The Lupin mine, located in the central Slave province just east of the western boundary of Nunavut Territory, is a world-class example of a Neoarchean-aged banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted lode-gold deposit. At the minesite the gold-mineralized Lupin BIF, separating stratigraphically underlying psammitic wacke and overlying argillaceous turbidite sequences, delineates the Lupin dome, a hammerhead-shaped F 2 /F 3 interference fold structure occurring at the greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphic transition within the thermal aureole of the Contwoyto batholith. Detailed paragenetic relationships indicate that peak thermal metamorphism coincided with the switch from regional D 2 compression to rapid D 3 unroofing of the Neoarchean orogenic infrastructure. Gold initially precipitated with pyrrhotite, replacing amphibolitic BIF at the apex of the Lupin deformation zone, separating the east and west lobes of the Contwoyto batholith. Over the course of associated prograde/retrograde metasomatic overprints, gold was further remobilized during garnet and loellingite/arsenopyrite growth in chlorite-altered selvages of late-forming ladder quartz veins. A metamorphic model of ore genesis, with gold being scavenged and transported by metamorphic fluid that was shed and structurally trapped at the amphibolite recrystallization front, is favored over the previously proposed syngenetic and exogenic models of gold concentration that have tended to polarize genetic interpretations to date.
{"title":"An Update on the Geology of the Lupin Gold Mine, Nunavut, Canada","authors":"P. A. Geusebroek, N. Duke","doi":"10.2113/GSEMG.13.1-4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/GSEMG.13.1-4.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Lupin mine, located in the central Slave province just east of the western boundary of Nunavut Territory, is a world-class example of a Neoarchean-aged banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted lode-gold deposit. At the minesite the gold-mineralized Lupin BIF, separating stratigraphically underlying psammitic wacke and overlying argillaceous turbidite sequences, delineates the Lupin dome, a hammerhead-shaped F 2 /F 3 interference fold structure occurring at the greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphic transition within the thermal aureole of the Contwoyto batholith. Detailed paragenetic relationships indicate that peak thermal metamorphism coincided with the switch from regional D 2 compression to rapid D 3 unroofing of the Neoarchean orogenic infrastructure. Gold initially precipitated with pyrrhotite, replacing amphibolitic BIF at the apex of the Lupin deformation zone, separating the east and west lobes of the Contwoyto batholith. Over the course of associated prograde/retrograde metasomatic overprints, gold was further remobilized during garnet and loellingite/arsenopyrite growth in chlorite-altered selvages of late-forming ladder quartz veins. A metamorphic model of ore genesis, with gold being scavenged and transported by metamorphic fluid that was shed and structurally trapped at the amphibolite recrystallization front, is favored over the previously proposed syngenetic and exogenic models of gold concentration that have tended to polarize genetic interpretations to date.","PeriodicalId":206160,"journal":{"name":"Exploration and Mining Geology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128841762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Minas de Oro Cu-Au skarn and replacement deposits are located in the highlands of central Honduras, 90 km north-northwest of the capital of Tegucigalpa. The deposits formed in Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary rocks following the emplacement of an early Paleocene granodiorite to dacite intrusive complex. Three types of skarn (Type IA, IB, and IC) and a low-temperature replacement mineralization (Type II) are recognized. Type IA skarn consists of massive brown-green andradite and lesser magnetite and pyroxene. Type IB skarn has magnetite + hematite as the main constituent and garnet 50% pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite with interstitial garnet or pyroxene. Au and Cu occur in potentially economic concentrations in all skarn types while other metals such as Ag, Pb, Zn, and Mo are locally present in significant quantities. The highly variable distribution and nature of the skarn deposits is controlled by: (1) intrusive activity, (2) composition of host rocks, (3) faulting and fracturing, and (4) attitude of host carbonates. Type II Au-Cu-As mineralization occurs in calcareous sandstone and conglomerate 2 km distal from skarns and comprises clots of Cu sulfides hosted within a zone of brecciation and quartz flooding. Garnet and/or magnetite skarn is not present and the mineralizing event appears to have been a low-temperature replacement type. The similarity of coeval Au-Cu-Fe skarns in central Guerrero, southern Mexico to Minas de Oro skarns, and the similar local stratigraphy is consistent with the generally accepted theory that the Chortis block originated from southern Mexico and during the Tertiary moved southeast to its present position.
Minas de Oro Cu-Au矽卡岩和替代矿床位于洪都拉斯中部高地，位于首都特古西加尔巴西北偏北90公里处。矿床形成于早古新世花岗闪长岩-英安岩侵入杂岩侵位后的白垩系火山沉积岩中。发现三种矽卡岩类型(IA型、IB型和IC型)和一种低温替代矿化(II型)。IA型矽卡岩由块状棕绿色安长石和少量磁铁矿和辉石组成。IB型矽卡岩主要成分为磁铁矿+赤铁矿，石榴石50%为磁黄铁矿+黄铜矿，中间有石榴石或辉石。金和铜在所有矽卡岩类型中都以潜在的经济浓度存在，而其他金属如银、铅、锌和钼在局部大量存在。矽卡岩矿床的分布和性质变化很大，主要受以下因素控制:(1)侵入活动;(2)寄主岩石组成;(3)断裂和压裂作用;(4)寄主碳酸盐岩的产状。II型Au-Cu-As矿化发生在距夕卡岩远2公里的钙质砂岩和砾岩中，由角砾岩和石英驱带中的硫化物铜块组成。不存在石榴石和/或磁铁矿夕卡岩，矿化事件似乎是低温替代型。墨西哥南部格雷罗中部同时期的Au-Cu-Fe矽卡岩与Minas de Oro矽卡岩的相似性以及当地地层的相似性，与普遍接受的Chortis地块起源于墨西哥南部并在第三纪东南移动到现在位置的理论相一致。
{"title":"Cu-Au Skarn Mineralization, Minas de Oro District, Honduras, Central America","authors":"J. Drobe, R. Cann","doi":"10.2113/0090051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/0090051","url":null,"abstract":"The Minas de Oro Cu-Au skarn and replacement deposits are located in the highlands of central Honduras, 90 km north-northwest of the capital of Tegucigalpa.\u0000\u0000The deposits formed in Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary rocks following the emplacement of an early Paleocene granodiorite to dacite intrusive complex. Three types of skarn (Type IA, IB, and IC) and a low-temperature replacement mineralization (Type II) are recognized. Type IA skarn consists of massive brown-green andradite and lesser magnetite and pyroxene. Type IB skarn has magnetite + hematite as the main constituent and garnet 50% pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite with interstitial garnet or pyroxene. Au and Cu occur in potentially economic concentrations in all skarn types while other metals such as Ag, Pb, Zn, and Mo are locally present in significant quantities. The highly variable distribution and nature of the skarn deposits is controlled by: (1) intrusive activity, (2) composition of host rocks, (3) faulting and fracturing, and (4) attitude of host carbonates.\u0000\u0000Type II Au-Cu-As mineralization occurs in calcareous sandstone and conglomerate 2 km distal from skarns and comprises clots of Cu sulfides hosted within a zone of brecciation and quartz flooding. Garnet and/or magnetite skarn is not present and the mineralizing event appears to have been a low-temperature replacement type.\u0000\u0000The similarity of coeval Au-Cu-Fe skarns in central Guerrero, southern Mexico to Minas de Oro skarns, and the similar local stratigraphy is consistent with the generally accepted theory that the Chortis block originated from southern Mexico and during the Tertiary moved southeast to its present position.","PeriodicalId":206160,"journal":{"name":"Exploration and Mining Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127628211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Taylor, J. C. Pedersen, D. S. Bubar, I. Campbell, K. Rees, J. Morgan, W. Barclay
The Lilypad Lakes property is host to a group of Ta-mineralized dikes that occur over an area of at least 10 km2. Field relationships are consistent with a syn- to late syn-tectonic timing for their emplacement (with respect to the major regional D1 episode of deformation), with several of the dikes exhibiting a steeply dipping, open, S- to M- to Z-shaped fold geometry. Individual dikes range up to 30 m wide (Rubellite Dyke, Pollucite Dyke), have strike lengths of up to 750 m (e.g., JJ Dyke), and are continuous to depths of greater than 250 m (e.g., Rubellite Dyke, Pollucite Dyke). Typically, they display sharp intrusive contacts characterized by the development of thin, holmquistite-rich haloes. The Ta-mineralized dikes are comprised of silica- and alumina-rich, sodic, granitic pegmatites that display extreme levels of geochemical fractionation (K/Rb typically 0.045 wt.% Ta2O5) in both the Rubellite and the Pollucite Dykes. Three Ta-oxide minerals (microlite, wodginite, manganotantalite) of primary origin predominate in the Ta-mineralized dikes, where they occur as fine, disseminated grains in the albite-rich pegmatite matrix. The sequence of crystallization is typically manganotantalite wodginite microlite, which conforms to a well-established paragenetic sequence for rare-element granitic pegmatites in general. All three of the primary Ta oxides are characterized by a high degree of chemical purity (e.g., average Ta concentrations in microlite from 77–79 wt.% Ta2O5), a compositional feature consistent with the extreme levels of geochemical fractionation characteristic of the host granitic pegmatites, and one that indicates that the Lilypad Lakes pegmatites are likely to produce Ta mineral concentrates of the very highest quality. Locally, a second generation of Ta minerals is present, restricted to small vugs in the pegmatite matrix that are surrounded by fine aggregates of K-rich mica or clay. The secondary Ta minerals are dominated by microlite, which is typically intergrown with fluorite and Fe-sulphides, and is distinguished from its primary counterpart by its lower Ta content (around 70 wt.% Ta2O5) and much higher concentration of uranium (up to 9 wt.% UO2). Also, secondary microlite consistently yields low analytical totals from electron microprobe analysis, suggesting that it is H2O-rich. The presence of this second, vug-related generation of microlite, together with the occurrence of localized networks of crosscutting fractures that host high concentrations of Cs and Rb (in the minerals pollucite and Rb-K-feldspar), suggests that a late-stage, fluid-dominated metasomatic/hydrothermal event may have been important in certain sections of the dikes, and has effected a redistribution of the economically important elements Ta and Cs.
Lilypad湖区拥有一组钽矿化的岩脉，面积至少为10平方公里。野外关系与它们的就位时间(相对于主要的区域D1期变形)一致，其中一些岩脉表现出陡峭倾斜、开放、S- to M- to z形褶皱几何形状。个别堤防的宽度可达30米(Rubellite堤防，Pollucite堤防)，走向长度可达750米(如JJ堤防)，并且连续深度超过250米(如Rubellite堤防，Pollucite堤防)。通常，它们显示出尖锐的侵入接触，其特征是发育薄的、富含全晶石的光晕。ta矿化岩脉由富含硅和铝的钠质花岗质伟晶岩组成，在红榴石岩脉和绿榴石岩脉中显示出极高的地球化学分馏水平(K/Rb通常为0.045 wt.% Ta2O5)。原生来源的三种氧化钽矿物(微晶岩、钨辉石、锰钽矿)主要存在于富含钠长石的伟晶岩基质中，呈细浸染状。结晶序列为典型的锰钽-钨辉石微晶岩，符合一般建立的稀有元素花岗质伟晶岩共生序列。所有三种原生Ta氧化物都具有高度的化学纯度(例如，微岩中平均Ta浓度为77-79 wt.% Ta2O5)，这一组成特征与主花岗岩伟晶岩的极端地球化学分馏特征相一致，这表明利帕德湖伟晶岩可能产生最高质量的Ta矿物精矿。局部存在第二代钽矿物，局限于伟晶岩基质中的小孔洞，周围是富钾云母或粘土的细聚集体。次生Ta矿物以微岩为主，通常与萤石和铁硫化物共生，其与原生矿物的区别在于Ta含量较低(约70 wt.% Ta2O5)，铀浓度较高(高达9 wt.% UO2)。此外，从电子探针分析中，次级微岩的分析总量一直很低，这表明它是富氢的。第二代与孔洞相关的微岩的存在，以及局部横切裂缝网络的出现(在矿物污染岩和Rb- k长石中)，表明晚期流体主导的交代/热液事件可能对岩脉的某些部分很重要，并影响了经济上重要元素Ta和Cs的重新分配。
{"title":"The Nature and Distribution of Tantalum Mineralization in Pegmatite Dikes, Lilypad Lakes Property, Fort Hope, Northwestern Ontario","authors":"R. Taylor, J. C. Pedersen, D. S. Bubar, I. Campbell, K. Rees, J. Morgan, W. Barclay","doi":"10.2113/GSEMG.14.1-4.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/GSEMG.14.1-4.31","url":null,"abstract":"The Lilypad Lakes property is host to a group of Ta-mineralized dikes that occur over an area of at least 10 km2. Field relationships are consistent with a syn- to late syn-tectonic timing for their emplacement (with respect to the major regional D1 episode of deformation), with several of the dikes exhibiting a steeply dipping, open, S- to M- to Z-shaped fold geometry. Individual dikes range up to 30 m wide (Rubellite Dyke, Pollucite Dyke), have strike lengths of up to 750 m (e.g., JJ Dyke), and are continuous to depths of greater than 250 m (e.g., Rubellite Dyke, Pollucite Dyke). Typically, they display sharp intrusive contacts characterized by the development of thin, holmquistite-rich haloes. The Ta-mineralized dikes are comprised of silica- and alumina-rich, sodic, granitic pegmatites that display extreme levels of geochemical fractionation (K/Rb typically 0.045 wt.% Ta2O5) in both the Rubellite and the Pollucite Dykes.\u0000\u0000Three Ta-oxide minerals (microlite, wodginite, manganotantalite) of primary origin predominate in the Ta-mineralized dikes, where they occur as fine, disseminated grains in the albite-rich pegmatite matrix. The sequence of crystallization is typically manganotantalite wodginite microlite, which conforms to a well-established paragenetic sequence for rare-element granitic pegmatites in general. All three of the primary Ta oxides are characterized by a high degree of chemical purity (e.g., average Ta concentrations in microlite from 77–79 wt.% Ta2O5), a compositional feature consistent with the extreme levels of geochemical fractionation characteristic of the host granitic pegmatites, and one that indicates that the Lilypad Lakes pegmatites are likely to produce Ta mineral concentrates of the very highest quality.\u0000\u0000Locally, a second generation of Ta minerals is present, restricted to small vugs in the pegmatite matrix that are surrounded by fine aggregates of K-rich mica or clay. The secondary Ta minerals are dominated by microlite, which is typically intergrown with fluorite and Fe-sulphides, and is distinguished from its primary counterpart by its lower Ta content (around 70 wt.% Ta2O5) and much higher concentration of uranium (up to 9 wt.% UO2). Also, secondary microlite consistently yields low analytical totals from electron microprobe analysis, suggesting that it is H2O-rich. The presence of this second, vug-related generation of microlite, together with the occurrence of localized networks of crosscutting fractures that host high concentrations of Cs and Rb (in the minerals pollucite and Rb-K-feldspar), suggests that a late-stage, fluid-dominated metasomatic/hydrothermal event may have been important in certain sections of the dikes, and has effected a redistribution of the economically important elements Ta and Cs.","PeriodicalId":206160,"journal":{"name":"Exploration and Mining Geology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121185254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Nui Phao W-F-Cu-Au-Bi deposit is located in one of the poorest regions of northern Vietnam. The deposit is currently undergoing a pre-feasibility study by Tiberon Minerals Ltd., with a view to developing what would be the largest WO3 mine and one of the five largest fluorite mines in the world. The project is being planned in close compliance with World Bank and national guidelines for environmental and social protection. Development of the mine is anticipated to bring the following benefits: remediation of serious pre-existing environmental conditions (natural and anthropogenic heavy metal contamination and acid rock drainage); provision of employment and training, and thereby wealth, to local communities; significant tax and royalty payments to government, which will be reinvested as social spending; and development of municipal and industrial infrastructure to build sustainable post-mining communities. The role of governments at all levels is critical in guiding and facilitating this process. This paper was written prior to development of the mine, and relays the intentions of the developers. Future studies will be needed to evaluate the degree of attainment of sustainable development objectives, both during mine operation and after closure.
{"title":"The Nui Phao Tungsten-Fluorite-Copper-Gold-Bismuth Deposit, Northern Vietnam: An Opportunity for Sustainable Development","authors":"J. Richards, T. Dang, S. Dudka, Marke Wong","doi":"10.2113/0120061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/0120061","url":null,"abstract":"The Nui Phao W-F-Cu-Au-Bi deposit is located in one of the poorest regions of northern Vietnam. The deposit is currently undergoing a pre-feasibility study by Tiberon Minerals Ltd., with a view to developing what would be the largest WO3 mine and one of the five largest fluorite mines in the world. The project is being planned in close compliance with World Bank and national guidelines for environmental and social protection. Development of the mine is anticipated to bring the following benefits: remediation of serious pre-existing environmental conditions (natural and anthropogenic heavy metal contamination and acid rock drainage); provision of employment and training, and thereby wealth, to local communities; significant tax and royalty payments to government, which will be reinvested as social spending; and development of municipal and industrial infrastructure to build sustainable post-mining communities. The role of governments at all levels is critical in guiding and facilitating this process. This paper was written prior to development of the mine, and relays the intentions of the developers. Future studies will be needed to evaluate the degree of attainment of sustainable development objectives, both during mine operation and after closure.","PeriodicalId":206160,"journal":{"name":"Exploration and Mining Geology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115529697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industrial-grade limestone is found in both the Lower Silurian La Vieille Formation and Upper Silurian LaPlante Formation of the Chaleurs Group in northern New Brunswick. Currently, between 150 000 and 200 000 tonnes of limestone are produced per year from the proximal facies of the LaPlante Formation at the Sormany quarry of Elmtree Resources Ltd., located west of Bathurst. The proximal facies of the LaPlante Formation was deposited on the margins of tectonically uplifted Ordovician terranes. This facies comprises stromatoporoidal-algal bindstone intercalated with wackestone, packstone, and floatstone in variable proportions. The distal facies comprises calcareous shale and minor limestone deposited deeper offshore. Folding and faulting related to Middle Devonian Acadian tectonism have caused an increase in the apparent thickness of the limestone sequences, especially adjacent to the regional Rocky Brook–Millstream fault. Structural and stratigraphic observations indicate that some of the limestone bodies in the area have been tectonically displaced from their site of deposition. A variety of prospecting techniques was used to locate new limestone resources, including geological mapping, airborne and ground electromagnetic surveys, and satellite remote sensing. Clastic rock units above and below the LaPlante Formation have distinctive properties that help to trace the intervening limestone along strike. Because of water-saturated glacial cover, thick vegetation, and the small size of targets, airborne geophysical methods did not prove effective in delineating limestone beds, but aeromagnetic surveys helped map the underlying clastic unit. The remote-sensing data and especially high-resolution digital elevation models helped in identification of karst topography related to limestone.
{"title":"Stratigraphic and Structural Constraints on Limestone Exploration: A Case Study from Northern New Brunswick, Canada","authors":"I. Dimitrov, S. Mccutcheon","doi":"10.2113/GSEMG.16.1-2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/GSEMG.16.1-2.25","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial-grade limestone is found in both the Lower Silurian La Vieille Formation and Upper Silurian LaPlante Formation of the Chaleurs Group in northern New Brunswick. Currently, between 150 000 and 200 000 tonnes of limestone are produced per year from the proximal facies of the LaPlante Formation at the Sormany quarry of Elmtree Resources Ltd., located west of Bathurst. The proximal facies of the LaPlante Formation was deposited on the margins of tectonically uplifted Ordovician terranes. This facies comprises stromatoporoidal-algal bindstone intercalated with wackestone, packstone, and floatstone in variable proportions. The distal facies comprises calcareous shale and minor limestone deposited deeper offshore. Folding and faulting related to Middle Devonian Acadian tectonism have caused an increase in the apparent thickness of the limestone sequences, especially adjacent to the regional Rocky Brook–Millstream fault. Structural and stratigraphic observations indicate that some of the limestone bodies in the area have been tectonically displaced from their site of deposition. A variety of prospecting techniques was used to locate new limestone resources, including geological mapping, airborne and ground electromagnetic surveys, and satellite remote sensing. Clastic rock units above and below the LaPlante Formation have distinctive properties that help to trace the intervening limestone along strike. Because of water-saturated glacial cover, thick vegetation, and the small size of targets, airborne geophysical methods did not prove effective in delineating limestone beds, but aeromagnetic surveys helped map the underlying clastic unit. The remote-sensing data and especially high-resolution digital elevation models helped in identification of karst topography related to limestone.","PeriodicalId":206160,"journal":{"name":"Exploration and Mining Geology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131221175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.2113/GSEMG.13.1-4.139
A. Hassanipak, M. Sharafodin
The essential aims of additional borehole drilling are to improve the reliability of grade and tonnage estimates in each reserve class and to increase ore tonnages. The “GET” function presented in this paper considers strategies for achieving both of these goals simultaneously, and therefore is advantageous for selecting sites for additional boreholes. The “GET” function is either a linear or a non-linear product of three variables G, E, and T: f(G,E,T,) = G α E β T γ where the values of any or all of the exponents α, β, and γ may differ from unity at the discretion of the user. G and E are the average estimated block grade and the average estimation error for ore blocks in one vertical column, and T is the compounded ore thickness within the column. To illustrate its utility, the GET function has been used for determination of the most advantageous sites for additional drilling in the Shah-Kuh Pb-Zn deposit in west central Iran.
增加钻孔的主要目的是提高每一类储量品位和吨位估计的可靠性，并增加矿石吨位。本文提出的“GET”函数考虑了同时实现这两个目标的策略，因此有利于选择额外钻孔的位置。“GET”函数是三个变量G,E和T的线性或非线性乘积:f(G,E,T，) = G α E β T γ，其中任何或所有指数α， β和γ的值可以根据用户的判断与单位不同。G、E为垂直柱内每块矿的平均估计品位和平均估计误差，T为柱内矿的复合厚度。为了说明它的实用性，在伊朗中西部的Shah-Kuh铅锌矿床中，使用GET函数来确定最有利的额外钻井位置。
{"title":"GET: A Function for Preferential Site Selection of Additional Borehole Drilling","authors":"A. Hassanipak, M. Sharafodin","doi":"10.2113/GSEMG.13.1-4.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/GSEMG.13.1-4.139","url":null,"abstract":"The essential aims of additional borehole drilling are to improve the reliability of grade and tonnage estimates in each reserve class and to increase ore tonnages. The “GET” function presented in this paper considers strategies for achieving both of these goals simultaneously, and therefore is advantageous for selecting sites for additional boreholes. The “GET” function is either a linear or a non-linear product of three variables G, E, and T: f(G,E,T,) = G α E β T γ where the values of any or all of the exponents α, β, and γ may differ from unity at the discretion of the user. G and E are the average estimated block grade and the average estimation error for ore blocks in one vertical column, and T is the compounded ore thickness within the column. To illustrate its utility, the GET function has been used for determination of the most advantageous sites for additional drilling in the Shah-Kuh Pb-Zn deposit in west central Iran.","PeriodicalId":206160,"journal":{"name":"Exploration and Mining Geology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121580147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To exploit an ore deposit without unduly impacting the environment is a challenge that can only be met by the concerted efforts of traditionally independent teams working on a mining project. Not only is detailed geology required of geologists to help mine engineers to develop a mine plan that assures generation of the least possible amount of mine waste, but metallurgists also have to select the most environmentally friendly mineral processing schemes, and communicate with environmental engineers with regard to complications that process chemicals may pose on proper mine waste management. Traditional ore deposit models typically emphasize the geological and mineralogical aspects of ore genesis to facilitate exploration for similar deposits. Recent research has shown that potential environmental liabilities such as acid mine drainage and metal leaching can readily be predicted according to deposit types. The choice of mining methods, mineral processing schemes, and decommissioning options are also largely dictated by the composition and setting of an orebody to be mined. Integrating such related information into traditional ore deposit descriptions would lead to the development of comprehensive environmental ore deposit models. The latter would facilitate communication among staff of the varied components of a mine project and aid with the selection of a combination of methods and strategies that would assure minimum environmental risks and impacts, reduce the overall project cost, and enhance sustainable development.
{"title":"Comprehensive Environmental Ore Deposit Models as an Aid for Sustainable Development","authors":"Y. Kwong","doi":"10.2113/0120031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2113/0120031","url":null,"abstract":"To exploit an ore deposit without unduly impacting the environment is a challenge that can only be met by the concerted efforts of traditionally independent teams working on a mining project. Not only is detailed geology required of geologists to help mine engineers to develop a mine plan that assures generation of the least possible amount of mine waste, but metallurgists also have to select the most environmentally friendly mineral processing schemes, and communicate with environmental engineers with regard to complications that process chemicals may pose on proper mine waste management. Traditional ore deposit models typically emphasize the geological and mineralogical aspects of ore genesis to facilitate exploration for similar deposits. Recent research has shown that potential environmental liabilities such as acid mine drainage and metal leaching can readily be predicted according to deposit types. The choice of mining methods, mineral processing schemes, and decommissioning options are also largely dictated by the composition and setting of an orebody to be mined. Integrating such related information into traditional ore deposit descriptions would lead to the development of comprehensive environmental ore deposit models. The latter would facilitate communication among staff of the varied components of a mine project and aid with the selection of a combination of methods and strategies that would assure minimum environmental risks and impacts, reduce the overall project cost, and enhance sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":206160,"journal":{"name":"Exploration and Mining Geology","volume":"340 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123417142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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