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Challenges and opportunities for prevention and removal of unwanted variation in lipidomic studies 脂质组学研究中预防和消除不必要变异的挑战和机遇
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101177
Gavriel Olshansky , Corey Giles , Agus Salim , Peter J. Meikle

Large ‘omics studies are of particular interest to population and clinical research as they allow elucidation of biological pathways that are often out of reach of other methodologies. Typically, these information rich datasets are produced from multiple coordinated profiling studies that may include lipidomics, metabolomics, proteomics or other strategies to generate high dimensional data. In lipidomics, the generation of such data presents a series of unique technological and logistical challenges; to maximize the power (number of samples) and coverage (number of analytes) of the dataset while minimizing the sources of unwanted variation. Technological advances in analytical platforms, as well as computational approaches, have led to improvement of data quality – especially with regard to instrumental variation. In the small scale, it is possible to control systematic bias from beginning to end. However, as the size and complexity of datasets grow, it is inevitable that unwanted variation arises from multiple sources, some potentially unknown and out of the investigators control. Increases in cohort size and complexity have led to new challenges in sample collection, handling, storage, and preparation. If not considered and dealt with appropriately, this unwanted variation may undermine the quality of the data and reliability of any subsequent analysis. Here we review the various experimental phases where unwanted variation may be introduced and review general strategies and approaches to handle this variation, specifically addressing issues relevant to lipidomics studies.

大型组学研究对人口和临床研究特别感兴趣,因为它们允许阐明其他方法通常无法达到的生物学途径。通常,这些信息丰富的数据集是由多个协调的分析研究产生的,这些研究可能包括脂质组学、代谢组学、蛋白质组学或其他产生高维数据的策略。在脂质组学中,此类数据的生成提出了一系列独特的技术和后勤挑战;最大限度地提高数据集的功率(样本数量)和覆盖率(分析物数量),同时最大限度地减少不必要变化的来源。分析平台的技术进步,以及计算方法,导致了数据质量的提高-特别是在仪器变化方面。在小范围内,可以从头到尾控制系统偏差。然而,随着数据集的规模和复杂性的增长,不可避免地会出现来自多个来源的不必要的变化,其中一些可能是未知的,并且超出了研究人员的控制。队列规模和复杂性的增加导致了样品收集、处理、储存和制备方面的新挑战。如果不考虑和处理得当,这种不需要的变化可能会破坏数据的质量和任何后续分析的可靠性。在这里,我们回顾了不同的实验阶段,可能会引入不必要的变异,并回顾了处理这种变异的一般策略和方法,特别是解决与脂质组学研究相关的问题。
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引用次数: 7
Multiscale lipid membrane dynamics as revealed by neutron spectroscopy 中子光谱学揭示的多尺度脂膜动力学
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101179
V.K. Sharma , E. Mamontov

The plasma membrane is one of the principal structural components of the cell and, therefore, one of the key components of the cellular life. Because the membrane's dynamics links the membrane's structure and function, the complexity and the broad range of the membrane's motions are essential for the enormously diverse functionality of the cell membrane. Even for the main membrane component, the lipid bilayer, considered alone, the range and complexity of the lipid motions are remarkable. Spanning the time scale from sub-picosecond to minutes and hours, the lipid motion in a bilayer is challenging to study even when a broad array of dynamic measurement techniques is employed. Neutron scattering plays a special role among such dynamic measurement techniques, particularly, because it involves the energy transfers commensurate with the typical intra- and inter- molecular dynamics and the momentum transfers commensurate with intra- and inter-molecular distances. Thus, using neutron scattering-based techniques, the spatial and temporal information on the lipid motion can be obtained and analysed simultaneously. Protium vs. deuterium sensitivity and non-destructive character of the neutron probe add to the remarkable prowess of neutron scattering for elucidating the lipid dynamics. Herein we present an overview of the neutron scattering-based studies of lipid dynamics in model membranes, with a discussion of the direct relevance and implications to the real-life cell membranes. The latter are much more complex systems than simple model membranes, consisting of heterogeneous non-stationary domains composed of lipids, proteins, and other small molecules, such as carbohydrates. Yet many fundamental aspects of the membrane behavior and membrane interactions with other molecules can be understood from neutron scattering measurements of the model membranes. For example, such studies can provide a great deal of information on the interactions of antimicrobial compounds with the lipid matrix of a pathogen membrane, or the interactions of drug molecules with the plasma membrane. Finally, we briefly discuss the recently emerging field of neutron scattering membrane studies with a reach far beyond the model membrane systems.

质膜是细胞的主要结构成分之一,因此是细胞生命的关键成分之一。由于膜的动力学联系着膜的结构和功能,膜运动的复杂性和广泛的范围对于细胞膜的巨大多样性的功能是必不可少的。即使对于主要的膜组分,脂质双分子层,单独考虑,脂质运动的范围和复杂性是显著的。跨越从亚皮秒到分和小时的时间尺度,即使采用了广泛的动态测量技术,双分子层中的脂质运动也具有挑战性。中子散射在这些动态测量技术中起着特殊的作用,特别是因为它涉及与典型的分子内和分子间动力学相适应的能量转移和与分子内和分子间距离相适应的动量转移。因此,利用基于中子散射的技术,可以同时获得和分析脂质运动的时空信息。质子对氘的敏感性和中子探针的非破坏性特性增加了中子散射在阐明脂质动力学方面的非凡能力。在此,我们概述了基于中子散射的模型膜中脂质动力学研究,并讨论了与现实生活中的细胞膜的直接相关性和意义。后者是比简单模型膜复杂得多的系统,由由脂质、蛋白质和其他小分子(如碳水化合物)组成的异质非固定结构域组成。然而,膜行为和膜与其他分子相互作用的许多基本方面可以从模型膜的中子散射测量中理解。例如,这些研究可以提供大量关于抗菌化合物与病原体膜的脂质基质相互作用或药物分子与质膜相互作用的信息。最后,我们简要讨论了中子散射膜研究的新领域,其研究范围远远超出了模型膜系统。
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引用次数: 8
Very long chain fatty acids 长链脂肪酸
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101180
Lucie Kyselová , Milada Vítová , Tomáš Řezanka

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important components of various lipid classes in most organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and mammals, including humans. VLCFAs, or very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs), can be defined as fatty acids with 23 or more carbon atoms in the molecule. The main emphasis in this review is on the analysis of these acids, including obtaining standards from natural sources or their synthesis. Furthermore, the occurrence and analysis of these compounds in both lower (bacteria, invertebrates) and higher organisms (flowering plants or mammals) are discussed in detail. Attention is paid to their biosynthesis, especially the elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL4). This review deals with papers describing these very interesting compounds, whose chemical, biochemical and biological properties have not been fully explored.

甚长链脂肪酸(VLCFAs)是大多数生物中各种脂类的重要组成部分,从细菌到高等植物和哺乳动物,包括人类。甚长链多不饱和脂肪酸(VLCFAs),又称甚长链多不饱和脂肪酸(VLCPUFAs),可以定义为分子中含有23个或更多碳原子的脂肪酸。本文的重点是对这些酸的分析,包括从天然来源获得标准或它们的合成。此外,还详细讨论了这些化合物在低等生物(细菌、无脊椎动物)和高等生物(开花植物或哺乳动物)中的发生和分析。它们的生物合成备受关注,尤其是长链脂肪酸蛋白(ELOVL4)的延伸。这篇综述处理了描述这些非常有趣的化合物的论文,它们的化学、生化和生物学性质尚未得到充分的探讨。
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引用次数: 9
Raman studies of the adipose tissue: Current state-of-art and future perspectives in diagnostics 脂肪组织的拉曼研究:诊断的当前状态和未来前景
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101183
Krzysztof Czamara , Zuzanna Majka , Ewa Stanek , Natalia Hachlica , Agnieszka Kaczor

The last decades revealed that the adipose tissue shows an unexplored therapeutic potential. In particular, targeting the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), that surrounds blood vessels, can prevent cardiovascular pathologies and browning of the adipose tissue can become an effective strategy against obesity. Therefore, new analytical tools are necessary to analyze this tissue. This review reports on the recent developments of various Raman-based techniques for the identification and quantification of the adipose tissue compared to conventional analytical methods. In particular, the emphasis is on analysis of PVAT, investigation of pathological changes of the adipose tissue in model systems and possibilities for its characterization in the clinical context. Overall, the review critically discusses the potential and limitations of Raman techniques in adipose tissue-targeted diagnostics and possible future anti-obesity therapies.

过去几十年的研究表明,脂肪组织显示出一种尚未开发的治疗潜力。特别是针对血管周围的血管周围脂肪组织(PVAT),可以预防心血管疾病,脂肪组织的褐色化可以成为对抗肥胖的有效策略。因此,需要新的分析工具来分析这种组织。本文综述了与传统分析方法相比,各种基于拉曼的脂肪组织鉴定和定量技术的最新进展。特别地,重点是分析PVAT,研究模型系统中脂肪组织的病理变化及其在临床环境中表征的可能性。总之,这篇综述批判性地讨论了拉曼技术在脂肪组织靶向诊断和未来可能的抗肥胖治疗中的潜力和局限性。
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引用次数: 2
Climate change and n-3 LC-PUFA availability 气候变化与n-3 LC-PUFA有效性。
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101161
Karsoon Tan , Hongkuan Zhang , Huaiping Zheng

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) are essential fatty acids for the growth, development and survival of virtually all organisms. There is increasing evidence that anthropogenic climate change has a direct and indirect impact on the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. However, this information is fragmented and not well organized. Therefore, this article reviewed published data from laboratory experiments, field experiments and model simulations to reveal the impact of climate change on the global supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA and how this will limit the availability of n-3 LC-PUFA in the future food web. In general, climate change can significantly reduce the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food webs in the following ways: 1) decrease the total biomass of phytoplankton and shift the plankton community structure to a smaller size, which also reduce the biomass of animals in higher trophics; 2) reduce the n-3 LC-PUFA content and/or quality (n-3: n-6 ratio) of all marine organisms; 3) reduce the transfer efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food web. In addition, as an anthropogenic climate adaptation measure, this review also proposed some alternative sources of n-3 LC-PUFA and determined the direction of future research. The information in this article is very useful for providing a critical analysis of the impact of climate change on the supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. Such information will aid to establish climate adaptation or management measures, and determine the direction of future research.

Omega-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 LC-PUFA)是几乎所有生物体生长、发育和生存所必需的脂肪酸。越来越多的证据表明,人为气候变化对天然n-3 LC-PUFA的有效性有直接和间接的影响。然而,这些信息是碎片化的,没有很好地组织起来。因此,本文回顾了实验室实验、野外实验和模型模拟的已发表数据,以揭示气候变化对全球天然n-3 LC-PUFA供应的影响,以及这将如何限制n-3 LC-PUFA在未来食物网中的可用性。总体而言,气候变化可通过以下方式显著降低放牧食物网天然n-3 LC-PUFA的有效性:1)降低浮游植物的总生物量,使浮游生物群落结构向较小规模转移,同时降低高营养性动物的生物量;2)降低所有海洋生物的n-3 LC-PUFA含量和/或质量(n-3: n-6比);3)降低n-3 LC-PUFA在放牧食物网中的转移效率。此外,作为一种人为气候适应措施,本文还提出了n-3 LC-PUFA的一些替代来源,并确定了未来的研究方向。本文中的信息对于提供气候变化对天然n-3 LC-PUFA供应的影响的批判性分析非常有用。这些信息将有助于制定气候适应或管理措施,并确定未来研究的方向。
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引用次数: 12
Genetic variation and intestinal cholesterol absorption in humans: A systematic review and a gene network analysis 遗传变异与人类肠道胆固醇吸收:系统综述和基因网络分析
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101164
Fatma B.A. Mokhtar, Jogchum Plat, Ronald P. Mensink

Intestinal cholesterol absorption varies widely between individuals, which may translate into differences in responsiveness to cholesterol-lowering drugs or diets. Therefore, understanding the importance of genetic variation on cholesterol absorption rates and the complex intestinal cholesterol network is important. Based on a systematic review, genetic variants in seven genes (ABCG5, ABCG8, ABO, APOE, MTTP, NPC1L1, and LDLR) were identified that were associated with intestinal cholesterol absorption. No clear associations were found for variants in APOA4, APOB, CETP, CYP7A1, HMGCR, SCARB1, SLCO1B1, and SREBF1. The seven genes were used to construct an intestinal cholesterol absorption network. Finally, a network with fifteen additional genes (APOA1, APOA4, APOB, APOC2, APOC3, CETP, HSPG2, LCAT, LDLRAP1, LIPC, LRP1, OLR1, P4HB, SAR1B, and SDC1) was generated. The constructed network shows that cholesterol absorption is complex. Further studies are needed to validate and improve this network, which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the wide inter-individual variability in intestinal cholesterol absorption and the development of personalized interventions.

肠道对胆固醇的吸收因人而异,这可能转化为对降胆固醇药物或饮食的反应不同。因此,了解遗传变异对胆固醇吸收率和复杂的肠道胆固醇网络的重要性是很重要的。基于系统综述,鉴定出与肠道胆固醇吸收相关的7个基因(ABCG5、ABCG8、ABO、APOE、MTTP、NPC1L1和LDLR)的遗传变异。APOA4、APOB、CETP、CYP7A1、HMGCR、SCARB1、SLCO1B1和SREBF1的变异未发现明显的相关性。这7个基因被用来构建肠道胆固醇吸收网络。最后,生成了一个包含15个额外基因(APOA1、APOA4、APOB、APOC2、APOC3、CETP、HSPG2、LCAT、LDLRAP1、LIPC、LRP1、OLR1、P4HB、SAR1B和SDC1)的网络。构建的网络表明胆固醇的吸收是复杂的。需要进一步的研究来验证和改进这一网络,这可能最终导致更好地理解肠道胆固醇吸收的广泛个体间差异和个性化干预措施的发展。
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引用次数: 4
Coordination of inter-organelle communication and lipid fluxes by OSBP-related proteins osbp相关蛋白对细胞器间通讯和脂质通量的协调
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101146
Amita Arora, Juuso H. Taskinen, Vesa M. Olkkonen

Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) constitute one of the largest families of lipid-binding/transfer proteins (LTPs) in eukaryotes. The current view is that many of them mediate inter-organelle lipid transfer over membrane contact sites (MCS). The transfer occurs in several cases in a ‘counter-current’ fashion: A lipid such as cholesterol or phosphatidylserine (PS) is transferred against its concentration gradient driven by transport of a phosphoinositide in the opposite direction. In this way ORPs are envisioned to maintain the distinct organelle lipid compositions, with impacts on multiple organelle functions. However, the functions of ORPs extend beyond lipid homeostasis to regulation of processes such as cell survival, proliferation and migration. Important expanding areas of mammalian ORP research include their roles in viral and bacterial infections, cancers, and neuronal function.

The yeast OSBP homologue (Osh) proteins execute multifaceted functions in sterol and glycerophospholipid homeostasis, post-Golgi vesicle transport, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, sphingolipid and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling, and cell cycle control. These observations identify ORPs as lipid transporters and coordinators of signals with an unforeseen variety of cellular processes. Understanding their activities not only enlightens the biology of the living cell but also allows their employment as targets of new therapeutic approaches for disease.

氧甾醇结合蛋白(OSBP)和OSBP相关蛋白(ORPs)是真核生物中最大的脂质结合/转移蛋白(LTPs)家族之一。目前的观点是,它们中的许多介导细胞膜接触位点(MCS)的细胞器间脂质转移。在一些情况下,这种转移是以“逆流”的方式发生的:一种脂质,如胆固醇或磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS),在相反方向的磷肌肽运输的驱动下,沿着其浓度梯度转移。通过这种方式,orp被设想为维持不同的细胞器脂质组成,影响多种细胞器功能。然而,orp的功能不仅限于脂质稳态,还可以调节细胞存活、增殖和迁移等过程。哺乳动物ORP研究的重要扩展领域包括它们在病毒和细菌感染、癌症和神经元功能中的作用。酵母OSBP同源蛋白(Osh)在固醇和甘油磷脂稳态、高尔基囊泡后转运、磷酸磷脂酰肌醇-4-磷酸、鞘脂和雷帕霉素靶(TOR)信号传导以及细胞周期控制中具有多方面的功能。这些观察结果确定orp是脂质转运体和具有不可预见的各种细胞过程的信号协调者。了解它们的活动不仅可以启发活细胞的生物学,而且可以使它们成为疾病新治疗方法的靶点。
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引用次数: 13
The functions of phospholipases and their hydrolysis products in plant growth, development and stress responses 磷脂酶及其水解产物在植物生长发育和逆境响应中的作用
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101158
Usman Ali , Shaoping Lu , Tarig Fadlalla , Sidra Iqbal , Hong Yue , Bao Yang , Yueyun Hong , Xuemin Wang , Liang Guo

Cell membranes are the initial site of stimulus perception from environment and phospholipids are the basic and important components of cell membranes. Phospholipases hydrolyze membrane lipids to generate various cellular mediators. These phospholipase-derived products, such as diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, inositol phosphates, lysophopsholipids, and free fatty acids, act as second messengers, playing vital roles in signal transduction during plant growth, development, and stress responses. This review focuses on the structure, substrate specificities, reaction requirements, and acting mechanism of several phospholipase families. It will discuss their functional significance in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In addition, it will highlight some critical knowledge gaps in the action mechanism, metabolic and signaling roles of these phospholipases and their products in the context of plant growth, development and stress responses.

细胞膜是细胞对外界刺激感知的起始部位,磷脂是细胞膜的基本组成部分。磷脂酶水解膜脂生成各种细胞介质。这些磷脂酶衍生的产物,如二酰基甘油、磷脂酸、磷酸肌醇、溶血磷脂和游离脂肪酸,作为第二信使,在植物生长、发育和逆境反应的信号转导中起着至关重要的作用。本文综述了几种磷脂酶家族的结构、底物特异性、反应要求和作用机制。讨论了它们在植物生长发育和逆境反应中的功能意义。此外,它还将突出这些磷脂酶及其产物在植物生长、发育和胁迫反应中的作用机制、代谢和信号作用方面的一些关键知识空白。
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引用次数: 23
Sphingolipid control of cognitive functions in health and disease 鞘脂对健康和疾病认知功能的控制
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101162
Liubov S. Kalinichenko , Erich Gulbins , Johannes Kornhuber , Christian P. Müller

Cognitive processes, particularly learning and memory, are crucial brain mechanisms mediating the successful adaptation of individuals to constantly changing environmental conditions. Impairments in memory performance during neurodegenerative disorders or dementias affect life quality of patients as well as their relatives and careers, and thus have a severe socio-economic impact. The last decades have viewed learning and memory as predominantly protein-mediated process at the synapses of brain neurons. However, recent developments propose a principally new, lipid-based mechanism that regulates cognition. Thereby, crucial members of cell membranes, the sphingolipids, emerged to play an outstanding role in learning and memory. The most abundant brain sphingolipids, ceramides and gangliosides, dynamically shape the composition of protein carrying cellular membranes. This, in turn, regulates protein signaling through the membranes and overall neuronal plasticity. An imbalance in sphingolipid composition and disrupted dynamics significantly affect normal functioning of cells and results in the development of multiple psychiatric and neurological disorders with cognitive impairments. Ceramides and gangliosides interact with a plethora of molecular pathways determining de novo learning and memory, as well as pathogenic pathways of neurodegenerative disorders and dementias of various origins. Considering sphingolipids as a trigger mechanism for learning and memory under physiological and pathological conditions, a principally new class of lipid-based preventive and therapeutic approaches to target cognitive impairments and dementias is emerging.

认知过程,特别是学习和记忆,是调节个体成功适应不断变化的环境条件的关键大脑机制。神经退行性疾病或痴呆患者的记忆功能受损会影响患者及其亲属和职业的生活质量,从而产生严重的社会经济影响。近几十年来,人们一直认为学习和记忆主要是大脑神经元突触中蛋白质介导的过程。然而,最近的发展提出了一种主要是新的、基于脂质的调节认知的机制。因此,细胞膜的关键成员鞘脂在学习和记忆中发挥了重要作用。最丰富的脑鞘脂、神经酰胺和神经节苷类,动态地塑造了携带细胞膜的蛋白质的组成。这反过来又通过细胞膜调节蛋白质信号和整个神经元的可塑性。神经鞘脂组成失衡和动力学紊乱会显著影响细胞的正常功能,并导致多种精神和神经疾病伴认知障碍的发展。神经酰胺和神经节苷脂与大量决定新生学习和记忆的分子途径相互作用,以及各种来源的神经退行性疾病和痴呆的致病途径。考虑到鞘脂是生理和病理条件下学习和记忆的触发机制,一类主要基于脂质的预防和治疗针对认知障碍和痴呆的方法正在出现。
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引用次数: 14
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipid mediators: Recent advances in the understanding of their biosynthesis, structures, and functions 多不饱和脂肪酸和脂肪酸衍生的脂质介质:对其生物合成、结构和功能的最新研究进展
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101165
Simon C. Dyall , Laurence Balas , Nicolas G. Bazan , J. Thomas Brenna , Nan Chiang , Felipe da Costa Souza , Jesmond Dalli , Thierry Durand , Jean-Marie Galano , Pamela J. Lein , Charles N. Serhan , Ameer Y. Taha

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are structural components of membrane phospholipids, and influence cellular function via effects on membrane properties, and also by acting as a precursor pool for lipid mediators. These lipid mediators are formed via activation of pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation, and are consequently called oxylipins. Their biosynthesis can be either enzymatically-dependent, utilising the promiscuous cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase pathways, or nonenzymatic via free radical-catalyzed pathways. The oxylipins include the classical eicosanoids, comprising prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, and also more recently identified lipid mediators. With the advent of new technologies there is growing interest in identifying these different lipid mediators and characterising their roles in health and disease. This review brings together contributions from some of those at the forefront of research into lipid mediators, who provide brief introductions and summaries of current understanding of the structure and functions of the main classes of nonclassical oxylipins. The topics covered include omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA biosynthesis pathways, focusing on the roles of the different fatty acid desaturase enzymes, oxidized linoleic acid metabolites, omega-3 PUFA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators, elovanoids, nonenzymatically oxidized PUFAs, and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids.

多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)是膜磷脂的结构成分,通过对膜性质的影响影响细胞功能,并作为脂质介质的前体池。这些脂质介质是通过激活涉及至少一个步骤的二氧依赖氧化的途径而形成的,因此被称为氧化脂质。它们的生物合成可以是酶依赖性的,利用混杂的环加氧酶、脂加氧酶或细胞色素P450混合功能氧化酶途径,或者通过自由基催化的非酶途径。氧化脂类包括经典的类二十烷,包括前列腺素、血栓烷和白三烯,以及最近发现的脂质介质。随着新技术的出现,人们对识别这些不同的脂质介质并描述它们在健康和疾病中的作用越来越感兴趣。这篇综述汇集了一些在脂质介质研究前沿的研究人员的贡献,他们简要介绍和总结了目前对主要非经典氧化脂类的结构和功能的了解。涵盖的主题包括omega-3和omega-6 PUFA生物合成途径,重点关注不同脂肪酸去饱和酶的作用,氧化亚油酸代谢物,omega-3 PUFA衍生的专门促分解介质,类黄酮,非酶氧化PUFA和羟基脂肪酸的脂肪酸酯。
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引用次数: 116
期刊
Progress in lipid research
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