AR binding in the promoter, as well as 3D chromatin clustering, is needed for genes to respond. BG-15a/n represent promising agents for treating patients with relapsed AR-driven mCRPC tumors.
复发期间持续的雄激素受体(AR)信号传导是转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌(mCRPC)的核心驱动因素。目前的AR拮抗剂(如恩扎鲁胺)无法为AR表达急剧增加的mCRPC患者带来长期益处。在此,我们报告了在AR表达过高模型中具有疗效的AR拮抗剂。这些分子与AR的配体结合域结合,促进AR定位到细胞核,并有效、选择性地下调AR靶基因。分子 BG-15a 和药代动力学优化的 BG-15n 在 mCRPC 模型中可引起体外和体内细胞和肿瘤生长的下降。BG-15a/n 治疗会导致 AR 驱动的表观基因组中关键基因的增强子和启动子之间的染色质环路崩溃。启动子中的 AR 结合以及三维染色质聚类是基因做出反应的必要条件。BG-15a/n是治疗复发的AR驱动型mCRPC肿瘤患者的有望药物。
{"title":"Small-molecule disruption of androgen receptor-dependent chromatin clusters.","authors":"Sarah E Kohrt, Emily J Novak, Subhashish Tapadar, Bocheng Wu, Jonathan Strope, Yaw Asante, Hyunmin Kim, Matthew S Chang, Douglas Gurdak, Athar Khalil, Michael Rood, Eric Raftery, Diana Stavreva, Holly M Nguyen, Lisha G Brown, Maddy Ramser, Cody Peer, Warren M Meyers, Nicholas Aboreden, Maharshi Chakravortee, Richard Sallari, Peter S Nelson, Kathleen K Kelly, Thomas G W Graham, Xavier Darzacq, William D Figg, Adegboyega K Oyelere, Eva Corey, Remi Adelaiye-Ogala, Berkley E Gryder","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2406239121","DOIUrl":"10.1073/pnas.2406239121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sustained androgen receptor (AR) signaling during relapse is a central driver of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Current AR antagonists, such as enzalutamide, fail to provide long-term benefit for the mCRPC patients who have dramatic increases in AR expression. Here, we report AR antagonists with efficacy in AR-overexpressing models. These molecules bind to the ligand-binding domain of the AR, promote AR localization to the nucleus, yet potently and selectively down-regulate AR-target genes. The molecules BG-15a and the pharmacokinetically optimized BG-15n elicit a decrease in cell and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in models of mCRPC. BG-15a/n treatment causes the collapse of chromatin loops between enhancers and promoters at key genes in the AR-driven epigenome. AR binding in the promoter, as well as 3D chromatin clustering, is needed for genes to respond. BG-15a/n represent promising agents for treating patients with relapsed AR-driven mCRPC tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2406239121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2414203121
Zhenbang Dai, Feliciano Giustino
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a wide-gap semiconductor with numerous applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and neuromorphic computing. The unique functional properties of this material critically depend on its ability to transport charge in the form of polarons, namely narrow electron wavepackets accompanied by local distortions of the crystal lattice. It is currently well established that the most important polymorphs of TiO2, the rutile and anatase phases, harbor small electron polarons and small hole polarons, respectively. However, whether additional polaronic species exist in TiO2, and under which conditions, remain open questions. Here, we provide definitive answers to these questions by exploring the rich landscape of polaron quasiparticles in TiO2 via recently developed ab initio techniques. In addition to the already known small polarons, we identify three species, namely a large hole polaron in rutile, a large quasi-two-dimensional electron polaron in anatase, and a large exciton polaron in anatase. These findings complete the puzzle on the polaron physics of TiO2 and pave the way for systematically probing and manipulating polarons in a broad class of complex oxides and quantum materials.
{"title":"Identification of large polarons and exciton polarons in rutile and anatase polymorphs of titanium dioxide.","authors":"Zhenbang Dai, Feliciano Giustino","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2414203121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2414203121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is a wide-gap semiconductor with numerous applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics, and neuromorphic computing. The unique functional properties of this material critically depend on its ability to transport charge in the form of polarons, namely narrow electron wavepackets accompanied by local distortions of the crystal lattice. It is currently well established that the most important polymorphs of TiO<sub>2</sub>, the rutile and anatase phases, harbor small electron polarons and small hole polarons, respectively. However, whether additional polaronic species exist in TiO<sub>2</sub>, and under which conditions, remain open questions. Here, we provide definitive answers to these questions by exploring the rich landscape of polaron quasiparticles in TiO<sub>2</sub> via recently developed ab initio techniques. In addition to the already known small polarons, we identify three species, namely a large hole polaron in rutile, a large quasi-two-dimensional electron polaron in anatase, and a large exciton polaron in anatase. These findings complete the puzzle on the polaron physics of TiO<sub>2</sub> and pave the way for systematically probing and manipulating polarons in a broad class of complex oxides and quantum materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2414203121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2414444121
Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Debdas Dhabal, Rajat Kumar, Suvo Banik, Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan, Valeria Molinero
Recent experiments revealed a new amorphous ice phase, medium-density amorphous ice (MDA), formed by ball-milling ice Ih at 77 K [Rosu-Finsen et al., Science 379, 474-478 (2023)]. MDA has density between that of low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) ices, adding to the complexity of water's phase diagram, known for its glass polyamorphism and two-state thermodynamics. The nature of MDA and its relation to other amorphous ices and liquid water remain unsolved. Here, we use molecular simulations under controlled pressure and shear rate at 77 K to produce and investigate MDA. We find that MDA formed at constant shear rate is a steady-state nonequilibrium shear-driven amorphous ice (SDA), that can be produced by shearing ice Ih, LDA, or HDA. Our results suggest that MDA could be obtained by ball-milling water glasses without crystallization interference. Increasing the shear rate at ambient pressure produces SDAs with densities ranging from LDA to HDA, revealing shear rate as a new thermodynamic variable in the nonequilibrium phase diagram of water. Indeed, shearing provides access to amorphous states inaccessible by controlling pressure and temperature alone. SDAs produced with shearing rates as high as 106 s-1 sample the same region of the potential energy landscape than hyperquenched glasses with identical density, pressure, and temperature. Intriguingly, SDAs obtained by shearing at ~108 s-1 have density, enthalpy, and structure indistinguishable from those of water "instantaneously" quenched from room temperature to 77 K over 10 ps, making them good approximants for the "true glass" of ambient liquid water.
{"title":"Medium-density amorphous ice unveils shear rate as a new dimension in water's phase diagram.","authors":"Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Debdas Dhabal, Rajat Kumar, Suvo Banik, Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan, Valeria Molinero","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2414444121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2414444121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent experiments revealed a new amorphous ice phase, medium-density amorphous ice (MDA), formed by ball-milling ice <i>I<sub>h</sub></i> at 77 K [Rosu-Finsen <i>et al.</i>, Science <b>379</b>, 474-478 (2023)]. MDA has density between that of low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) ices, adding to the complexity of water's phase diagram, known for its glass polyamorphism and two-state thermodynamics. The nature of MDA and its relation to other amorphous ices and liquid water remain unsolved. Here, we use molecular simulations under controlled pressure and shear rate at 77 K to produce and investigate MDA. We find that MDA formed at constant shear rate is a steady-state nonequilibrium shear-driven amorphous ice (SDA), that can be produced by shearing ice <i>I<sub>h</sub></i>, LDA, or HDA. Our results suggest that MDA could be obtained by ball-milling water glasses without crystallization interference. Increasing the shear rate at ambient pressure produces SDAs with densities ranging from LDA to HDA, revealing shear rate as a new thermodynamic variable in the nonequilibrium phase diagram of water. Indeed, shearing provides access to amorphous states inaccessible by controlling pressure and temperature alone. SDAs produced with shearing rates as high as 10<sup>6</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> sample the same region of the potential energy landscape than hyperquenched glasses with identical density, pressure, and temperature. Intriguingly, SDAs obtained by shearing at ~10<sup>8</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> have density, enthalpy, and structure indistinguishable from those of water \"instantaneously\" quenched from room temperature to 77 K over 10 ps, making them good approximants for the \"true glass\" of ambient liquid water.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2414444121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142688642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2410755121
Josephine C D'Angelo, Pavan Tiruveedhula, Raymond J Weber, David W Arathorn, Austin Roorda
Detecting the motion of an object relative to a world-fixed frame of reference is an exquisite human capability [G. E. Legge, F. Campbell, Vis. Res.21, 205-213 (1981)]. However, there is a special condition where humans are unable to accurately detect relative motion: Images moving in a direction consistent with retinal slip where the motion is unnaturally amplified can, under some conditions, appear stable [D. W. Arathorn, S. B. Stevenson, Q. Yang, P. Tiruveedhula, A. Roorda, J. Vis.13, 22 (2013)]. We asked: Is world-fixed retinal image background content necessary for the visual system to compute the direction of eye motion, and consequently generate stable percepts of images moving with amplified slip? Or, are nonvisual cues sufficient? Subjects adjusted the parameters of a stimulus moving in a random trajectory to match the perceived motion of images moving contingent to the retina. Experiments were done with and without retinal image background content. The perceived motion of stimuli moving with amplified retinal slip was suppressed in the presence of a visible background; however, higher magnitudes of motion were perceived under conditions when there was none. Our results demonstrate that the presence of retinal image background content is essential for the visual system to compute its direction of motion. The visual content that might be thought to provide a strong frame of reference to detect amplified retinal slips, instead paradoxically drives the misperception of relative motion.
检测物体相对于世界固定参照系的运动是人类的一项杰出能力[G. E. Legge, F. Campbell, Vis. Res. 21, 205-213 (1981)]。然而,在一种特殊情况下,人类无法准确检测相对运动:在某些条件下,与视网膜滑动方向一致且运动被非自然放大的图像看起来是稳定的[D. W. Arathorn, S. M., J., J., J., J., J., J., J., J., J., J......]。W. Arathorn, S. B. Stevenson, Q. Yang, P. Tiruveedhula, A. Roorda, J. Vis.13, 22 (2013)].我们问世界固定的视网膜图像背景内容是否是视觉系统计算眼球运动方向,从而产生稳定的图像运动感知的必要条件?或者,非视觉线索是否足够?受试者调整以随机轨迹运动的刺激物的参数,使其与视网膜或动图像的感知运动相匹配。实验有视网膜图像背景内容和无视网膜图像背景内容两种情况。在有可见背景的情况下,被放大的视网膜滑动刺激物的运动感知会被抑制;然而,在没有可见背景的情况下,运动感知的幅度会更大。我们的研究结果表明,视网膜图像背景内容的存在对于视觉系统计算运动方向至关重要。人们可能会认为视觉内容为检测放大的视网膜滑动提供了一个强有力的参照框架,但自相矛盾的是,视觉内容反而会导致对相对运动的错误感知。
{"title":"A paradoxical misperception of relative motion.","authors":"Josephine C D'Angelo, Pavan Tiruveedhula, Raymond J Weber, David W Arathorn, Austin Roorda","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2410755121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2410755121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Detecting the motion of an object relative to a world-fixed frame of reference is an exquisite human capability [G. E. Legge, F. Campbell, <i>Vis. Res.</i> <b>21</b>, 205-213 (1981)]. However, there is a special condition where humans are unable to accurately detect relative motion: Images moving in a direction consistent with retinal slip where the motion is unnaturally amplified can, under some conditions, appear stable [D. W. Arathorn, S. B. Stevenson, Q. Yang, P. Tiruveedhula, A. Roorda, <i>J. Vis.</i> <b>13</b>, 22 (2013)]. We asked: Is world-fixed retinal image background content necessary for the visual system to compute the direction of eye motion, and consequently generate stable percepts of images moving with amplified slip? Or, are nonvisual cues sufficient? Subjects adjusted the parameters of a stimulus moving in a random trajectory to match the perceived motion of images moving contingent to the retina. Experiments were done with and without retinal image background content. The perceived motion of stimuli moving with amplified retinal slip was suppressed in the presence of a visible background; however, higher magnitudes of motion were perceived under conditions when there was none. Our results demonstrate that the presence of retinal image background content is essential for the visual system to compute its direction of motion. The visual content that might be thought to provide a strong frame of reference to detect amplified retinal slips, instead paradoxically drives the misperception of relative motion.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2410755121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2409987121
Moon Young Yang, Khuong Duy Mac, Hannah R Strzelinski, Samantha A Hoffman, Donghwa Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Judith Su, Stephen B Liggett, William A Goddard
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate multiple cellular responses and represent highly successful therapeutic targets. The mechanisms by which agonists activate the G protein are unclear for many GPCR families, including the bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs). We ascertained TAS2R5 properties by live cell-based functional assays, direct binding affinity measurements using optical resonators, and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on three agonists that exhibit a wide range of signal transduction in cells despite comparable ligand-receptor binding energies derived from direct experiment and computation. Metadynamics simulations revealed that the critical barrier to activation is ligand-induced opening of the G protein between the α-helical (AH) and Ras-like domains of Gα subunit from a precoupled TAS2R5-G protein state to the fully activated state. A moderate agonist opens the AH-Ras cleft from 22 Å to 31 Å with an energy gain of -4.8 kcal mol-1, making GDP water-exposed for signaling. A high-potency agonist had an energy gain of -11.1 kcal mol-1. The low-potency agonist is also exothermic for Gα opening, but with an energy gain of only -1.4 kcal mol-1. This demonstrates that TAS2R5 agonist-bound functional potencies are derived from energy gains in the transition from a precoupled complex at the level of Gα opening. Our experimental and computational study provides insights into the activation mechanism of signal transduction that provide a basis for rational design of new drugs.
G 蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)调节多种细胞反应,是非常成功的治疗靶点。对于包括苦味受体(TAS2Rs)在内的许多 GPCR 家族来说,激动剂激活 G 蛋白的机制尚不清楚。我们通过基于活细胞的功能测试、使用光学谐振器进行的直接结合亲和力测量以及原子分子动力学模拟,确定了 TAS2R5 的特性。我们重点研究了三种激动剂,尽管直接实验和计算得出的配体-受体结合能相当,但它们在细胞中的信号转导范围很广。元动力学模拟显示,激活的关键障碍是配体诱导 Gα 亚基的 α-螺旋(AH)和类 Ras 结构域之间的 G 蛋白从预偶联的 TAS2R5-G 蛋白状态开放到完全激活状态。中度激动剂可将 AH-Ras 裂隙从 22 Å 打开到 31 Å,能量增益为 -4.8 kcal mol-1,从而使 GDP 在信号传导过程中露出水面。高能激动剂的能量增益为-11.1 kcal mol-1。低效激动剂对 Gα 开放也有放热作用,但能量增益仅为-1.4 kcal mol-1。这表明,TAS2R5 与激动剂结合的功能效力来自于 Gα 开放水平的前偶联复合物转变过程中的能量增益。我们的实验和计算研究深入揭示了信号转导的激活机制,为合理设计新药提供了基础。
{"title":"Agonist activation to open the Gα subunit of the GPCR-G protein precoupled complex defines functional agonist activation of TAS2R5.","authors":"Moon Young Yang, Khuong Duy Mac, Hannah R Strzelinski, Samantha A Hoffman, Donghwa Kim, Soo-Kyung Kim, Judith Su, Stephen B Liggett, William A Goddard","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2409987121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2409987121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate multiple cellular responses and represent highly successful therapeutic targets. The mechanisms by which agonists activate the G protein are unclear for many GPCR families, including the bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs). We ascertained TAS2R5 properties by live cell-based functional assays, direct binding affinity measurements using optical resonators, and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on three agonists that exhibit a wide range of signal transduction in cells despite comparable ligand-receptor binding energies derived from direct experiment and computation. Metadynamics simulations revealed that the critical barrier to activation is ligand-induced opening of the G protein between the α-helical (AH) and Ras-like domains of Gα subunit from a precoupled TAS2R5-G protein state to the fully activated state. A moderate agonist opens the AH-Ras cleft from 22 Å to 31 Å with an energy gain of -4.8 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>, making GDP water-exposed for signaling. A high-potency agonist had an energy gain of -11.1 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>. The low-potency agonist is also exothermic for Gα opening, but with an energy gain of only -1.4 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup>. This demonstrates that TAS2R5 agonist-bound functional potencies are derived from energy gains in the transition from a precoupled complex at the level of Gα opening. Our experimental and computational study provides insights into the activation mechanism of signal transduction that provide a basis for rational design of new drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2409987121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317875121
Carolyn Kousky, Galen Treuer, Katharine J Mach
Climate change poses complex risks without precedent that challenge established planning and risk management tools, including property insurance. The nature and timing of transitions in markets and institutions in response to growing climate risks will shape prospects for future socioeconomic well-being. As property insurance markets in the United States face higher levels of turmoil, policymakers are weighing various interventions to stabilize not only insurance but also housing and mortgage markets. We identify policy lessons based on the investigation of three bounding scenarios designed to address the question of how near-term (1 to 3 y) policy and regulatory choices surrounding insurance markets in Florida could influence medium-term (3 to 15 y) risk levels, disaster recovery, housing markets, and local economic outcomes. Since our policy choices today have a profound impact on future outcomes, careful consideration of the longer-term impacts of today's policy choices is required to secure more effective and equitable adaptation decisions and pathways.
{"title":"Insurance and climate risks: Policy lessons from three bounding scenarios.","authors":"Carolyn Kousky, Galen Treuer, Katharine J Mach","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2317875121","DOIUrl":"10.1073/pnas.2317875121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change poses complex risks without precedent that challenge established planning and risk management tools, including property insurance. The nature and timing of transitions in markets and institutions in response to growing climate risks will shape prospects for future socioeconomic well-being. As property insurance markets in the United States face higher levels of turmoil, policymakers are weighing various interventions to stabilize not only insurance but also housing and mortgage markets. We identify policy lessons based on the investigation of three bounding scenarios designed to address the question of how near-term (1 to 3 y) policy and regulatory choices surrounding insurance markets in Florida could influence medium-term (3 to 15 y) risk levels, disaster recovery, housing markets, and local economic outcomes. Since our policy choices today have a profound impact on future outcomes, careful consideration of the longer-term impacts of today's policy choices is required to secure more effective and equitable adaptation decisions and pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2317875121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2416636121
James C McWilliams
In response to a recent challenge to the longstanding practice in modeling large-scale circulations in the atmosphere and ocean that neglects any horizontal component of Earth's gravity-rotation force, this paper demonstrates that a coordinate transformation into geopotential coordinates has no such horizontal force. This framework should be understood as the justification for and, if warranted, the basis for making further refinements to such geophysical models.
{"title":"There is no horizontal gravity force in geopotential coordinates.","authors":"James C McWilliams","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2416636121","DOIUrl":"10.1073/pnas.2416636121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to a recent challenge to the longstanding practice in modeling large-scale circulations in the atmosphere and ocean that neglects any horizontal component of Earth's gravity-rotation force, this paper demonstrates that a coordinate transformation into geopotential coordinates has no such horizontal force. This framework should be understood as the justification for and, if warranted, the basis for making further refinements to such geophysical models.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2416636121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322886121
Maxime Derex, Pierce Edmiston, Gary Lupyan, Alex Mesoudi
Although the theoretical foundations of the modern field of cultural evolution have been in place for over 50 y, laboratory experiments specifically designed to test cultural evolutionary theory have only existed for the last two decades. Here, we review the main experimental designs used in the field of cultural evolution, as well as major findings related to the generation of cultural variation, content- and model-based biases, cumulative cultural evolution, and nonhuman culture. We then identify methodological advances that demonstrate the iterative improvement of cultural evolution experimental methods. Finally, we focus on one common critique of cultural evolution experiments, the appropriate individual learning control condition needed to demonstrate cumulative culture, and present an original experimental investigation relevant to this critique. Participants completed a combinatorial innovation task allowing for cumulative improvement over time in one of four commonly used experimental designs/conditions: social learners in chains, social learners in groups, individual learners experiencing an extended session lasting the same accumulated time as an entire chain or group, and individual learners experiencing repeated sessions adding up to the same total time. We found that repeated individual learning resulted in superior performance to any other condition. We discuss these findings in light of the relevance of the specific criticism of previous experimental studies that purport to have demonstrated cumulative culture. We also use our findings to discuss the broad trade-offs that participants face when learning individually and socially in different contexts, including variable acquisition costs, redundancy of effort in groups, and cognitive and motivational fatigue.
{"title":"Trade-offs, control conditions, and alternative designs in the experimental study of cultural evolution.","authors":"Maxime Derex, Pierce Edmiston, Gary Lupyan, Alex Mesoudi","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2322886121","DOIUrl":"10.1073/pnas.2322886121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the theoretical foundations of the modern field of cultural evolution have been in place for over 50 y, laboratory experiments specifically designed to test cultural evolutionary theory have only existed for the last two decades. Here, we review the main experimental designs used in the field of cultural evolution, as well as major findings related to the generation of cultural variation, content- and model-based biases, cumulative cultural evolution, and nonhuman culture. We then identify methodological advances that demonstrate the iterative improvement of cultural evolution experimental methods. Finally, we focus on one common critique of cultural evolution experiments, the appropriate individual learning control condition needed to demonstrate cumulative culture, and present an original experimental investigation relevant to this critique. Participants completed a combinatorial innovation task allowing for cumulative improvement over time in one of four commonly used experimental designs/conditions: social learners in chains, social learners in groups, individual learners experiencing an extended session lasting the same accumulated time as an entire chain or group, and individual learners experiencing repeated sessions adding up to the same total time. We found that repeated individual learning resulted in superior performance to any other condition. We discuss these findings in light of the relevance of the specific criticism of previous experimental studies that purport to have demonstrated cumulative culture. We also use our findings to discuss the broad trade-offs that participants face when learning individually and socially in different contexts, including variable acquisition costs, redundancy of effort in groups, and cognitive and motivational fatigue.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2322886121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2420619121
Benedetto Barone
{"title":"Bouncing photons, underwater robots, and the ocean's green film.","authors":"Benedetto Barone","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2420619121","DOIUrl":"10.1073/pnas.2420619121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2420619121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26Epub Date: 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322883121
Barry S Hewlett, Adam H Boyette, Sheina Lew-Levy, Sandrine Gallois, Samuel Jilo Dira
We examine from whom children learn in mobile hunter-gatherers, a way of life that characterized much of human history. Recent studies on the modes of transmission in hunter-gatherers are reviewed before presenting an analysis of five modes of transmission described by Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman [L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. W. Feldman, Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach (1981)] but not previously evaluated in hunter-gatherer research. We also present two modes of group transmission, conformist transmission, and concerted transmission, seldom mentioned in hunter-gatherer social learning research, and propose a unique mode of group transmission called cumulative transmission. The analysis of the additional modes of transmission indicated that cultural evolutionary signatures of vertical transmission, such as the conservation of cultural traits, have been underestimated because previous studies have seldom considered remote generations or distinguished intrafamilial from extrafamilial horizontal and oblique transmission. However, field data also indicate that hunter-gatherer children interacted with and learned from many nongenetically related individuals; about half of children's and adolescents' horizontal and oblique social learning came from nongenetically related individuals. Intimate living conditions of hunter-gatherers provide opportunities for group transmission, and ethnographic evidence presented demonstrates that at least three types of group transmission exist. All three forms of group transmission theoretically contribute to the conservation of culture, homogeneity of intracultural diversity, and high intercultural diversity. Analysis of additional modes of oblique and horizontal transmission and discussion of previous and unique modes of group transmission demonstrate the various mechanisms by which hunter-gatherer children learn and how cultures are conserved and contribute to cumulative culture.
在人类历史的大部分时期,狩猎采集是一种生活方式,我们研究了流动狩猎采集者中儿童向谁学习。在对卡瓦利-斯福尔扎和费尔德曼(L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. W. Feldman, Cultural Transmission and Evolution)描述的五种传播方式进行分析之前,我们回顾了最近关于狩猎采集者传播方式的研究。L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. W. Feldman, Cultural Transmission and Evolution:A Quantitative Approach (1981)]所描述的,但以前在狩猎采集者研究中没有进行过评估。我们还介绍了狩猎采集者社会学习研究中很少提及的两种群体传播模式--顺应传播和协同传播,并提出了一种独特的群体传播模式--累积传播。对其他传播模式的分析表明,纵向传播的文化进化特征(如文化特征的保存)被低估了,因为以往的研究很少考虑远代传播,也很少区分家族内和家族外的横向传播和斜向传播。然而,实地数据也表明,狩猎采集儿童与许多非遗传亲缘关系的个体互动,并向他们学习;儿童和青少年的横向和斜向社会学习约有一半来自非遗传亲缘关系的个体。狩猎-采集者亲密的生活条件为群体传播提供了机会,人种学证据表明至少存在三种类型的群体传播。从理论上讲,所有三种形式的群体传承都有助于文化的保护、文化内多样性的同质性和文化间的高度多样性。对其他斜向和横向传播方式的分析,以及对以往和独特的群体传播方式的讨论,展示了狩猎采集儿童学习的各种机制,以及文化是如何保存和促进文化积累的。
{"title":"Cultural transmission among hunter-gatherers.","authors":"Barry S Hewlett, Adam H Boyette, Sheina Lew-Levy, Sandrine Gallois, Samuel Jilo Dira","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2322883121","DOIUrl":"10.1073/pnas.2322883121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We examine from whom children learn in mobile hunter-gatherers, a way of life that characterized much of human history. Recent studies on the modes of transmission in hunter-gatherers are reviewed before presenting an analysis of five modes of transmission described by Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman [L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, M. W. Feldman, Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach (1981)] but not previously evaluated in hunter-gatherer research. We also present two modes of group transmission, conformist transmission, and concerted transmission, seldom mentioned in hunter-gatherer social learning research, and propose a unique mode of group transmission called cumulative transmission. The analysis of the additional modes of transmission indicated that cultural evolutionary signatures of vertical transmission, such as the conservation of cultural traits, have been underestimated because previous studies have seldom considered remote generations or distinguished intrafamilial from extrafamilial horizontal and oblique transmission. However, field data also indicate that hunter-gatherer children interacted with and learned from many nongenetically related individuals; about half of children's and adolescents' horizontal and oblique social learning came from nongenetically related individuals. Intimate living conditions of hunter-gatherers provide opportunities for group transmission, and ethnographic evidence presented demonstrates that at least three types of group transmission exist. All three forms of group transmission theoretically contribute to the conservation of culture, homogeneity of intracultural diversity, and high intercultural diversity. Analysis of additional modes of oblique and horizontal transmission and discussion of previous and unique modes of group transmission demonstrate the various mechanisms by which hunter-gatherer children learn and how cultures are conserved and contribute to cumulative culture.</p>","PeriodicalId":20548,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","volume":"121 48","pages":"e2322883121"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}