Ronnie Bickramdass, P. Persad, K. Loutan, Aaron O. Ameerali
The use of bowling machines to train batsmen whether it be indoors or outdoors have increased significantly. In the absence of bowlers, batsmen can bat for hours without any bowlers getting tired. The designs of these machines are often a derivative of ball projection machines used for other sports such as tennis. Reviewed literature highlights the deficit in visual information in the form of an arm and hand when using these machines. Hence a cricket bowling machine was developed with an arm and hand. The usability, functionality, repeatability and accuracy of the cricket bowling machine with an arm and hand was tested which had been previously designed and built by Dr Kelvin Loutan Jr (2016) at The University of Trinidad and Tobago. A trajectory model was developed for an indoor environment and experimentally validated with data collected from extensive testing of the bowling machine using Pitch Vision hardware and software. A design procedure had to be formulated to determine what test had to be done and the method of collecting data. The testing, collecting data and validation of the model was done with the cricket bowling machine at its current state with minor changes to the hand. The release angle at which the ball leaves the hand was found to have a significant impact on the length of the delivery. Finally, the bowling machine was able to bowl various lengths and varying speeds consistently. The variation in speed placed the machine in the category of medium-fast, that is, speeds between 120 km/h (75 mph) and 130 km/h (81mph).
{"title":"EVALUATION OF A CRICKET BOWLING MACHINE WITH AN ARM AND HAND TO DELIVER THE BALL","authors":"Ronnie Bickramdass, P. Persad, K. Loutan, Aaron O. Ameerali","doi":"10.47412/vcaq2784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/vcaq2784","url":null,"abstract":"The use of bowling machines to train batsmen whether it be indoors or outdoors have increased significantly. In the absence of bowlers, batsmen can bat for hours without any bowlers getting tired. The designs of these machines are often a derivative of ball projection machines used for other sports such as tennis. Reviewed literature highlights the deficit in visual information in the form of an arm and hand when using these machines. Hence a cricket bowling machine was developed with an arm and hand. The usability, functionality, repeatability and accuracy of the cricket bowling machine with an arm and hand was tested which had been previously designed and built by Dr Kelvin Loutan Jr (2016) at The University of Trinidad and Tobago. A trajectory model was developed for an indoor environment and experimentally validated with data collected from extensive testing of the bowling machine using Pitch Vision hardware and software. A design procedure had to be formulated to determine what test had to be done and the method of collecting data. The testing, collecting data and validation of the model was done with the cricket bowling machine at its current state with minor changes to the hand. The release angle at which the ball leaves the hand was found to have a significant impact on the length of the delivery. Finally, the bowling machine was able to bowl various lengths and varying speeds consistently. The variation in speed placed the machine in the category of medium-fast, that is, speeds between 120 km/h (75 mph) and 130 km/h (81mph).","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127177615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mickhal Polisher, E. Cumberbatch, Aneil Ramkhalawan, Jorrel Bisnath, Aatma Maharajh
Remote communities on the outskirts of Trinidad and Tobago have the perennial challenge of a reliable supply of electricity. Frequent outages can have a negative effect on the quality of life for persons in such areas. Manzanilla is one such community. It however lies on the east coast of Trinidad. The east coast is commonly thought to have a significant wind resource compared with other areas of Trinidad. This study looked at the feasibility of providing wind energy to a community in the Manzanilla area. Average power consumption was determined by a survey for a total of almost 300 households, businesses and combined establishments in the area. The wind resource was examined to determine if it could meet the electricity demand which has been growing steadily from 2001 to the present. The wind resource was found to be adequate when compared with similar areas considering the generation of wind energy.
{"title":"FEASIBILITY OF POWERING MANZANILLA VIA A WIND FARM","authors":"Mickhal Polisher, E. Cumberbatch, Aneil Ramkhalawan, Jorrel Bisnath, Aatma Maharajh","doi":"10.47412/aiel3127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/aiel3127","url":null,"abstract":"Remote communities on the outskirts of Trinidad and Tobago have the perennial challenge of a reliable supply of electricity. Frequent outages can have a negative effect on the quality of life for persons in such areas. Manzanilla is one such community. It however lies on the east coast of Trinidad. The east coast is commonly thought to have a significant wind resource compared with other areas of Trinidad. This study looked at the feasibility of providing wind energy to a community in the Manzanilla area. Average power consumption was determined by a survey for a total of almost 300 households, businesses and combined establishments in the area. The wind resource was examined to determine if it could meet the electricity demand which has been growing steadily from 2001 to the present. The wind resource was found to be adequate when compared with similar areas considering the generation of wind energy.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124259188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: This study aimed to examine whether industrial symbiosis (IS) could be applied on the Point Lisas Industrial Estate (PLIE) in Trinidad and Tobago for the reuse of process carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) within the estate. To acquire optimal networks, initially simplified petrochemical complexes were posed as transportation-type problems and solved with linear programming and mixed integer linear programming techniques. Network models were developed in which process CO 2 was optimally allocated between existing ammonia (sources) and methanol plants (sinks) on the PLIE. Multiple scenarios were considered including possible restrictions on CO 2 -transfers from sources or to sinks. The functionality of the developed network models was confirmed with three test cases. Multi-objective optimization (MOO) was applied to a fourth model, with a secondary objective of minimising operational network costs. In the second stage, an enterprise input-output (EIO) model was developed from both process engineering and economic data. It incorporated performance indicators, which had been proposed in the literature, to calculate the level of industrial symbiosis and benefits - based on “the three pillars of sustainability” - realized in the representative industrial network. On the representative petrochemical network, 17% of the process CO 2 emissions were reused in chemical manufacturing and the eco-connectance, which is one measure of the level of IS, was determined as 1.33. This demonstrates the presence and level of IS in the industrial park. Furthermore, optimized flow networks were created, with and without a CO 2 -reusing propylene carbonate plant. MOO was used to determine how to add the CO 2 -reusing plant to the industrial network to minimize both CO 2 emissions and implementation costs. The addition of a CO 2 -reusing plant reduced the CO 2 emissions by 1.1%, demonstrating there is scope for improving the existing IS network. examine how CO 2 , produced on the PLIE, could be reused within the estate through exchanges between various petrochemical plants and secondly to assess the level of industrial symbiosis occurring in the industrial park. The aim was to develop a simple representative model of this nascent symbiotic industrial system, in terms of CO 2 exchanges at PLIE. Our model was then used to perform an integrated process engineering and economic analysis to quantify the level of exchanges and benefits beneath “the three pillars of sustainability” and thence determine the scope for improvement. for proposed base, current cases. cases EIO for the current case approximately 17% of the CO 2 was in methanol and plants and the was vented a new plant, CO the CO 2 usage by approximately 1.1%, amount of CO 2 the the EIO table, the direct and total coefficients were Analysis of the direct coefficients that the largest direct coefficient for the by-products and was attributed to the nearly pure CO 2 being emitted from the ammonia plants. The core EIO model gives
{"title":"DEVELOPING NETWORK MODELS OF INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS","authors":"Thérèse Lee Chan, Venessa Bhagwat, David Janes","doi":"10.47412/zxgg6891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/zxgg6891","url":null,"abstract":": This study aimed to examine whether industrial symbiosis (IS) could be applied on the Point Lisas Industrial Estate (PLIE) in Trinidad and Tobago for the reuse of process carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) within the estate. To acquire optimal networks, initially simplified petrochemical complexes were posed as transportation-type problems and solved with linear programming and mixed integer linear programming techniques. Network models were developed in which process CO 2 was optimally allocated between existing ammonia (sources) and methanol plants (sinks) on the PLIE. Multiple scenarios were considered including possible restrictions on CO 2 -transfers from sources or to sinks. The functionality of the developed network models was confirmed with three test cases. Multi-objective optimization (MOO) was applied to a fourth model, with a secondary objective of minimising operational network costs. In the second stage, an enterprise input-output (EIO) model was developed from both process engineering and economic data. It incorporated performance indicators, which had been proposed in the literature, to calculate the level of industrial symbiosis and benefits - based on “the three pillars of sustainability” - realized in the representative industrial network. On the representative petrochemical network, 17% of the process CO 2 emissions were reused in chemical manufacturing and the eco-connectance, which is one measure of the level of IS, was determined as 1.33. This demonstrates the presence and level of IS in the industrial park. Furthermore, optimized flow networks were created, with and without a CO 2 -reusing propylene carbonate plant. MOO was used to determine how to add the CO 2 -reusing plant to the industrial network to minimize both CO 2 emissions and implementation costs. The addition of a CO 2 -reusing plant reduced the CO 2 emissions by 1.1%, demonstrating there is scope for improving the existing IS network. examine how CO 2 , produced on the PLIE, could be reused within the estate through exchanges between various petrochemical plants and secondly to assess the level of industrial symbiosis occurring in the industrial park. The aim was to develop a simple representative model of this nascent symbiotic industrial system, in terms of CO 2 exchanges at PLIE. Our model was then used to perform an integrated process engineering and economic analysis to quantify the level of exchanges and benefits beneath “the three pillars of sustainability” and thence determine the scope for improvement. for proposed base, current cases. cases EIO for the current case approximately 17% of the CO 2 was in methanol and plants and the was vented a new plant, CO the CO 2 usage by approximately 1.1%, amount of CO 2 the the EIO table, the direct and total coefficients were Analysis of the direct coefficients that the largest direct coefficient for the by-products and was attributed to the nearly pure CO 2 being emitted from the ammonia plants. The core EIO model gives ","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125544319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manufacturing has long served as the main engine that drives a country’s economic growth and development. Manufacturing engineering (MfgE) education should thus support and help drive advances in the manufacturing sector. In Trinidad and Tobago, there has been much talk about diversifying the economy by strengthening sectors such as manufacturing. However, the bolstering of MfgE education to drive this diversification has largely been ignored. This paper provides an overview of the present structure of manufacturing engineering education in Trinidad and Tobago with an aim of briefly benchmarking its current state. A new concept of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, manufacturing and entrepreneurship (STEMME) education is introduced to draw as much focus on manufacturing and entrepreneurial education as the traditional science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM) subjects. A research agenda is then outlined which proposes the future research direction of the authors towards the development of MfgE education to support the sustainable diversification of the economy, specifically the manufacturing sector.
{"title":"MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: REVIEW AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA","authors":"Trishel Gokool, B. Chowdary","doi":"10.47412/hrnu6599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/hrnu6599","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing has long served as the main engine that drives a country’s economic growth and development. Manufacturing engineering (MfgE) education should thus support and help drive advances in the manufacturing sector. In Trinidad and Tobago, there has been much talk about diversifying the economy by strengthening sectors such as manufacturing. However, the bolstering of MfgE education to drive this diversification has largely been ignored. This paper provides an overview of the present structure of manufacturing engineering education in Trinidad and Tobago with an aim of briefly benchmarking its current state. A new concept of science, technology, engineering, mathematics, manufacturing and entrepreneurship (STEMME) education is introduced to draw as much focus on manufacturing and entrepreneurial education as the traditional science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM) subjects. A research agenda is then outlined which proposes the future research direction of the authors towards the development of MfgE education to support the sustainable diversification of the economy, specifically the manufacturing sector.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132351642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper compares actual and predicted energy use and running costs for an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICE) and an electric vehicle (EV) in typical Trinidad and Tobago driving conditions. Detailed fuel/energy flow data were extracted to parameterise and validate representative MATLAB/Simulink models of each. Simulations were performed using a representative driving cycle as an input for both vehicle models and parameters such as fuel flow rate and rate of energy transfer were recorded. Energy used by the EV over the driving cycle was approximately 20% of that used by the ICE. The analysis was extended to consider the Well to Wheel energy use and CO2 emissions by combining the model results with published data, showing that both energy and CO2 emissions from the EV are approximately 50% of those produced by the ICE. Further, it was estimated based on the findings that if 10% of the vehicle fleet was displaced by EVs, this would provide a 9% contribution to the Trinidad and Tobago Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for transportation by 2030. This could be significantly increased if renewable generating sources were to be added to the electrical grid.
{"title":"A REAL-WORLD ENERGY AND COST COMPARISON BETWEEN AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND A PETROL VEHICLE IN THE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CONTEXT","authors":"B. Maharaj, G. King","doi":"10.47412/anep5378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/anep5378","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares actual and predicted energy use and running costs for an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICE) and an electric vehicle (EV) in typical Trinidad and Tobago driving conditions. Detailed fuel/energy flow data were extracted to parameterise and validate representative MATLAB/Simulink models of each. Simulations were performed using a representative driving cycle as an input for both vehicle models and parameters such as fuel flow rate and rate of energy transfer were recorded. Energy used by the EV over the driving cycle was approximately 20% of that used by the ICE. The analysis was extended to consider the Well to Wheel energy use and CO2 emissions by combining the model results with published data, showing that both energy and CO2 emissions from the EV are approximately 50% of those produced by the ICE. Further, it was estimated based on the findings that if 10% of the vehicle fleet was displaced by EVs, this would provide a 9% contribution to the Trinidad and Tobago Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for transportation by 2030. This could be significantly increased if renewable generating sources were to be added to the electrical grid.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130228347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION USING ENERGY, EXERGY AND THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS","authors":"Q. Mortley, W. Mellowes","doi":"10.47412/wlpy5775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/wlpy5775","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130494615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Interest in exporting dried chips form Trinidad and Tobago for use in the production of extruded snacks led to the investigation of the drying of the popular local variety MMEX 59. Drying of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) chips of two sizes (3 x 2 x 1cm and 0.8 x 0.6 x 0.4 cm) was carried out in a natural convection (<0.5 m/s) cabinet type dryer at 60°C. Samples were dried until constant weight was achieved. Analyses included determination of moisture content (% wet basis), pH, crude protein (%), crude fibre, fat (%), ash (%) and HCN (mg/kg). Drying data was used to generate rate and Moisture Ratio (MR) curves and thin layer models applied to the MR data. The moisture content of chips was reduced from 1.57 g H2O/g DM (61.06 % wb) to 0.02 g H2O/g DM (2.12 % wb) and the rate of decline in moisture was significantly affected by piece size. Equilibrium moisture values were attained after 18h for the larger chips and 14h for the smaller chips. Drying to a safe moisture content of 13% (wb) was achieved after 7h for the larger chips and 3h for the smaller chips. Drying of all samples occurred in the falling rate period only and drying was described through the drying rate constant (k1). The cyanide content of the dried chips was well below the maximum acceptable limit. While size did not affect overall appearance and quality of the dried product, the smaller chip size (0.8 x 0.6 x 0.4 cm) would be recommended for cassava export based on the rapid drying rate. Curve fitting of the moisture ratio (MR) data resulted in the application of mathematical models which successfully predicted the extent of drying with respect to drying time as well as the moisture content of the cassava chips. It is hoped that this can form the basis of further studies which will look at the prediction of moisture content changes in dried cassava chips at a range of drying temperatures and cassava chip sizes.
摘要:特立尼达和多巴哥对出口干薯片用于生产挤压小吃的兴趣导致了对当地流行品种MMEX 59的干燥进行调查。在60°C的自然对流(<0.5 m/s)柜式干燥机中，对3 × 2 × 1cm和0.8 × 0.6 × 0.4 cm两种尺寸的木薯(Manihot esculenta Crantz)切片进行干燥。样品被干燥直到达到恒定重量。分析包括测定水分含量(%湿基)、pH、粗蛋白质(%)、粗纤维、脂肪(%)、灰分(%)和HCN (mg/kg)。利用干燥数据生成速率和水分比(MR)曲线，并将薄层模型应用于MR数据。切片含水率由1.57 g H2O/g DM (61.06% wb)降至0.02 g H2O/g DM (2.12% wb)，且含水率的下降速率受切片尺寸的显著影响。大晶片在18h后达到平衡水分值，小晶片在14h后达到平衡水分值。干燥到13%的安全含水率(wb)后，7h为较大的芯片，3h为较小的芯片。所有样品的干燥只发生在下降速率期间，干燥通过干燥速率常数(k1)来描述。干薯片的氰化物含量远低于最高可接受限度。虽然大小不影响干燥产品的整体外观和质量，但根据干燥速度快，建议出口木薯时采用较小的切片尺寸(0.8 x 0.6 x 0.4 cm)。水分比(MR)数据的曲线拟合导致数学模型的应用，该模型成功地预测了干燥时间和木薯片水分含量的干燥程度。希望这可以形成进一步研究的基础，这些研究将着眼于在干燥温度和木薯片尺寸范围内干燥木薯片中水分含量变化的预测。
{"title":"DRYING BEHAVIOUR OF CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta) CHIPS","authors":"S. Mujaffar, Amanda Lalla","doi":"10.47412/hjak5456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/hjak5456","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Interest in exporting dried chips form Trinidad and Tobago for use in the production of extruded snacks led to the investigation of the drying of the popular local variety MMEX 59. Drying of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) chips of two sizes (3 x 2 x 1cm and 0.8 x 0.6 x 0.4 cm) was carried out in a natural convection (<0.5 m/s) cabinet type dryer at 60°C. Samples were dried until constant weight was achieved. Analyses included determination of moisture content (% wet basis), pH, crude protein (%), crude fibre, fat (%), ash (%) and HCN (mg/kg). Drying data was used to generate rate and Moisture Ratio (MR) curves and thin layer models applied to the MR data. The moisture content of chips was reduced from 1.57 g H2O/g DM (61.06 % wb) to 0.02 g H2O/g DM (2.12 % wb) and the rate of decline in moisture was significantly affected by piece size. Equilibrium moisture values were attained after 18h for the larger chips and 14h for the smaller chips. Drying to a safe moisture content of 13% (wb) was achieved after 7h for the larger chips and 3h for the smaller chips. Drying of all samples occurred in the falling rate period only and drying was described through the drying rate constant (k1). The cyanide content of the dried chips was well below the maximum acceptable limit. While size did not affect overall appearance and quality of the dried product, the smaller chip size (0.8 x 0.6 x 0.4 cm) would be recommended for cassava export based on the rapid drying rate. Curve fitting of the moisture ratio (MR) data resulted in the application of mathematical models which successfully predicted the extent of drying with respect to drying time as well as the moisture content of the cassava chips. It is hoped that this can form the basis of further studies which will look at the prediction of moisture content changes in dried cassava chips at a range of drying temperatures and cassava chip sizes.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131074165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: This study aims to experimentally investigate and present the impact of glass wool fibre (GWF) on the residual flexural strength (RFS) for conventionally reinforced concrete elements by carrying out RFS test on concrete prism specimens. Additional tests, compressive and splitting tensile strength tests were also conducted on cube and cylinder specimens respectively to further examine the effect of the fibre on concrete. Twenty cubes of size 100 by 100 by 100mm, twelve cylinders of size 100 by 200mm and two sets of twelve prisms of size 100 by 100 by 400mm each with and without steel reinforcement (SR) were cast and then cured by water immersion for 28 days after which they were made to undergo compressive, splitting tensile and RFS test (using 3-Point Bending). The GWF content added ranges from 0.00% to 1.00% for four different mixes used. The results showed a significant percentage increase of 20.83% in tensile strength with 0.50% fibre content and marginal increase of 0.26% in compressive strength with 0.25% fibre dosage. The study also showed that combination of conventional SR and GWF in concrete resulted in enhanced residual strength. It was observed that the average RFS of glass wool fibre-reinforced concrete (GWFRC) with and without SR increased with increasing fibre contents up to 0.50% before a decline in the strength was observed with 1.00% fibre dosage. the use of both SR and GWF in concrete should be given more consideration in concrete industry because of the possibility of improved residual flexural strength and as their synergic tensile properties could have positive impact on service life of concrete structures.
{"title":"RESIDUAL STRENGTH AND POST-CRACKING BEHAVIOUR OF GLASS WOOL FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE EMBEDDED WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT","authors":"Olutoge Festus, O. Oluwaseun","doi":"10.47412/toor2405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/toor2405","url":null,"abstract":": This study aims to experimentally investigate and present the impact of glass wool fibre (GWF) on the residual flexural strength (RFS) for conventionally reinforced concrete elements by carrying out RFS test on concrete prism specimens. Additional tests, compressive and splitting tensile strength tests were also conducted on cube and cylinder specimens respectively to further examine the effect of the fibre on concrete. Twenty cubes of size 100 by 100 by 100mm, twelve cylinders of size 100 by 200mm and two sets of twelve prisms of size 100 by 100 by 400mm each with and without steel reinforcement (SR) were cast and then cured by water immersion for 28 days after which they were made to undergo compressive, splitting tensile and RFS test (using 3-Point Bending). The GWF content added ranges from 0.00% to 1.00% for four different mixes used. The results showed a significant percentage increase of 20.83% in tensile strength with 0.50% fibre content and marginal increase of 0.26% in compressive strength with 0.25% fibre dosage. The study also showed that combination of conventional SR and GWF in concrete resulted in enhanced residual strength. It was observed that the average RFS of glass wool fibre-reinforced concrete (GWFRC) with and without SR increased with increasing fibre contents up to 0.50% before a decline in the strength was observed with 1.00% fibre dosage. the use of both SR and GWF in concrete should be given more consideration in concrete industry because of the possibility of improved residual flexural strength and as their synergic tensile properties could have positive impact on service life of concrete structures.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116812526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transport sector has been identified as one of the highest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in Trinidad and Tobago owing to the increase in the number of vehicles and the inherent traffic congestion. The vehicles are mainly fuelled by conventional fuels with relatively few being alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), primarily in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. This research explores the current situation with the development and adoption of AFV technology in Trinidad & Tobago. In Trinidad, the natural gas supply is already well-established, refuelling stations are in operation and up to 18 original equipment manufacturer CNG vehicles are available on the market, supplemented by the option of vehicle conversion. The opposite is true for electric vehicles, with only one recognized dealer offering electric vehicles and public charging stations, and only one related market incentive in effect. Despite the number of initiatives geared toward CNG development, the 2018 vehicle conversion targets have not been realized and it would require a very aggressive approach to achieve those figures by 2020. The authors have identified the key impediments to successful attainment of the targets. They note that few of the ongoing fiscal incentives, measures or pilot projects by the government ministries that are associated with renewable energies are directly linked to the transportation sector. Additionally, since measures of effectiveness for sustainability are not being monitored, the country cannot adequately determine its progress towards sustainability. The authors propose measures towards achieving sustainable development in transportation and to overcome the constraints of data availability, perceived barriers to AFV adoption and the notion of affordability over sustainability.
{"title":"ADOPTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO","authors":"Kohan Dolcy, T. Townsend","doi":"10.47412/tmdm6163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/tmdm6163","url":null,"abstract":"The transport sector has been identified as one of the highest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in Trinidad and Tobago owing to the increase in the number of vehicles and the inherent traffic congestion. The vehicles are mainly fuelled by conventional fuels with relatively few being alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), primarily in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. This research explores the current situation with the development and adoption of AFV technology in Trinidad & Tobago. In Trinidad, the natural gas supply is already well-established, refuelling stations are in operation and up to 18 original equipment manufacturer CNG vehicles are available on the market, supplemented by the option of vehicle conversion. The opposite is true for electric vehicles, with only one recognized dealer offering electric vehicles and public charging stations, and only one related market incentive in effect. Despite the number of initiatives geared toward CNG development, the 2018 vehicle conversion targets have not been realized and it would require a very aggressive approach to achieve those figures by 2020. The authors have identified the key impediments to successful attainment of the targets. They note that few of the ongoing fiscal incentives, measures or pilot projects by the government ministries that are associated with renewable energies are directly linked to the transportation sector. Additionally, since measures of effectiveness for sustainability are not being monitored, the country cannot adequately determine its progress towards sustainability. The authors propose measures towards achieving sustainable development in transportation and to overcome the constraints of data availability, perceived barriers to AFV adoption and the notion of affordability over sustainability.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115579002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The objective of this research was to develop a mode choice model in a small island developing states (SIDS), specifically the island of Trinidad. The public transportation system of Trinidad is dominated by paratransit modes, which have developed out of necessity due to the inadequacy of the state-owned bus service. Most modal choice models, calibrated from data in developed countries, do not consider the impacts of such para-transit modes in the choice behaviour of commuters. This research develops a discrete mode choice model based on the revealed preferences of commuters and their subjective assessment of the characteristics of the modes. The results from a nested logit model showed that in-vehicle travel time was a significant factor for the sample, while travel cost, was unimportant in the travellers’ mode choice. Large mode-specific constants were estimated in the utility equation when compared to the other variables. This indicated a bias by individuals toward specific modes. This can be due to the current status of the public transportation system. Results highlighted that travellers, consider the illegal “PH” Taxis share more similarities to the private vehicle than to other public transportation modes. This is a significant result that can dictate the development of future policies. This research has shown the importance of incorporating paratransit modes in the mode choice models of SIDS. Future work should consider integrating latent class variables in the model analysis.
{"title":"MODE CHOICE MODELLING OF PARATRANSIT MODES IN TRINIDAD","authors":"L. Wright, T. Townsend","doi":"10.47412/vsaz9280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/vsaz9280","url":null,"abstract":": The objective of this research was to develop a mode choice model in a small island developing states (SIDS), specifically the island of Trinidad. The public transportation system of Trinidad is dominated by paratransit modes, which have developed out of necessity due to the inadequacy of the state-owned bus service. Most modal choice models, calibrated from data in developed countries, do not consider the impacts of such para-transit modes in the choice behaviour of commuters. This research develops a discrete mode choice model based on the revealed preferences of commuters and their subjective assessment of the characteristics of the modes. The results from a nested logit model showed that in-vehicle travel time was a significant factor for the sample, while travel cost, was unimportant in the travellers’ mode choice. Large mode-specific constants were estimated in the utility equation when compared to the other variables. This indicated a bias by individuals toward specific modes. This can be due to the current status of the public transportation system. Results highlighted that travellers, consider the illegal “PH” Taxis share more similarities to the private vehicle than to other public transportation modes. This is a significant result that can dictate the development of future policies. This research has shown the importance of incorporating paratransit modes in the mode choice models of SIDS. Future work should consider integrating latent class variables in the model analysis.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123464709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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