Omar Thomas, George B. Henry, K. Bishop, Kymani Francis, A. Binns
The Food for the Poor provides hundreds of thousands of temporary housing in the Americas and the Caribbean for persons in need of a shelter. These temporary houses provide a space in which many persons can live. Although these spaces are meant to be temporary, in many cases due to the lack of financial wherewithal, these temporary houses serve as a medium to long-term housing for those who receive them. The topographical and geotechnical environment in which these houses are built not only vary across the Americas and the Caribbean but varies within a single country. This study analyses the current foundation designs used by Food for the Poor in the country of Jamaica, taking into consideration Jamaica’s unique hilly terrain and geotechnical environment. The study makes recommendations for the use of alternative foundation designs that are still economical for construction and are better when considering the life cycle cost of these structures. The use of bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete for the foundation design is also analysed and compared against the traditional reinforced concrete and mass concrete designs. The results demonstrate that when bamboo is used as a reinforcement with concrete it has an increased flexural strength, but still do not exceed the flexural strength of traditional reinforced concrete, that utilizes steel reinforcement.
{"title":"ALTERNATIVE FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR TEMPORARY HOUSING UNITS","authors":"Omar Thomas, George B. Henry, K. Bishop, Kymani Francis, A. Binns","doi":"10.47412/zskl3861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/zskl3861","url":null,"abstract":"The Food for the Poor provides hundreds of thousands of temporary housing in the Americas and the Caribbean for persons in need of a shelter. These temporary houses provide a space in which many persons can live. Although these spaces are meant to be temporary, in many cases due to the lack of financial wherewithal, these temporary houses serve as a medium to long-term housing for those who receive them. The topographical and geotechnical environment in which these houses are built not only vary across the Americas and the Caribbean but varies within a single country. This study analyses the current foundation designs used by Food for the Poor in the country of Jamaica, taking into consideration Jamaica’s unique hilly terrain and geotechnical environment. The study makes recommendations for the use of alternative foundation designs that are still economical for construction and are better when considering the life cycle cost of these structures. The use of bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete for the foundation design is also analysed and compared against the traditional reinforced concrete and mass concrete designs. The results demonstrate that when bamboo is used as a reinforcement with concrete it has an increased flexural strength, but still do not exceed the flexural strength of traditional reinforced concrete, that utilizes steel reinforcement.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130871063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Desertification is one of the major problems affecting our environment in the 21st century. Indeed, it threatens more than 1.5 million people worldwide and affects a quarter of the land in less than 100 countries, it spreads over half a billion hectares per year and reduces the surface water and groundwater. Thus, according to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organisation written in 1993, the direct and visible impacts of desertification are the damage on crops, on livestock, on the electricity productivity, etc. Indirect impacts are lack of food production, poverty, social upheaval, rural exodus to cities. In this paper, our work consists in modelling the degradation process of land whose advanced level leads to the desertification. The first step consists in assessing the degradation of land with the MEDALUS model developed by the MEDALUS project of the commission of the European Union. This model assesses desertification by its sensitivity index which is the geometric mean of four quality factor indexes of soil, vegetation, climate and management (land use). This assessment method uses the major part of the parameters influencing the land degradation process. The second step is to model the land degradation process using cellular automata (CA) approach. For that purpose, the study area will be divided into a regular grid of cells. Initially, each cell has a state (desertification sensitivity index) whose evolution at each discrete time step depends on the states of its neighbours through a built transition function. As a result, this study allows to introduce a dynamical process in MEDALUS model. Indeed, from an initial configuration of an area, the model can predict its evolution over time and space according to a continuous state transition function that extend the classical CA approach and fit to the MEDALUS model parameters.
{"title":"COUPLING CELLULAR AUTOMATA WITH MEDALUS ASSESSMENT FOR THE DESERTIFICATION ISSUE","authors":"A. Koné, Allyx Fontaine, S. Yacoubi","doi":"10.47412/vqgh6804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/vqgh6804","url":null,"abstract":"Desertification is one of the major problems affecting our environment in the 21st century. Indeed, it threatens more than 1.5 million people worldwide and affects a quarter of the land in less than 100 countries, it spreads over half a billion hectares per year and reduces the surface water and groundwater. Thus, according to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organisation written in 1993, the direct and visible impacts of desertification are the damage on crops, on livestock, on the electricity productivity, etc. Indirect impacts are lack of food production, poverty, social upheaval, rural exodus to cities. In this paper, our work consists in modelling the degradation process of land whose advanced level leads to the desertification. The first step consists in assessing the degradation of land with the MEDALUS model developed by the MEDALUS project of the commission of the European Union. This model assesses desertification by its sensitivity index which is the geometric mean of four quality factor indexes of soil, vegetation, climate and management (land use). This assessment method uses the major part of the parameters influencing the land degradation process. The second step is to model the land degradation process using cellular automata (CA) approach. For that purpose, the study area will be divided into a regular grid of cells. Initially, each cell has a state (desertification sensitivity index) whose evolution at each discrete time step depends on the states of its neighbours through a built transition function. As a result, this study allows to introduce a dynamical process in MEDALUS model. Indeed, from an initial configuration of an area, the model can predict its evolution over time and space according to a continuous state transition function that extend the classical CA approach and fit to the MEDALUS model parameters.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121291919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A decision-making model solution is a dependent variable derived from independent variables, parameters and forcing functions. Independent variables collected in linguistic form require intuition which can be potentially biased. A collection of qualitative research papers on bias in models was perused to identify the causes of bias. Decision-making in the manufacturing, finance, law, and management industries require solutions from a complex assortment of data. The popularity of combining decision-making with artificial intelligence (AI) for intelligent systems causes concern, as it can be a predisposition to a true solution. A true solution avoids impartiality and maintains repeated results from a natural phenomenon without favoritism or discrimination. This paper appraised the development of the decision-making environment to identify the path and effect of bias on the variables used in models. The literature reviewed was associated with the design of a decision-making criterion rationalizing the application of variables. The influences on variables were observed with respect to the available resources, environment, and people. This list was further extended to consider the constraints of the resource, customer, network, and regulation fed to the structure. The involvement of bias was founded because of the need for rational decision making, cognitive misperceptions, and psychological principles. The study of variables showed the opportunity for a conscious bias from unethical actions during the development of a decision-making environment. In principle, bias may be best reduced with continuous model monitoring and fair adjustments. Ignoring these implications increases the chance of a bias decision-making model. It also influences the decision result and may be avoided with an ethical and fair quality review. The paper increases the awareness of bias in decision-making and guides actors to the identification and avoidance/reduction of bias effects. This may be a guide for the reduction of the model error to achieve a true solution.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF BIAS IN DECISION-MAKING MODELS","authors":"Peter Poon Chong, T. Lalla","doi":"10.47412/aata9467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/aata9467","url":null,"abstract":"A decision-making model solution is a dependent variable derived from independent variables, parameters and forcing functions. Independent variables collected in linguistic form require intuition which can be potentially biased. A collection of qualitative research papers on bias in models was perused to identify the causes of bias. Decision-making in the manufacturing, finance, law, and management industries require solutions from a complex assortment of data. The popularity of combining decision-making with artificial intelligence (AI) for intelligent systems causes concern, as it can be a predisposition to a true solution. A true solution avoids impartiality and maintains repeated results from a natural phenomenon without favoritism or discrimination. This paper appraised the development of the decision-making environment to identify the path and effect of bias on the variables used in models. The literature reviewed was associated with the design of a decision-making criterion rationalizing the application of variables. The influences on variables were observed with respect to the available resources, environment, and people. This list was further extended to consider the constraints of the resource, customer, network, and regulation fed to the structure. The involvement of bias was founded because of the need for rational decision making, cognitive misperceptions, and psychological principles. The study of variables showed the opportunity for a conscious bias from unethical actions during the development of a decision-making environment. In principle, bias may be best reduced with continuous model monitoring and fair adjustments. Ignoring these implications increases the chance of a bias decision-making model. It also influences the decision result and may be avoided with an ethical and fair quality review. The paper increases the awareness of bias in decision-making and guides actors to the identification and avoidance/reduction of bias effects. This may be a guide for the reduction of the model error to achieve a true solution.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125510281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teaching case studies are a great way to implement active learning tactics. Writers describe case studies as complex examples, giving insight into the context of a problem and illustrating the main point. It provides student-centred activities based on topics that demonstrate theoretical concepts in an applied setting. This paper is concerned with exploring and promoting the teaching of new product development (NPD) and innovation using case studies in one of the universities in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The aim of this paper is to create the first local teaching case study, accompanied by an instructor’s manual. The outcome is a six-page case study, validated by undergraduate and postgraduate students, which examined the NPD and innovation processes at K. C. Confectionery Limited (KCC), a T&T based food and beverage manufacturing company.
{"title":"EXAMINING THE PROCESSES OF NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION: THE K. C. CONFECTIONERY CASE IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO","authors":"Amrita Mahabir, Dinesh Soodeen, Natalie Persadie","doi":"10.47412/jwqn1339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/jwqn1339","url":null,"abstract":"Teaching case studies are a great way to implement active learning tactics. Writers describe case studies as complex examples, giving insight into the context of a problem and illustrating the main point. It provides student-centred activities based on topics that demonstrate theoretical concepts in an applied setting. This paper is concerned with exploring and promoting the teaching of new product development (NPD) and innovation using case studies in one of the universities in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The aim of this paper is to create the first local teaching case study, accompanied by an instructor’s manual. The outcome is a six-page case study, validated by undergraduate and postgraduate students, which examined the NPD and innovation processes at K. C. Confectionery Limited (KCC), a T&T based food and beverage manufacturing company.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"155 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127349856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The promotion of innovation and current trends in the Manufacturing Engineering curriculum is essential to support the adoption and creation of advanced manufacturing technologies. However, the content and teaching methods employed by the engineering departments have long faced issues with incorporating industry needs and new developments into their various curricula. Manufacturing Engineering (MfgE) is no exception as there exists significant gaps between the MfgE curricula, latest advances in research and current industrial practices in Trinidad and Tobago (TT). The present paper investigates the trends in postgraduate programmes in the United Kingdom (UK) in the area of MfgE. It highlights the current curricula structure and content of universities in a developed region with a similar education system to TT with the aim of identifying key areas of MfgE focus. The study reveals that UK universities balance soft skills with technical learning, as research skills, management, manufacturing systems, systems simulation and, design and innovation are the top course themes. Moreover, there exists significant collaborative efforts between UK universities, industry and the government which drives research and development of emerging technologies. The findings of this study will be useful as a benchmarking tool for improving the TT MfgE curriculum in the future.
{"title":"SURVEY OF CURRENT TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES IN THE UK","authors":"Trishel Gokool, B. Chowdary","doi":"10.47412/hsok1657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/hsok1657","url":null,"abstract":"The promotion of innovation and current trends in the Manufacturing Engineering curriculum is essential to support the adoption and creation of advanced manufacturing technologies. However, the content and teaching methods employed by the engineering departments have long faced issues with incorporating industry needs and new developments into their various curricula. Manufacturing Engineering (MfgE) is no exception as there exists significant gaps between the MfgE curricula, latest advances in research and current industrial practices in Trinidad and Tobago (TT). The present paper investigates the trends in postgraduate programmes in the United Kingdom (UK) in the area of MfgE. It highlights the current curricula structure and content of universities in a developed region with a similar education system to TT with the aim of identifying key areas of MfgE focus. The study reveals that UK universities balance soft skills with technical learning, as research skills, management, manufacturing systems, systems simulation and, design and innovation are the top course themes. Moreover, there exists significant collaborative efforts between UK universities, industry and the government which drives research and development of emerging technologies. The findings of this study will be useful as a benchmarking tool for improving the TT MfgE curriculum in the future.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134403545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research seeks to develop an urban sustainability framework specific to Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). This is relevant given the reality that Caribbean SIDS are becoming increasingly urbanised. The three most urbanised countries within the Caribbean region; namely, the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname are more than 70 percent urbanised. If the built environment within urban areas is developed in an unsustainable manner this can result in a number of negative outcomes. For example, a major challenge faced in Caribbean SIDS is that of disaster risk and management due to the location of human settlements and critical infrastructure in low lying coastal lands. If more sustainable outcomes are to be attained in the face of increased urbanisation, there is a need for a change in the way spatial planning is practiced. Indicators can provide planners with an empirical basis for the examination and review of the relevant plans and policies which guide the way in which planning is practiced. There exist a number of urban indicator frameworks, which suggest useful indicators including the World Bank Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) and the Inter-American Development Bank Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI). These two frameworks are critically examined and with the use of Trinidad as a case study island, the ways in which indicators can be useful in efforts toward increased urban sustainability within SIDS is discussed.
{"title":"URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES","authors":"Tracey Beard-Sylvester","doi":"10.47412/wrxt3932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/wrxt3932","url":null,"abstract":"This research seeks to develop an urban sustainability framework specific to Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). This is relevant given the reality that Caribbean SIDS are becoming increasingly urbanised. The three most urbanised countries within the Caribbean region; namely, the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname are more than 70 percent urbanised. If the built environment within urban areas is developed in an unsustainable manner this can result in a number of negative outcomes. For example, a major challenge faced in Caribbean SIDS is that of disaster risk and management due to the location of human settlements and critical infrastructure in low lying coastal lands. If more sustainable outcomes are to be attained in the face of increased urbanisation, there is a need for a change in the way spatial planning is practiced. Indicators can provide planners with an empirical basis for the examination and review of the relevant plans and policies which guide the way in which planning is practiced. There exist a number of urban indicator frameworks, which suggest useful indicators including the World Bank Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) and the Inter-American Development Bank Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI). These two frameworks are critically examined and with the use of Trinidad as a case study island, the ways in which indicators can be useful in efforts toward increased urban sustainability within SIDS is discussed.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133829327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self-supporting lattice tower are being effective structural system by considering simple, light weight, easy fabrication and installation for supporting telecom equipment at elevated heights. With increase in demand of lattice towers, a critical review on approach for analysis is highly essential to ensure reliable and safe structures. In this paper, a comparative study is taken up on methodologies followed in both national standards (India, America) for assessment of wind loads on bare tower, linear accessories, discrete accessories along with design resistance of members and connections for Two different configurations – Square angular tower, Triangular Hybrid Tower. From the detailed analysis, it is concluded that, American standard (ANSI/TIA-222H) is using Ultimate windspeed for calculation of wind loads based on risk category of structure along with strength reduction factors based on criticality of components compared to Indian Standards (IS 875(Part 3)-2015, IS 802) which resulted lesser wind load on structure i.e., 30% in Square Tower (Oblique wind direction) and 23% in Triangular Hybrid Tower using ANSI/TIA-222H. Also, no major difference observed for calculation of member capacity and connection. Therefore, it is concluded that Tower weights approximately reduces by 10-15% based on Tower configuration using ANSI/TIA-222H compared to Indian Standards
自支撑格塔结构简单、重量轻、易于制作和安装，是支撑高空通信设备的有效结构体系。随着格构塔结构需求的不断增加，对格构塔结构的分析方法进行严格的审查对于保证格构塔结构的可靠性和安全性至关重要。在本文中，比较研究了两国标准(印度，美国)所遵循的方法，用于评估裸塔，线性附件，离散附件以及两种不同配置-方形角塔，三角形混合塔的构件和连接的设计阻力。从详细分析中可以得出结论，与印度标准(is 875(Part 3)-2015, is 802)相比，美国标准(ANSI/TIA-222H)使用极限风速来计算基于结构风险类别的风荷载以及基于组件临界性的强度折减系数，因此使用ANSI/TIA-222H的方形塔(斜风向)和三角形混合塔的风荷载较小，分别为30%和23%。此外，在计算成员容量和连接方面也没有观察到重大差异。因此，与印度标准相比，基于使用ANSI/TIA-222H的塔架配置，塔架重量大约减少了10-15%
{"title":"COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF TELECOM TOWER USING INDIA AND AMERICAN STANDARDS","authors":"Srinivas Tanuku, K. Rao, B. P. Rangarao","doi":"10.47412/dwhy3671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/dwhy3671","url":null,"abstract":"Self-supporting lattice tower are being effective structural system by considering simple, light weight, easy fabrication and installation for supporting telecom equipment at elevated heights. With increase in demand of lattice towers, a critical review on approach for analysis is highly essential to ensure reliable and safe structures. In this paper, a comparative study is taken up on methodologies followed in both national standards (India, America) for assessment of wind loads on bare tower, linear accessories, discrete accessories along with design resistance of members and connections for Two different configurations – Square angular tower, Triangular Hybrid Tower. From the detailed analysis, it is concluded that, American standard (ANSI/TIA-222H) is using Ultimate windspeed for calculation of wind loads based on risk category of structure along with strength reduction factors based on criticality of components compared to Indian Standards (IS 875(Part 3)-2015, IS 802) which resulted lesser wind load on structure i.e., 30% in Square Tower (Oblique wind direction) and 23% in Triangular Hybrid Tower using ANSI/TIA-222H. Also, no major difference observed for calculation of member capacity and connection. Therefore, it is concluded that Tower weights approximately reduces by 10-15% based on Tower configuration using ANSI/TIA-222H compared to Indian Standards","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"45 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114027815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The quantity of gaseous oxygen dissolved in water is generally known as Dissolved Oxygen. However, the oxygen may dissolve in other liquids too. To determine the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in Gasoline a probe was used to estimate oxygen concentration at different experimental conditions. Comparing the experiments performed on Gasoline and Deionized Water it was found that for gasoline, the equilibrium point was reached earlier, while for the Deionized Water it took a long time for the initial reading to be attained after purging. In determining the mass transfer coefficients of Gasoline and Deionized Water it was found that Gasoline displayed a higher mass transfer coefficient value than Deionized Water. It is concluded that the increase in stirring speed, increases, the mass transfer coefficient and it is more prominent for gasoline. The aim of this work was to find gasoline’s ability to dissolve oxygen. From the research it was reckoned that the Dissolved Oxygen and free water present in the tanked Gasoline, could result in electrochemical corrosion over a period of time.
{"title":"DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN GASOLINE AND TANK CORROSION","authors":"P. Ramdeen, DhurjatiPrasad Chakrabarti","doi":"10.47412/fmsx8723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/fmsx8723","url":null,"abstract":": The quantity of gaseous oxygen dissolved in water is generally known as Dissolved Oxygen. However, the oxygen may dissolve in other liquids too. To determine the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in Gasoline a probe was used to estimate oxygen concentration at different experimental conditions. Comparing the experiments performed on Gasoline and Deionized Water it was found that for gasoline, the equilibrium point was reached earlier, while for the Deionized Water it took a long time for the initial reading to be attained after purging. In determining the mass transfer coefficients of Gasoline and Deionized Water it was found that Gasoline displayed a higher mass transfer coefficient value than Deionized Water. It is concluded that the increase in stirring speed, increases, the mass transfer coefficient and it is more prominent for gasoline. The aim of this work was to find gasoline’s ability to dissolve oxygen. From the research it was reckoned that the Dissolved Oxygen and free water present in the tanked Gasoline, could result in electrochemical corrosion over a period of time.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127946842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The FIDIC suite standard forms of contracts used for executing projects in Special Purpose Companies contain contractual and administrative provisions regarding payments. However, payment delays continue to plague the construction industry to date. Delay payments generally have an adverse effect on a company’s cash flow, leading to extensions on overdraft facilities, ultimately increasing their borrowing. Late payment of commercial debt adversely affects the liquidity of contracting companies sometimes leading to insolvency. This study examined the impact of the contractual payment period and payment process on the cash flow of contractors executing projects for the Special Purpose Company (SPC) E. The sample population chosen for this research consisted of 100 small and medium contractors within the SPC-E to illustrate the varying effects of the payment delays on the contractors mostly affected. A review of previously published literature along with a questionnaire survey distributed, determined the objectives of the paper. Statistical analysis using IBM SPSS software further analyzed the data collected using Cumulative Means, Relative Importance Index, Spearman’s Rank Correlation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the hypothesis. The complicated bureaucratic payment process utilized by the SPC-E resulted in the cascading adverse effects on the contractor’s cash flow. The findings also indicated that there has been no significant improvement to the delayed payment issue over the past decade. The implementation of Prompt payment legislation or statutory adjudication is recommended to ensure the sustainability of small and medium contractors.
{"title":"DELAYED PAYMENTS IMPACTS ON PLANNED CASH FLOW OF SMALL AND MEDIUM CONTRACTORS FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY","authors":"Shawn Bissoon, D. Outridge","doi":"10.47412/xcdi8337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/xcdi8337","url":null,"abstract":"The FIDIC suite standard forms of contracts used for executing projects in Special Purpose Companies contain contractual and administrative provisions regarding payments. However, payment delays continue to plague the construction industry to date. Delay payments generally have an adverse effect on a company’s cash flow, leading to extensions on overdraft facilities, ultimately increasing their borrowing. Late payment of commercial debt adversely affects the liquidity of contracting companies sometimes leading to insolvency. This study examined the impact of the contractual payment period and payment process on the cash flow of contractors executing projects for the Special Purpose Company (SPC) E. The sample population chosen for this research consisted of 100 small and medium contractors within the SPC-E to illustrate the varying effects of the payment delays on the contractors mostly affected. A review of previously published literature along with a questionnaire survey distributed, determined the objectives of the paper. Statistical analysis using IBM SPSS software further analyzed the data collected using Cumulative Means, Relative Importance Index, Spearman’s Rank Correlation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the hypothesis. The complicated bureaucratic payment process utilized by the SPC-E resulted in the cascading adverse effects on the contractor’s cash flow. The findings also indicated that there has been no significant improvement to the delayed payment issue over the past decade. The implementation of Prompt payment legislation or statutory adjudication is recommended to ensure the sustainability of small and medium contractors.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"84 Pt 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129007611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experimental work evaluates the relationship between compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity of self-consolidating High performance concrete (SCHPC) containing high volume of Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) up to 40% substitution as SCM. A total of 210 specimens of the GSA blended SCHPCs comprising 105 cubes (100 x100 mm) and 105 cylinders (150x300 mm) were cured in water for 7,14,28 ,56, 92,120 and 180 days hydration periods and the compressive strength and Modulus of elasticity determined. The linear relationships were studied with regression analysis. The findings revealed that all the mixes met the Modulus of Elasticity values requirement of 18,000N/mm2 to 42,000N/mm2 and the compressive results show that three substitution levels of 0%, 10% and 20% attained the proposed design strength (40-130 Mpa) and also satisfied the requirement for self-consolidating and high strength concretes. In conclusion, 0%-20% GSA substitutions (SCHPCA0-SCHPCA20) indicated a strong linear relationship with regressions values obtained varies between 0.842 and 0.954 for the two variables. Addition of GSA as SCM has improved the mechanical properties of SCHPC and creates a strong relationship between the compressive strength and Modulus of Elasticity.
{"title":"RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF SELF CONSOLIDATING HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETES (SCHPCS) INCORPORATING GSA AS SCM","authors":"T. A. Buari, F. Olutoge, G. Ayininuola","doi":"10.47412/aktq7222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47412/aktq7222","url":null,"abstract":"This experimental work evaluates the relationship between compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity of self-consolidating High performance concrete (SCHPC) containing high volume of Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) up to 40% substitution as SCM. A total of 210 specimens of the GSA blended SCHPCs comprising 105 cubes (100 x100 mm) and 105 cylinders (150x300 mm) were cured in water for 7,14,28 ,56, 92,120 and 180 days hydration periods and the compressive strength and Modulus of elasticity determined. The linear relationships were studied with regression analysis. The findings revealed that all the mixes met the Modulus of Elasticity values requirement of 18,000N/mm2 to 42,000N/mm2 and the compressive results show that three substitution levels of 0%, 10% and 20% attained the proposed design strength (40-130 Mpa) and also satisfied the requirement for self-consolidating and high strength concretes. In conclusion, 0%-20% GSA substitutions (SCHPCA0-SCHPCA20) indicated a strong linear relationship with regressions values obtained varies between 0.842 and 0.954 for the two variables. Addition of GSA as SCM has improved the mechanical properties of SCHPC and creates a strong relationship between the compressive strength and Modulus of Elasticity.","PeriodicalId":206492,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115187322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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