Pub Date : 2009-11-30DOI: 10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.38.47
J. Maxwell, C. Schor
Papers written about phoria adaptation often discuss the modification of eye alignment as evidence for mechanisms that compensate for changes in the oculomotor system due to development, disease and injury. While clinicians often encounter patients with diplopia or other signs of ocular misalignment, most people, in fact, have nearly perfect eye alignment even when viewing far targets with one eye occluded. Evidence that good eye alignment is the result of adaptive mechanisms can be seen with the binocular misalignment that results from the monocular patching of one eye in normal subjects for extended periods of time. We have tested extensively the ability of subjects to adapt the alignment of their eyes in various viewing conditions that present binocular disparities in the context of different version, vergence and head postures. Our conclusion from these studies is that one of the primary functions of phoria adaptive mechanisms is to manage the parsing of extraocular muscle forces during everyday viewing situations. The concept of Hering’s law of equal innervation is an oversimplification of a very complex process in which the relative participation of the twelve extraocular muscles needs to vary with the distance and eccentricity of the object of interest as well as the pitch and roll angles of the head. We note also that the problem of maintaining good coordination of the eyes is exacerbated with dynamic eye and head movements. I will review our work on the adaptation of vertical phoria and cyclophoria in relation to orbital eye position and head posture.
{"title":"Phoria adaptation as a mechanism for maintaining good binocular coordination in normal subjects","authors":"J. Maxwell, C. Schor","doi":"10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.38.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.38.47","url":null,"abstract":"Papers written about phoria adaptation often discuss the modification of eye alignment as evidence for mechanisms that compensate for changes in the oculomotor system due to development, disease and injury. While clinicians often encounter patients with diplopia or other signs of ocular misalignment, most people, in fact, have nearly perfect eye alignment even when viewing far targets with one eye occluded. Evidence that good eye alignment is the result of adaptive mechanisms can be seen with the binocular misalignment that results from the monocular patching of one eye in normal subjects for extended periods of time. We have tested extensively the ability of subjects to adapt the alignment of their eyes in various viewing conditions that present binocular disparities in the context of different version, vergence and head postures. Our conclusion from these studies is that one of the primary functions of phoria adaptive mechanisms is to manage the parsing of extraocular muscle forces during everyday viewing situations. The concept of Hering’s law of equal innervation is an oversimplification of a very complex process in which the relative participation of the twelve extraocular muscles needs to vary with the distance and eccentricity of the object of interest as well as the pitch and roll angles of the head. We note also that the problem of maintaining good coordination of the eyes is exacerbated with dynamic eye and head movements. I will review our work on the adaptation of vertical phoria and cyclophoria in relation to orbital eye position and head posture.","PeriodicalId":205688,"journal":{"name":"Japanese orthoptic journal","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132041572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-10-31DOI: 10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.37.187
Naoki Isogai, Mayuka Ito, Rie Horai, Y. Yoshida, Tomoaki Nakamura, Yukihiro Sakai, Akeno Tamaoki, Takashi Kojima, K. Ichikawa
PURPOSE: To investigate the accuracy of several different methods for intraocular lens power calculation after laser in situ keratomileusis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Axial length, corneal radius and anterior chamber depth of 11 eyes in 9 cases of cataract surgery after myopic or myopic astigmatic laser in situ keratomileusis were measured by IOL MasterTM (Carl Zeiss Meditec) for Haigis-L formula. For Double-K method by Aramberri and his group, Holladay II formula and No-history method by Shammas and his group, corneal radius of these 11 eyes were measured by ARK-700A (NIDEK) and anterior chamber depth were measured by AL-2000 (TOMEY). To compare the error between predicted refraction and postoperative refraction which was obtained from the implanted intraocular lens power required parameters were applied to each formula. The mean age when the cataract surgery was performed: 52.6•}9.0. The mean axial length: 26.43•}2.20mm. RESULTS: The mean absolute errors between the predicted refraction and the refraction of after cataract surgery and the percentages that the error was within •}1.0D with each calculation: DK method: 1.18•}0.86D (45.5%), Holladay II formula: 0.93•}0.61D (63.6%), No-history method: 0.74•} 0.60D (54.5%), Haigis-L formula: 0.85•}0.70D (63.6%). CONCLUSION: Difference was found in these 4 intraocular lens power calculations after laser in situ keratomileusis. With Haigis-L formula, the percentage that the error between predicted refraction and the refraction of after cataract surgery was within •}1.0D was high and the error was small. With every calculation, in the case of eyes with long axial length, we found a tendency of myopic shift. For clinical application, including the evaluation of corneal refractive power after LASIK, close further fully examination into each characteristic of these calculations will be required.
{"title":"The Accuracy of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation for Cataract Surgery after Laser in Situ Ketatomileusis","authors":"Naoki Isogai, Mayuka Ito, Rie Horai, Y. Yoshida, Tomoaki Nakamura, Yukihiro Sakai, Akeno Tamaoki, Takashi Kojima, K. Ichikawa","doi":"10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.37.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.37.187","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: To investigate the accuracy of several different methods for intraocular lens power calculation after laser in situ keratomileusis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Axial length, corneal radius and anterior chamber depth of 11 eyes in 9 cases of cataract surgery after myopic or myopic astigmatic laser in situ keratomileusis were measured by IOL MasterTM (Carl Zeiss Meditec) for Haigis-L formula. For Double-K method by Aramberri and his group, Holladay II formula and No-history method by Shammas and his group, corneal radius of these 11 eyes were measured by ARK-700A (NIDEK) and anterior chamber depth were measured by AL-2000 (TOMEY). To compare the error between predicted refraction and postoperative refraction which was obtained from the implanted intraocular lens power required parameters were applied to each formula. The mean age when the cataract surgery was performed: 52.6•}9.0. The mean axial length: 26.43•}2.20mm. RESULTS: The mean absolute errors between the predicted refraction and the refraction of after cataract surgery and the percentages that the error was within •}1.0D with each calculation: DK method: 1.18•}0.86D (45.5%), Holladay II formula: 0.93•}0.61D (63.6%), No-history method: 0.74•} 0.60D (54.5%), Haigis-L formula: 0.85•}0.70D (63.6%). CONCLUSION: Difference was found in these 4 intraocular lens power calculations after laser in situ keratomileusis. With Haigis-L formula, the percentage that the error between predicted refraction and the refraction of after cataract surgery was within •}1.0D was high and the error was small. With every calculation, in the case of eyes with long axial length, we found a tendency of myopic shift. For clinical application, including the evaluation of corneal refractive power after LASIK, close further fully examination into each characteristic of these calculations will be required.","PeriodicalId":205688,"journal":{"name":"Japanese orthoptic journal","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123292171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Survey Of Glaucomatous Peripheral Visual Field Changes with Goldmann Perimeter","authors":"Akiko Kobayashi, Megumi Hidano, N. Endo, H. Goto","doi":"10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.37.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4263/JORTHOPTIC.37.101","url":null,"abstract":"【目的】緑内障を疑いGoldmann perimeter(以下GP)を用いて検査を行う際、周辺視野における応答が不安定なために評価が困難なことがある。視野検査の長期観察例の経過をもとに、早期の周辺視野における異常が緑内障性変化をとらえていたか否かを検討した。【対象および方法】対象は経過中に計10回以上GPによる検査を施行した症例のうち、最終的に緑内障性視野異常を呈した198例315眼である。方法は、経時的に視野検査を行なった症例について視野異常の部位と範囲の変化を後ろ向きに調べ、異常出現時の周辺視野異常の程度と部位について検討した。【結果】初回検査時に異常がなかったのは36眼(11.4%)であった。異常出現時に周辺・中心ともに視野異常を呈したものが15眼(41.7%)、中心異常が12眼(33.3%)、周辺異常が7眼(19.4%)、判定不能2眼(5.6%)であった。周辺視野の異常部位は36眼中、上鼻側が13眼(36.1%)、下鼻側が14眼(38.9%)、下耳側が1眼(2.8%)、上耳側が4眼(11.1%)と鼻側の割合が高かった。経過中に視野の鼻側周辺における応答が不安定であった8眼は、最終的にいずれも特徴的な緑内障性視野異常に変化していた。【結論】GPによる緑内障の視野検査にあたっては、中心のみならず、周辺の鼻側を詳細に測定することの重要性が改めて確認された。検査時に不安定な部分は、やがて緑内障性視野異常に変化する可能性があるので、検査時にはその旨を正確に記録することが大切である。","PeriodicalId":205688,"journal":{"name":"Japanese orthoptic journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129935347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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