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ALTERNATIVE FOUNDATION DESIGN FOR TEMPORARY HOUSING UNITS 临时住宅单元的备选基础设计
Omar Thomas, George B. Henry, K. Bishop, Kymani Francis, A. Binns
The Food for the Poor provides hundreds of thousands of temporary housing in the Americas and the Caribbean for persons in need of a shelter. These temporary houses provide a space in which many persons can live. Although these spaces are meant to be temporary, in many cases due to the lack of financial wherewithal, these temporary houses serve as a medium to long-term housing for those who receive them. The topographical and geotechnical environment in which these houses are built not only vary across the Americas and the Caribbean but varies within a single country. This study analyses the current foundation designs used by Food for the Poor in the country of Jamaica, taking into consideration Jamaica’s unique hilly terrain and geotechnical environment. The study makes recommendations for the use of alternative foundation designs that are still economical for construction and are better when considering the life cycle cost of these structures. The use of bamboo as a reinforcement in concrete for the foundation design is also analysed and compared against the traditional reinforced concrete and mass concrete designs. The results demonstrate that when bamboo is used as a reinforcement with concrete it has an increased flexural strength, but still do not exceed the flexural strength of traditional reinforced concrete, that utilizes steel reinforcement.
为穷人提供食物计划在美洲和加勒比地区为需要住所的人提供了数十万个临时住房。这些临时房屋为许多人提供了居住的空间。虽然这些空间是临时的,但在许多情况下,由于缺乏资金,这些临时住房为接收它们的人提供了中长期住房。这些房屋所处的地形和岩土环境不仅在美洲和加勒比地区各不相同,而且在一个国家也各不相同。考虑到牙买加独特的丘陵地形和岩土环境,本研究分析了目前“为穷人提供粮食”项目在牙买加使用的基础设计。该研究提出了使用替代基础设计的建议,这些设计在考虑这些结构的生命周期成本时仍然是经济的,并且更好。在基础设计中使用竹子作为混凝土中的钢筋,并与传统的钢筋混凝土和大体积混凝土设计进行了分析和比较。结果表明,竹材与混凝土配筋时,其抗弯强度有所提高,但仍不超过传统钢筋混凝土的抗弯强度。
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引用次数: 0
COUPLING CELLULAR AUTOMATA WITH MEDALUS ASSESSMENT FOR THE DESERTIFICATION ISSUE 沙漠化问题元胞自动机与奖章评价的耦合
A. Koné, Allyx Fontaine, S. Yacoubi
Desertification is one of the major problems affecting our environment in the 21st century. Indeed, it threatens more than 1.5 million people worldwide and affects a quarter of the land in less than 100 countries, it spreads over half a billion hectares per year and reduces the surface water and groundwater. Thus, according to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organisation written in 1993, the direct and visible impacts of desertification are the damage on crops, on livestock, on the electricity productivity, etc. Indirect impacts are lack of food production, poverty, social upheaval, rural exodus to cities. In this paper, our work consists in modelling the degradation process of land whose advanced level leads to the desertification. The first step consists in assessing the degradation of land with the MEDALUS model developed by the MEDALUS project of the commission of the European Union. This model assesses desertification by its sensitivity index which is the geometric mean of four quality factor indexes of soil, vegetation, climate and management (land use). This assessment method uses the major part of the parameters influencing the land degradation process. The second step is to model the land degradation process using cellular automata (CA) approach. For that purpose, the study area will be divided into a regular grid of cells. Initially, each cell has a state (desertification sensitivity index) whose evolution at each discrete time step depends on the states of its neighbours through a built transition function. As a result, this study allows to introduce a dynamical process in MEDALUS model. Indeed, from an initial configuration of an area, the model can predict its evolution over time and space according to a continuous state transition function that extend the classical CA approach and fit to the MEDALUS model parameters.
荒漠化是21世纪影响我们环境的主要问题之一。事实上,它威胁着全世界150多万人,影响着不到100个国家四分之一的土地,它每年蔓延超过5亿公顷,并减少地表水和地下水。因此,根据联合国粮农组织1993年撰写的一份报告,沙漠化的直接和明显影响是对作物、牲畜、电力生产力等的损害。间接影响是粮食生产不足、贫困、社会动荡、农村人口向城市迁移。在本文中,我们的工作是模拟土地的退化过程,其先进水平导致荒漠化。第一步是利用欧洲联盟委员会MEDALUS项目开发的MEDALUS模型评估土地退化情况。该模型通过土壤、植被、气候和土地利用等4个质量因子的几何平均值来评价沙漠化的敏感性指数。该评价方法利用了影响土地退化过程的主要参数。第二步是利用元胞自动机(CA)方法建立土地退化过程模型。为此,研究区域将被划分为一个规则的网格单元。最初,每个细胞都有一个状态(沙漠化敏感性指数),其在每个离散时间步长的演变取决于其邻居的状态,通过构建过渡函数。因此,本研究允许在MEDALUS模型中引入一个动态过程。事实上,从一个区域的初始配置,该模型可以根据一个连续的状态转移函数来预测其随时间和空间的演变,该函数扩展了经典的CA方法并适合MEDALUS模型参数。
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引用次数: 1
A REVIEW OF BIAS IN DECISION-MAKING MODELS 决策模型中的偏见综述
Peter Poon Chong, T. Lalla
A decision-making model solution is a dependent variable derived from independent variables, parameters and forcing functions. Independent variables collected in linguistic form require intuition which can be potentially biased. A collection of qualitative research papers on bias in models was perused to identify the causes of bias. Decision-making in the manufacturing, finance, law, and management industries require solutions from a complex assortment of data. The popularity of combining decision-making with artificial intelligence (AI) for intelligent systems causes concern, as it can be a predisposition to a true solution. A true solution avoids impartiality and maintains repeated results from a natural phenomenon without favoritism or discrimination. This paper appraised the development of the decision-making environment to identify the path and effect of bias on the variables used in models. The literature reviewed was associated with the design of a decision-making criterion rationalizing the application of variables. The influences on variables were observed with respect to the available resources, environment, and people. This list was further extended to consider the constraints of the resource, customer, network, and regulation fed to the structure. The involvement of bias was founded because of the need for rational decision making, cognitive misperceptions, and psychological principles. The study of variables showed the opportunity for a conscious bias from unethical actions during the development of a decision-making environment. In principle, bias may be best reduced with continuous model monitoring and fair adjustments. Ignoring these implications increases the chance of a bias decision-making model. It also influences the decision result and may be avoided with an ethical and fair quality review. The paper increases the awareness of bias in decision-making and guides actors to the identification and avoidance/reduction of bias effects. This may be a guide for the reduction of the model error to achieve a true solution.
决策模型解是由自变量、参数和强迫函数导出的因变量。以语言形式收集的独立变量需要直觉,这可能有潜在的偏见。我们阅读了一系列关于模型偏倚的定性研究论文,以确定偏倚的原因。制造业、金融、法律和管理行业的决策需要从复杂的数据分类中找到解决方案。将智能系统的决策与人工智能(AI)相结合的流行引起了关注,因为它可能是一个真正解决方案的倾向。真正的解决办法是避免不偏不倚,保持自然现象的重复结果,不带偏袒或歧视。本文评价了决策环境的发展,以确定模型中使用的变量的偏差路径和影响。文献回顾与决策标准的设计合理化变量的应用有关。在可用资源、环境和人员方面观察了对变量的影响。该列表被进一步扩展,以考虑资源、客户、网络和提供给结构的规则的约束。偏见的存在是因为理性决策的需要、认知上的误解和心理学原理。对变量的研究表明,在决策环境的发展过程中,不道德行为有可能产生有意识的偏见。原则上,通过持续的模型监测和公平的调整可以最好地减少偏差。忽视这些影响会增加决策模型产生偏差的可能性。它也会影响决策结果,可以通过道德和公平的质量审查来避免。本文提高了决策中的偏见意识,并指导行为者识别和避免/减少偏见影响。这可能是减少模型误差以获得真正解决方案的指南。
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引用次数: 0
EXAMINING THE PROCESSES OF NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION: THE K. C. CONFECTIONERY CASE IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 检查新产品开发和创新的过程:特立尼达和多巴哥的k.c.糖果案例
Amrita Mahabir, Dinesh Soodeen, Natalie Persadie
Teaching case studies are a great way to implement active learning tactics. Writers describe case studies as complex examples, giving insight into the context of a problem and illustrating the main point. It provides student-centred activities based on topics that demonstrate theoretical concepts in an applied setting. This paper is concerned with exploring and promoting the teaching of new product development (NPD) and innovation using case studies in one of the universities in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). The aim of this paper is to create the first local teaching case study, accompanied by an instructor’s manual. The outcome is a six-page case study, validated by undergraduate and postgraduate students, which examined the NPD and innovation processes at K. C. Confectionery Limited (KCC), a T&T based food and beverage manufacturing company.
教学案例研究是实施主动学习策略的好方法。作者将案例研究描述为复杂的例子,提供对问题背景的洞察并阐明要点。它提供以学生为中心的活动,这些活动基于在应用环境中展示理论概念的主题。本文以特立尼达和多巴哥(T&T)一所大学为例,探讨和促进新产品开发与创新的教学。本文的目的是创建第一个本地教学案例研究,并附有教师手册。结果是一份六页的案例研究,由本科生和研究生验证,研究了KCC (T&T的食品和饮料制造公司)的新产品开发和创新过程。
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引用次数: 0
SURVEY OF CURRENT TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES IN THE UK 英国制造工程研究生课程的当前趋势调查
Trishel Gokool, B. Chowdary
The promotion of innovation and current trends in the Manufacturing Engineering curriculum is essential to support the adoption and creation of advanced manufacturing technologies. However, the content and teaching methods employed by the engineering departments have long faced issues with incorporating industry needs and new developments into their various curricula. Manufacturing Engineering (MfgE) is no exception as there exists significant gaps between the MfgE curricula, latest advances in research and current industrial practices in Trinidad and Tobago (TT). The present paper investigates the trends in postgraduate programmes in the United Kingdom (UK) in the area of MfgE. It highlights the current curricula structure and content of universities in a developed region with a similar education system to TT with the aim of identifying key areas of MfgE focus. The study reveals that UK universities balance soft skills with technical learning, as research skills, management, manufacturing systems, systems simulation and, design and innovation are the top course themes. Moreover, there exists significant collaborative efforts between UK universities, industry and the government which drives research and development of emerging technologies. The findings of this study will be useful as a benchmarking tool for improving the TT MfgE curriculum in the future.
促进制造工程课程的创新和当前趋势对于支持先进制造技术的采用和创造至关重要。然而,工程部门所采用的内容和教学方法长期以来一直面临着将行业需求和新发展纳入其各种课程的问题。制造工程(MfgE)也不例外,因为在特立尼达和多巴哥(TT)的制造工程课程、最新研究进展和当前工业实践之间存在重大差距。本文调查了联合王国MfgE领域研究生课程的趋势。它突出了一个发达地区的大学目前的课程结构和内容,这些大学的教育制度与TT类似,目的是确定MfgE重点关注的关键领域。研究显示,英国大学在软技能和技术学习之间取得了平衡,因为研究技能、管理、制造系统、系统仿真以及设计和创新是最热门的课程主题。此外,英国大学、工业界和政府之间存在着重要的合作努力,推动了新兴技术的研究和开发。本研究的结果将有助于作为基准工具,在未来改善TT MfgE课程。
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引用次数: 0
URBAN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES 加勒比小岛屿发展中国家城市可持续性指标
Tracey Beard-Sylvester
This research seeks to develop an urban sustainability framework specific to Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). This is relevant given the reality that Caribbean SIDS are becoming increasingly urbanised. The three most urbanised countries within the Caribbean region; namely, the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname are more than 70 percent urbanised. If the built environment within urban areas is developed in an unsustainable manner this can result in a number of negative outcomes. For example, a major challenge faced in Caribbean SIDS is that of disaster risk and management due to the location of human settlements and critical infrastructure in low lying coastal lands. If more sustainable outcomes are to be attained in the face of increased urbanisation, there is a need for a change in the way spatial planning is practiced. Indicators can provide planners with an empirical basis for the examination and review of the relevant plans and policies which guide the way in which planning is practiced. There exist a number of urban indicator frameworks, which suggest useful indicators including the World Bank Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) and the Inter-American Development Bank Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI). These two frameworks are critically examined and with the use of Trinidad as a case study island, the ways in which indicators can be useful in efforts toward increased urban sustainability within SIDS is discussed.
这项研究旨在制定一个针对加勒比小岛屿发展中国家的城市可持续性框架。考虑到加勒比小岛屿发展中国家日益城市化的现实,这是相关的。加勒比区域内城市化程度最高的三个国家;即,巴哈马、特立尼达和多巴哥和苏里南的城市化程度超过70%。如果以一种不可持续的方式开发城市地区内的建筑环境,这可能会导致一些负面后果。例如,加勒比小岛屿发展中国家面临的一项重大挑战是灾害风险和管理,因为人类住区和关键基础设施位于低洼沿海地区。面对日益增长的城市化,如果要取得更可持续的成果,就需要改变空间规划的实践方式。指标可以为规划人员提供经验基础,以便检查和审查有关计划和政策,指导规划的实施方式。目前存在一些城市指标框架,其中包括世界银行城市可持续性框架(USF)和美洲开发银行新兴和可持续城市倡议(ESCI)。对这两个框架进行了严格审查,并以特立尼达作为个案研究岛屿,讨论了在小岛屿发展中国家内提高城市可持续性的努力中指标可以发挥作用的方式。
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引用次数: 0
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ANALYSIS OF TELECOM TOWER USING INDIA AND AMERICAN STANDARDS 印度与美国电信铁塔标准分析的比较研究
Srinivas Tanuku, K. Rao, B. P. Rangarao
Self-supporting lattice tower are being effective structural system by considering simple, light weight, easy fabrication and installation for supporting telecom equipment at elevated heights. With increase in demand of lattice towers, a critical review on approach for analysis is highly essential to ensure reliable and safe structures. In this paper, a comparative study is taken up on methodologies followed in both national standards (India, America) for assessment of wind loads on bare tower, linear accessories, discrete accessories along with design resistance of members and connections for Two different configurations – Square angular tower, Triangular Hybrid Tower. From the detailed analysis, it is concluded that, American standard (ANSI/TIA-222H) is using Ultimate windspeed for calculation of wind loads based on risk category of structure along with strength reduction factors based on criticality of components compared to Indian Standards (IS 875(Part 3)-2015, IS 802) which resulted lesser wind load on structure i.e., 30% in Square Tower (Oblique wind direction) and 23% in Triangular Hybrid Tower using ANSI/TIA-222H. Also, no major difference observed for calculation of member capacity and connection. Therefore, it is concluded that Tower weights approximately reduces by 10-15% based on Tower configuration using ANSI/TIA-222H compared to Indian Standards
自支撑格塔结构简单、重量轻、易于制作和安装,是支撑高空通信设备的有效结构体系。随着格构塔结构需求的不断增加,对格构塔结构的分析方法进行严格的审查对于保证格构塔结构的可靠性和安全性至关重要。在本文中,比较研究了两国标准(印度,美国)所遵循的方法,用于评估裸塔,线性附件,离散附件以及两种不同配置-方形角塔,三角形混合塔的构件和连接的设计阻力。从详细分析中可以得出结论,与印度标准(is 875(Part 3)-2015, is 802)相比,美国标准(ANSI/TIA-222H)使用极限风速来计算基于结构风险类别的风荷载以及基于组件临界性的强度折减系数,因此使用ANSI/TIA-222H的方形塔(斜风向)和三角形混合塔的风荷载较小,分别为30%和23%。此外,在计算成员容量和连接方面也没有观察到重大差异。因此,与印度标准相比,基于使用ANSI/TIA-222H的塔架配置,塔架重量大约减少了10-15%
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引用次数: 0
DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN GASOLINE AND TANK CORROSION 汽油中的溶解氧和油箱腐蚀
P. Ramdeen, DhurjatiPrasad Chakrabarti
: The quantity of gaseous oxygen dissolved in water is generally known as Dissolved Oxygen. However, the oxygen may dissolve in other liquids too. To determine the concentration of Dissolved Oxygen in Gasoline a probe was used to estimate oxygen concentration at different experimental conditions. Comparing the experiments performed on Gasoline and Deionized Water it was found that for gasoline, the equilibrium point was reached earlier, while for the Deionized Water it took a long time for the initial reading to be attained after purging. In determining the mass transfer coefficients of Gasoline and Deionized Water it was found that Gasoline displayed a higher mass transfer coefficient value than Deionized Water. It is concluded that the increase in stirring speed, increases, the mass transfer coefficient and it is more prominent for gasoline. The aim of this work was to find gasoline’s ability to dissolve oxygen. From the research it was reckoned that the Dissolved Oxygen and free water present in the tanked Gasoline, could result in electrochemical corrosion over a period of time.
溶解在水中的气态氧的数量一般称为溶解氧。然而,氧气也会溶解在其他液体中。为了测定汽油中溶解氧的浓度,用探针测定了不同实验条件下的氧浓度。对比汽油和去离子水的实验发现,汽油达到平衡点较早,而去离子水在净化后需要较长时间才能达到初始读数。在测定汽油和去离子水的传质系数时,发现汽油的传质系数高于去离子水。结果表明,随着搅拌速度的增加,传质系数增大,且对汽油传质系数的影响更为显著。这项工作的目的是发现汽油溶解氧的能力。根据这项研究,人们认为,在一段时间内,储罐汽油中的溶解氧和游离水可能导致电化学腐蚀。
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引用次数: 0
DELAYED PAYMENTS IMPACTS ON PLANNED CASH FLOW OF SMALL AND MEDIUM CONTRACTORS FOR A SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPANY 某特殊目的公司中小承包商延期付款对计划现金流的影响
Shawn Bissoon, D. Outridge
The FIDIC suite standard forms of contracts used for executing projects in Special Purpose Companies contain contractual and administrative provisions regarding payments. However, payment delays continue to plague the construction industry to date. Delay payments generally have an adverse effect on a company’s cash flow, leading to extensions on overdraft facilities, ultimately increasing their borrowing. Late payment of commercial debt adversely affects the liquidity of contracting companies sometimes leading to insolvency. This study examined the impact of the contractual payment period and payment process on the cash flow of contractors executing projects for the Special Purpose Company (SPC) E. The sample population chosen for this research consisted of 100 small and medium contractors within the SPC-E to illustrate the varying effects of the payment delays on the contractors mostly affected. A review of previously published literature along with a questionnaire survey distributed, determined the objectives of the paper. Statistical analysis using IBM SPSS software further analyzed the data collected using Cumulative Means, Relative Importance Index, Spearman’s Rank Correlation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the hypothesis. The complicated bureaucratic payment process utilized by the SPC-E resulted in the cascading adverse effects on the contractor’s cash flow. The findings also indicated that there has been no significant improvement to the delayed payment issue over the past decade. The implementation of Prompt payment legislation or statutory adjudication is recommended to ensure the sustainability of small and medium contractors.
FIDIC用于执行特殊目的公司项目的成套标准合同格式包含有关付款的合同和行政规定。然而,付款延迟至今仍困扰着建筑行业。延迟付款通常会对公司的现金流产生不利影响,导致透支工具的延长,最终增加他们的借款。逾期支付商业债务对承包公司的流动性产生不利影响,有时会导致破产。这项研究检查了合同付款期和支付过程的影响在承包商执行项目的现金流的特殊目的公司(SPC)大肠为本研究选择的样本人口由100中小承包商SPC-E说明内的不同影响承包商的付款延误主要影响。回顾了以前发表的文献以及分发的问卷调查,确定了论文的目标。统计分析采用IBM SPSS软件对收集到的数据进行进一步分析,采用累积均值、相对重要性指数、Spearman秩相关和方差分析(ANOVA)对假设进行检验。复杂的官僚付款过程中利用SPC-E导致层叠不利影响承包商的现金流。调查结果还表明,在过去十年中,延迟付款问题没有显著改善。建议实施即时付款法例或法定裁决,以确保中小型承办商的可持续发展。
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引用次数: 1
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF SELF CONSOLIDATING HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETES (SCHPCS) INCORPORATING GSA AS SCM 含gsa的自固结高性能混凝土抗压强度与弹性模量的关系
T. A. Buari, F. Olutoge, G. Ayininuola
This experimental work evaluates the relationship between compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity of self-consolidating High performance concrete (SCHPC) containing high volume of Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA) up to 40% substitution as SCM. A total of 210 specimens of the GSA blended SCHPCs comprising 105 cubes (100 x100 mm) and 105 cylinders (150x300 mm) were cured in water for 7,14,28 ,56, 92,120 and 180 days hydration periods and the compressive strength and Modulus of elasticity determined. The linear relationships were studied with regression analysis. The findings revealed that all the mixes met the Modulus of Elasticity values requirement of 18,000N/mm2 to 42,000N/mm2 and the compressive results show that three substitution levels of 0%, 10% and 20% attained the proposed design strength (40-130 Mpa) and also satisfied the requirement for self-consolidating and high strength concretes. In conclusion, 0%-20% GSA substitutions (SCHPCA0-SCHPCA20) indicated a strong linear relationship with regressions values obtained varies between 0.842 and 0.954 for the two variables. Addition of GSA as SCM has improved the mechanical properties of SCHPC and creates a strong relationship between the compressive strength and Modulus of Elasticity.
本实验评估了花生壳灰分(GSA)用量高达40%替代SCM的自固结高性能混凝土(SCHPC)的抗压强度与弹性模量之间的关系。将105个立方体(100 × 100 mm)和105个圆柱体(150 × 300 mm)的210个GSA共混schpc试件在水中进行了7、14、28、56、92,120和180天的水化处理,并测定了抗压强度和弹性模量。用回归分析研究了两者之间的线性关系。结果表明,所有掺合料的弹性模量均满足18000 ~ 42000 n /mm2的要求;抗压结果表明,0%、10%和20%的替代水平均达到设计强度(40 ~ 130 Mpa),满足自固结高强混凝土的要求。综上所述,0% ~ 20% GSA替换值(schpca0 ~ schpca20)线性关系较好,回归值在0.842 ~ 0.954之间。GSA作为SCM的加入改善了SCHPC的力学性能,并在抗压强度和弹性模量之间建立了很强的关系。
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引用次数: 1
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Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020)
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