The objective of this research was to analyse the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the travel behaviour of Trinidadians. Many studies have shown that a relationship exists between the socio-economic and sociodemographic characteristics of an individual and their travel patterns. A better understanding of this relationship can influence transportation policy decisions and therefore, aid in improvement to the overall transportation structure. This understanding of travel behaviour is of particular importance in developing countries and SIDS, where there is limited geographical space, economic constraints and an influx of competitive unregulated paratransit modes into the transportation system. Trinidad, like other developing countries and SIDS, has a public transportation system that is dominated by paratransit modes. More notably, there is increasing penetration of illegally operated paratransit modes, that are aggressively competing in the market and gaining a lot of traction. Data was collected in January 2018 using a revealed preference survey of commuters’ work-based tours in, Trincity, a middle-income housing area with good highway and public transportation access. Results showed that income, age, distance from workplace and gender all affect the likelihood of public transport usage as a primary mode of a work tour and there were gender-based differences in the incidence of walking as part of the tour. Additionally, although most public transportation users considered the government bus service as the safest and illegal paratransit services as the least safe, the usage of such services was more than five times that of the bus. The research points to important service and policy actions which need to be taken to encourage and support shifts to more sustainable modes.
{"title":"SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AS IT RELATES TO TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IN SIDS: A CASE STUDY IN TRINIDAD","authors":"Leah Wright, T. Townsend","doi":"10.47412/cpyi3065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/cpyi3065","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was to analyse the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the travel behaviour of Trinidadians. Many studies have shown that a relationship exists between the socio-economic and sociodemographic characteristics of an individual and their travel patterns. A better understanding of this relationship can influence transportation policy decisions and therefore, aid in improvement to the overall transportation structure. This understanding of travel behaviour is of particular importance in developing countries and SIDS, where there is limited geographical space, economic constraints and an influx of competitive unregulated paratransit modes into the transportation system. Trinidad, like other developing countries and SIDS, has a public transportation system that is dominated by paratransit modes. More notably, there is increasing penetration of illegally operated paratransit modes, that are aggressively competing in the market and gaining a lot of traction. Data was collected in January 2018 using a revealed preference survey of commuters’ work-based tours in, Trincity, a middle-income housing area with good highway and public transportation access. Results showed that income, age, distance from workplace and gender all affect the likelihood of public transport usage as a primary mode of a work tour and there were gender-based differences in the incidence of walking as part of the tour. Additionally, although most public transportation users considered the government bus service as the safest and illegal paratransit services as the least safe, the usage of such services was more than five times that of the bus. The research points to important service and policy actions which need to be taken to encourage and support shifts to more sustainable modes.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123426566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katherine Agong, D. Bartholomew, Dawn A. Goddard-Eckrich
Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest diabetes deaths, the highest rates of kidney failure in the world and is listed as one of the top countries where citizens have a fear of crime. There is a large body of research that has proven that there is an association between physical activity, fear of crime, health outcomes and built environment. However, most scientific research around urban design, physical activity, planning and transportation have been conducted in developed countries. There have been few studies in developing countries, particularly Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean, which are facing both high crime and chronic disease. To evaluate the literature on physical activity, chronic disease and the built environment, we conducted a review of the literature through a systematic search and also analysed research gaps and implications. Future studies should develop a multidisciplinary research on physical activity, fear of crime, transportation and the interactive effects of the built environment that can help improve chronic disease health outcomes. Future studies should also better understand the social and environmental influences of barriers to physical activity in Trinidad and Tobago.
{"title":"REDUCING CHRONIC DISEASE THROUGH TRANSPORTATION AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN HIGH CRIME COUNTRIES: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE","authors":"Katherine Agong, D. Bartholomew, Dawn A. Goddard-Eckrich","doi":"10.47412/yaps7603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/yaps7603","url":null,"abstract":"Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest diabetes deaths, the highest rates of kidney failure in the world and is listed as one of the top countries where citizens have a fear of crime. There is a large body of research that has proven that there is an association between physical activity, fear of crime, health outcomes and built environment. However, most scientific research around urban design, physical activity, planning and transportation have been conducted in developed countries. There have been few studies in developing countries, particularly Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean, which are facing both high crime and chronic disease. To evaluate the literature on physical activity, chronic disease and the built environment, we conducted a review of the literature through a systematic search and also analysed research gaps and implications. Future studies should develop a multidisciplinary research on physical activity, fear of crime, transportation and the interactive effects of the built environment that can help improve chronic disease health outcomes. Future studies should also better understand the social and environmental influences of barriers to physical activity in Trinidad and Tobago.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121102894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blood flow through permeable microcirculation in the presence of a composite stenosis, an external magnetic field and convective heat transfer was examined. A two-layered model for the blood consisting of a fluid-particle suspension in the core region with a peripheral cell-free plasma layer was used. The proposed system of equations was solved and plots were generated. In the presence of permeable walls, an external magnetic field and convective heat transfer, the temperature of the blood, friction-factor Reynolds number and Nusselt number were investigated. The temperature of the blood increased when the Hartmann number increased, Darcy number increased, haematocrit level increased or the peripheral layer thinned. The friction-factor Reynolds number product increased as the haematocrit, Hartmann number, stenosis height or Darcy number increased. The Nusselt number decreased as the Hartmann number, haematocrit, stenosis height or Darcy number increased. These results were interpreted in terms of the physical situation. This study aids in understanding the effects of wall permeability, a magnetic field and the presence of heat transfer on different diseased arterial systems in the future.
{"title":"CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ON STENOSED BLOOD FLOW THROUGH PERMEABLE MICROCIRCULATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A MAGNETIC FIELD","authors":"A. Sankar, S. Gunakala, D. Comissiong","doi":"10.47412/vyby3868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/vyby3868","url":null,"abstract":"Blood flow through permeable microcirculation in the presence of a composite stenosis, an external magnetic field and convective heat transfer was examined. A two-layered model for the blood consisting of a fluid-particle suspension in the core region with a peripheral cell-free plasma layer was used. The proposed system of equations was solved and plots were generated. In the presence of permeable walls, an external magnetic field and convective heat transfer, the temperature of the blood, friction-factor Reynolds number and Nusselt number were investigated. The temperature of the blood increased when the Hartmann number increased, Darcy number increased, haematocrit level increased or the peripheral layer thinned. The friction-factor Reynolds number product increased as the haematocrit, Hartmann number, stenosis height or Darcy number increased. The Nusselt number decreased as the Hartmann number, haematocrit, stenosis height or Darcy number increased. These results were interpreted in terms of the physical situation. This study aids in understanding the effects of wall permeability, a magnetic field and the presence of heat transfer on different diseased arterial systems in the future.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132276692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre, Trinidad and Tobago, operates a network of over 50 stations for earthquake and volcanic monitoring in the Eastern Caribbean islands. These stations form a seismic network consisting of various types of instrumentation, and communication systems. Over a period of 11 years, the Centre has embarked on an initiative of upgrading and expanding the current network with combinations of broadband and/or strong motion sensors, high dynamic range digitizers and networking equipment to link each station to centralized observatories via high speed digital data transmission medium. To realize such an upgrade and expansion, the Centre has developed a seismic data acquisition system prototype built using open-source hardware and software tools. The prototype is intended to be low-cost using off the shelf hardware components and open-source seismic related software handling data acquisition and data processing in two separate modules. The prototype uses a three-channel accelerometer sensor and can process data into standard MiniSEED format for easy data archiving and seismic data analysis. A global position module provides network time protocol time synchronization within 1 millisecond for accurate timestamping of data. Data can be stored locally on the prototype in twenty-minute data files or securely transferred to a central location via internet with the use of virtual private network capabilities. The prototype is modular in design allowing for components to be replaced easily and the system software can be updated remotely thus reducing maintenance cost.
{"title":"LOW COST SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM BASED ON OPEN SOURCE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TOOLS","authors":"Arvid Ramdeane, L. Lynch","doi":"10.47412/vycb8830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/vycb8830","url":null,"abstract":"The University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre, Trinidad and Tobago, operates a network of over 50 stations for earthquake and volcanic monitoring in the Eastern Caribbean islands. These stations form a seismic network consisting of various types of instrumentation, and communication systems. Over a period of 11 years, the Centre has embarked on an initiative of upgrading and expanding the current network with combinations of broadband and/or strong motion sensors, high dynamic range digitizers and networking equipment to link each station to centralized observatories via high speed digital data transmission medium. To realize such an upgrade and expansion, the Centre has developed a seismic data acquisition system prototype built using open-source hardware and software tools. The prototype is intended to be low-cost using off the shelf hardware components and open-source seismic related software handling data acquisition and data processing in two separate modules. The prototype uses a three-channel accelerometer sensor and can process data into standard MiniSEED format for easy data archiving and seismic data analysis. A global position module provides network time protocol time synchronization within 1 millisecond for accurate timestamping of data. Data can be stored locally on the prototype in twenty-minute data files or securely transferred to a central location via internet with the use of virtual private network capabilities. The prototype is modular in design allowing for components to be replaced easily and the system software can be updated remotely thus reducing maintenance cost.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133687496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The primary access to the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus is located directly off the Churchill-Roosevelt Highway (CRH), an east-west four-lane divided urban arterial road. This access is known as the South Gate and is set back 180 metres from the CRH but is made difficult by the crossing east-west Watt Street, a collector road that services primarily pass-by traffic between the residential, commercial and school activities and the CRH. The high level of pass-by traffic comprises trips entering the area/intersection on the way from an external origin to an external destination, and includes through-traffic, as well as drop-off and pick-up of passengers. The morning and afternoon peak periods are particularly congested with the combined north-south UWI motorists and the east-west Watt Street traffic, including the associated turning flows. The situation is exacerbated by the apparent limited land space availability, such as (1) the extremely close proximity of the UWI perimeter road to Watt Street, (2) some of the Engineering Faculty buildings constructed very near the existing UWI perimeter road, and (3) the layout configuration of the current road entry and exit as well as the associated green space, all complicate any approach to readily suggest the provision of a grand campus access and frontage. As the country’s premier university in an urban environment, it is important that the campus emphasises its presence and visibility. In other words, the entire area should be reconfigured into a Campus Precinct. The constraints identified above have been taken into account in the assessment using SIDRA intersection traffic analysis software, and the resultant access tested with AIMSUN traffic simulation software.
{"title":"TOWARDS AN OPTIMAL ROAD ACCESS FOR UWI ST AUGUSTINE SOUTH GATE","authors":"Rae J. Furlonge","doi":"10.47412/ljvj9583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/ljvj9583","url":null,"abstract":": The primary access to the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus is located directly off the Churchill-Roosevelt Highway (CRH), an east-west four-lane divided urban arterial road. This access is known as the South Gate and is set back 180 metres from the CRH but is made difficult by the crossing east-west Watt Street, a collector road that services primarily pass-by traffic between the residential, commercial and school activities and the CRH. The high level of pass-by traffic comprises trips entering the area/intersection on the way from an external origin to an external destination, and includes through-traffic, as well as drop-off and pick-up of passengers. The morning and afternoon peak periods are particularly congested with the combined north-south UWI motorists and the east-west Watt Street traffic, including the associated turning flows. The situation is exacerbated by the apparent limited land space availability, such as (1) the extremely close proximity of the UWI perimeter road to Watt Street, (2) some of the Engineering Faculty buildings constructed very near the existing UWI perimeter road, and (3) the layout configuration of the current road entry and exit as well as the associated green space, all complicate any approach to readily suggest the provision of a grand campus access and frontage. As the country’s premier university in an urban environment, it is important that the campus emphasises its presence and visibility. In other words, the entire area should be reconfigured into a Campus Precinct. The constraints identified above have been taken into account in the assessment using SIDRA intersection traffic analysis software, and the resultant access tested with AIMSUN traffic simulation software.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129919641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study seeks to examine the impact that the field of study of workers in Trinidad and Tobago is likely to have on their earning capacity. Using individual persons’ data from the Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP), for the period 1991-2015, the returns of private and public sector workers were estimated by estimating a Mincerian Earnings function using the Quantile Regression technique. This study finds that men employed in low- and middle-income jobs for most fields (arts, humanities, science, engineering and architecture, social science, business, law, and mathematics and computer science and law enforcement) all suffered a wage decline in 2004-2015. This may be due to changes in the skill set where there was much growth in the industry demand for highly-skilled and unskilled men. This implies that middle income jobs which hire semi-skilled men, may be possibly becoming more polarized during the 2009-2015 recession. Men employed in high income jobs, earn better wages in more fields, particularly STEM areas. The earnings of women employed in low, middle- and high-income jobs for most fields, especially in the areas of STEM all improved in 2004-2015. This is likely to be the result of the rising participation of women in STEM fields, and a greater integration of STEM competencies in STEM and Non-STEM occupations.
{"title":"RETURNS TO FIELD OF STUDY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS","authors":"Roshnie Doon","doi":"10.47412/zkwq5336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/zkwq5336","url":null,"abstract":"This study seeks to examine the impact that the field of study of workers in Trinidad and Tobago is likely to have on their earning capacity. Using individual persons’ data from the Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP), for the period 1991-2015, the returns of private and public sector workers were estimated by estimating a Mincerian Earnings function using the Quantile Regression technique. This study finds that men employed in low- and middle-income jobs for most fields (arts, humanities, science, engineering and architecture, social science, business, law, and mathematics and computer science and law enforcement) all suffered a wage decline in 2004-2015. This may be due to changes in the skill set where there was much growth in the industry demand for highly-skilled and unskilled men. This implies that middle income jobs which hire semi-skilled men, may be possibly becoming more polarized during the 2009-2015 recession. Men employed in high income jobs, earn better wages in more fields, particularly STEM areas. The earnings of women employed in low, middle- and high-income jobs for most fields, especially in the areas of STEM all improved in 2004-2015. This is likely to be the result of the rising participation of women in STEM fields, and a greater integration of STEM competencies in STEM and Non-STEM occupations.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130386705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caribbean SMEs (EduColCom and BevCom) identified Industry 4.0 (I4.0) enabling technologies integrating areas of their value networks. This enabled them to be innovative, competitive and sustainable within the global marketplace. This paper illustrated Proof of Concept examples of I4.0 technologies and overcoming implementation challenges by horizontally integrating with a vendor. Structured interviews with C-level executives determined each SME’s I4.0 developmental readiness and the methods used to select and adopt new technologies. Their strategies were based on the existing stability of each system and reinforced the need of C-level support for transformation. Their evolution roadmaps can be duplicated by other SMEs to achieve similar improvements.
{"title":"CASE STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION IN THE CARIBBEAN: A FOCUS ON EDUCOLCOM AND BEVCOM","authors":"Jason R. Rameshwar, G. King","doi":"10.47412/ebwb6632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/ebwb6632","url":null,"abstract":"Caribbean SMEs (EduColCom and BevCom) identified Industry 4.0 (I4.0) enabling technologies integrating areas of their value networks. This enabled them to be innovative, competitive and sustainable within the global marketplace. This paper illustrated Proof of Concept examples of I4.0 technologies and overcoming implementation challenges by horizontally integrating with a vendor. Structured interviews with C-level executives determined each SME’s I4.0 developmental readiness and the methods used to select and adopt new technologies. Their strategies were based on the existing stability of each system and reinforced the need of C-level support for transformation. Their evolution roadmaps can be duplicated by other SMEs to achieve similar improvements.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"23 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123499116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The steelpan (steel drum) is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago. Over the years, there have been various innovations in the design of the steelpan, including new electronic versions. This paper presents an addition to the family of digital steelpan instruments in the form of a low-cost roll-up digital steelpan (similar to a roll-up piano or roll-up drum kit). The idea as conceptualized is to have a flexible surface with solid steelpan notes following the traditional circle of fifths pattern. The playing surface could then easily roll up for transport and storage. The design of the roll-up digital steelpan is presented together with results on initial testing with musicians. Plans for further development of the product are also discussed.
{"title":"THE ROLL-UP DIGITAL STEELPAN","authors":"U. Persad, K. Howard, Jorrel Bisnath","doi":"10.47412/ovhj9183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/ovhj9183","url":null,"abstract":"The steelpan (steel drum) is the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago. Over the years, there have been various innovations in the design of the steelpan, including new electronic versions. This paper presents an addition to the family of digital steelpan instruments in the form of a low-cost roll-up digital steelpan (similar to a roll-up piano or roll-up drum kit). The idea as conceptualized is to have a flexible surface with solid steelpan notes following the traditional circle of fifths pattern. The playing surface could then easily roll up for transport and storage. The design of the roll-up digital steelpan is presented together with results on initial testing with musicians. Plans for further development of the product are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125956119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The recent increase in structural developments worldwide, has given rise to the consumption of natural aggregates and energy hence generating a vast amount of construction and demolition waste. Natural aggregates occupy 60-75 percent in volume of the concrete matrix. It is beneficial to recycle construction and demolition waste, for construction activities. One such material retained from construction sites is waste concrete, which can be used to produce recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs). Recycling waste concrete produces a substitute to natural aggregates and preserves the environment by reducing waste disposal at landfills and conserving energy. The use of recycled concrete aggregates has piqued the interest of many researchers by utilization of a full or partial substitution to that of natural aggregates in concrete mixtures. Over the last decade, a significant volume of literature has been published discussing the properties and microstructure of recycled concrete aggregates and its response when used in a new concrete mix. Within this paper a brief history of RCAs is outlined together with statistics on the quantity of concrete waste produced, recycled and its practical applications. A comparison between the RCA and natural aggregate properties are discussed on a microscopic level, such as the density and water absorption capacities. Further to this, a summary of the mechanical and durability parameters are discussed such as compressive, tensile and flexural strengths together with chloride ion penetration. Several pre-treatment methods such as: acid treatment and the use of fine mineral fillers are also discussed. Finally, the conclusions and gaps are stated.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES AS A SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL","authors":"Rekha Rampit, Jovanca Smith, I. Ray","doi":"10.47412/dniz7049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/dniz7049","url":null,"abstract":": The recent increase in structural developments worldwide, has given rise to the consumption of natural aggregates and energy hence generating a vast amount of construction and demolition waste. Natural aggregates occupy 60-75 percent in volume of the concrete matrix. It is beneficial to recycle construction and demolition waste, for construction activities. One such material retained from construction sites is waste concrete, which can be used to produce recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs). Recycling waste concrete produces a substitute to natural aggregates and preserves the environment by reducing waste disposal at landfills and conserving energy. The use of recycled concrete aggregates has piqued the interest of many researchers by utilization of a full or partial substitution to that of natural aggregates in concrete mixtures. Over the last decade, a significant volume of literature has been published discussing the properties and microstructure of recycled concrete aggregates and its response when used in a new concrete mix. Within this paper a brief history of RCAs is outlined together with statistics on the quantity of concrete waste produced, recycled and its practical applications. A comparison between the RCA and natural aggregate properties are discussed on a microscopic level, such as the density and water absorption capacities. Further to this, a summary of the mechanical and durability parameters are discussed such as compressive, tensile and flexural strengths together with chloride ion penetration. Several pre-treatment methods such as: acid treatment and the use of fine mineral fillers are also discussed. Finally, the conclusions and gaps are stated.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131346776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper provides a simplified method to deduce the attenuated energy spectrum of X-ray radiation when it traverses through concrete made with 100 % electric arc furnace slag aggregates. Electric arc furnace slag is a by-product of the steel making process and in this study, it was utilized as an aggregate in the concrete. The attenuation of the radiation through the concrete is attributed to possible absorption and scattering of X-ray photons. Typically, X-ray procedures are conducted within the energy settings of the X-ray machines in the range of 60 keV to 150 keV. As such, the lowest and the highest energy settings were considered in evaluating the degree of attenuation attained at these values. The concrete shielding partitions of thicknesses of 15 cm, 17 cm, 19 cm and 22 cm were constructed and exposed to X-ray energies of 60 keV and 150 keV respectively. The calculated X-ray spectrum through the concrete partitions describing the energies of the photons was compared with the spectrum incident on the concrete partition. The overall reduction of the energies of the photons is attributed to the interaction processes between the X-ray photons and the atoms as they traverse through the concrete partition.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF ATTENUATED ENERGY SPECTRUMS AT X-RAY ENERGIES OF 60 KEV AND 150 KEV USING CONCRETE MANUFACTURED WITH ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE SLAG AGGREGATES","authors":"D. Maharaj, A. Mwasha, N. Zyuzikov","doi":"10.47412/egxk8697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/egxk8697","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a simplified method to deduce the attenuated energy spectrum of X-ray radiation when it traverses through concrete made with 100 % electric arc furnace slag aggregates. Electric arc furnace slag is a by-product of the steel making process and in this study, it was utilized as an aggregate in the concrete. The attenuation of the radiation through the concrete is attributed to possible absorption and scattering of X-ray photons. Typically, X-ray procedures are conducted within the energy settings of the X-ray machines in the range of 60 keV to 150 keV. As such, the lowest and the highest energy settings were considered in evaluating the degree of attenuation attained at these values. The concrete shielding partitions of thicknesses of 15 cm, 17 cm, 19 cm and 22 cm were constructed and exposed to X-ray energies of 60 keV and 150 keV respectively. The calculated X-ray spectrum through the concrete partitions describing the energies of the photons was compared with the spectrum incident on the concrete partition. The overall reduction of the energies of the photons is attributed to the interaction processes between the X-ray photons and the atoms as they traverse through the concrete partition.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134050919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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