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The constellation of cholesterol-dependent processes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection 与SARS-CoV-2感染相关的一系列胆固醇依赖过程
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101166
Francisco J. Barrantes

The role of cholesterol in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other coronavirus-host cell interactions is currently being discussed in the context of two main scenarios: i) the presence of the neutral lipid in cholesterol-rich lipid domains involved in different steps of the viral infection and ii) the alteration of metabolic pathways by the virus over the course of infection. Cholesterol-enriched lipid domains have been reported to occur in the lipid envelope membrane of the virus, in the host-cell plasma membrane, as well as in endosomal and other intracellular membrane cellular compartments. These membrane subdomains, whose chemical and physical properties distinguish them from the bulk lipid bilayer, have been purported to participate in diverse phenomena, from virus-host cell fusion to intracellular trafficking and exit of the virions from the infected cell. SARS-CoV-2 recruits many key proteins that participate under physiological conditions in cholesterol and lipid metabolism in general. This review analyses the status of cholesterol and lipidome proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infection and the new horizons they open for therapeutic intervention.

目前正在两种主要情况下讨论胆固醇在严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)和其他冠状病毒-宿主细胞相互作用中的作用:i)在病毒感染的不同步骤中涉及富含胆固醇的脂质结构域中存在中性脂质;ii)病毒在感染过程中改变代谢途径。据报道,富含胆固醇的脂质结构域出现在病毒的脂质包膜、宿主细胞质膜以及内体和其他细胞膜细胞间室中。这些膜亚结构域,其化学和物理性质将它们与大量脂质双分子层区分开来,据称参与多种现象,从病毒-宿主细胞融合到细胞内运输和病毒粒子从感染细胞中退出。SARS-CoV-2招募了许多在生理条件下参与胆固醇和脂质代谢的关键蛋白质。本文综述了SARS-CoV-2感染中胆固醇和脂质组蛋白的状况及其为治疗干预开辟的新视野。
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引用次数: 8
Understanding the nitrolipidome: From chemistry to mass spectrometry and biological significance of modified complex lipids 了解硝基脂质体:从化学到质谱分析和修饰复合脂质的生物学意义
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101176
Bruna Neves , Dolores Pérez-Sala , Helena Beatriz Ferreira , Inês M.S. Guerra , Ana S.P. Moreira , Pedro Domingues , M. Rosário Domingues , Tânia Melo

Complex lipids, phospholipids (PLs) and triacylglycerides (TAGs), are prone to modifications induced by reactive nitrated species and reactive oxygen species, generating a range of nitrated, nitrosated or nitroxidized derivatives, as nitro PLs and nitro TAGs. These modified lipids (epilipids) have been reported in vitro and in vivo using lipidomics approaches. However, their detection in living systems remains a challenge hampered by its complexity, high structural diversity, and low abundance. The advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with the higher sensitivity of the instruments like Orbitrap-based mass spectrometers opened new opportunities for the detection of these modified complex lipids. This review summarizes the challenges and findings behind the identification of nitrated, nitrosated and nitroxidized PLs and TAGs fragmentation fingerprints based on collision-induced dissociation (CID) and higher energy CID (HCD) MS/MS approaches. Following what has already been reported for nitrated fatty acids, these complex lipids are found to act as endogenous mediators with potential electrophilic properties and can express bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. This information can be used to design untargeted and targeted lipidomics strategies for these modified complex lipids in biological samples as well as in pathological, food and industrial settings, further unveiling their biological and signalling roles.

复杂的脂类,磷脂(PLs)和三酰基甘油酯(TAGs)容易被活性硝化物和活性氧诱导修饰,产生一系列硝化、亚硝化或氮氧化衍生物,如硝基PLs和硝基TAGs。这些修饰的脂质(脂质)已经在体外和体内使用脂质组学方法进行了报道。然而,由于其复杂性、高结构多样性和低丰度,它们在生命系统中的检测仍然是一个挑战。高分辨率质谱技术的进步,加上轨道谱仪等仪器的高灵敏度,为检测这些修饰的复杂脂质开辟了新的机会。本文综述了基于碰撞诱导解离(CID)和高能CID (HCD) MS/MS方法鉴定硝化、亚硝化和氮氧化PLs和TAGs碎片指纹的挑战和发现。根据已经报道的硝化脂肪酸,这些复杂的脂质被发现作为内源性介质具有潜在的亲电特性,并能表达生物活性,如抗炎和抗氧化作用。这些信息可用于为生物样品以及病理、食品和工业环境中的这些修饰的复杂脂质设计非靶向和靶向脂质组学策略,进一步揭示其生物学和信号作用。
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引用次数: 5
Lipid-protein interactions regulating the canonical and the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome 调节典型和非典型NLRP3炎性体的脂蛋白相互作用
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101182
Malvina Pizzuto , Pablo Pelegrin , Jean-Marie Ruysschaert

The inflammatory response is a complex regulated effector mechanism of the innate immune system that is initiated after tissue injury or infection. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important initiator of inflammation by regulating the activation of caspase-1, the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the induction of pyroptotic cell death. Numerous studies demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome could be modulated by lipids, existing a relation between lipids and the activation of different inflammatory processes. In this review we will summarize how the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation is regulated by different lipids and how these lipids control specific cellular localization of NLRP3 during activation. Although being a cytosolic protein, NLRP3 interacts with lipids accessible in neighbor membranes. Also, the modulation of NLRP3 by endogenous lipids has been found causative of different metabolic diseases and bacterial-pathogenic lipids lead to NLRP3 activation during infection. The understanding of the modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by lipids has resulted not only in a better knowledge about the mechanism of NLRP3 activation and its implication in disease, but also opens a new avenue for the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines, as NLRP3 could be modulated by synthetic lipids used as adjuvants.

炎症反应是先天免疫系统在组织损伤或感染后启动的复杂调控效应机制。NLRP3炎性小体通过调节caspase-1的激活、促炎细胞因子的成熟和诱导热噬细胞死亡,是炎症的重要启动物。大量研究表明NLRP3炎性小体可被脂质调节,脂质与不同炎症过程的激活存在关联。在这篇综述中,我们将概述NLRP3炎性小体激活的机制是如何被不同的脂质调节的,以及这些脂质如何在激活过程中控制NLRP3的特异性细胞定位。虽然NLRP3是一种细胞质蛋白,但它可以与邻近膜上的脂质相互作用。此外,内源性脂质对NLRP3的调节已被发现可引起不同的代谢性疾病,细菌致病性脂质可导致NLRP3在感染期间激活。脂质对NLRP3炎症小体的调节作用的理解不仅使我们更好地了解NLRP3的激活机制及其在疾病中的意义,而且还为开发新的治疗方法和疫苗开辟了新的途径,因为NLRP3可以通过合成脂质作为佐剂来调节。
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引用次数: 5
Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: A rising therapeutic target in lipid metabolism 肠道脂肪酸结合蛋白:脂质代谢的新治疗靶点
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101178
Xi Huang, Youci Zhou, Yunwei Sun, Qijun Wang

Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are key proteins in lipid transport, and the isoforms are segregated according to their tissue origins. Several isoforms, such as adipose-FABP and epidermal-FABP, have been shown to participate in multiple pathologic processes due to their ubiquitous expression. Intestinal fatty acid binding protein, also termed FABP2 or I-FABP, is specifically expressed in the small intestine. FABP2 can traffic lipids from the intestinal lumen to enterocytes and bind superfluous fatty acids to maintain a steady pool of fatty acids in the epithelium. As a lipid chaperone, FABP2 can also carry lipophilic drugs to facilitate targeted transport. When the integrity of the intestinal epithelium is disrupted, FABP2 is released into the circulation. Thus, it can potentially serve as a clinical biomarker. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of FABP2 in intestinal lipid metabolism. We also summarize the molecular interactions that have been reported to date, highlighting the clinical prospects of FABP2 research.

脂肪酸结合蛋白(Fatty acid binding protein, FABPs)是脂质转运的关键蛋白,其异构体根据其组织来源而分离。脂肪- fabp和表皮- fabp等几种同工型,由于其普遍表达,已被证明参与多种病理过程。肠脂肪酸结合蛋白,也称为FABP2或I-FABP,在小肠中特异性表达。FABP2可以将脂质从肠腔输送到肠细胞,并结合多余的脂肪酸以维持上皮内稳定的脂肪酸池。作为脂质伴侣,FABP2还可以携带亲脂性药物,促进靶向转运。当肠上皮的完整性被破坏时,FABP2被释放到循环中。因此,它可以作为一种潜在的临床生物标志物。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了FABP2在肠道脂质代谢中的关键作用。我们还总结了迄今为止报道的分子相互作用,强调了FABP2研究的临床前景。
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引用次数: 13
Challenges and opportunities for prevention and removal of unwanted variation in lipidomic studies 脂质组学研究中预防和消除不必要变异的挑战和机遇
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101177
Gavriel Olshansky , Corey Giles , Agus Salim , Peter J. Meikle

Large ‘omics studies are of particular interest to population and clinical research as they allow elucidation of biological pathways that are often out of reach of other methodologies. Typically, these information rich datasets are produced from multiple coordinated profiling studies that may include lipidomics, metabolomics, proteomics or other strategies to generate high dimensional data. In lipidomics, the generation of such data presents a series of unique technological and logistical challenges; to maximize the power (number of samples) and coverage (number of analytes) of the dataset while minimizing the sources of unwanted variation. Technological advances in analytical platforms, as well as computational approaches, have led to improvement of data quality – especially with regard to instrumental variation. In the small scale, it is possible to control systematic bias from beginning to end. However, as the size and complexity of datasets grow, it is inevitable that unwanted variation arises from multiple sources, some potentially unknown and out of the investigators control. Increases in cohort size and complexity have led to new challenges in sample collection, handling, storage, and preparation. If not considered and dealt with appropriately, this unwanted variation may undermine the quality of the data and reliability of any subsequent analysis. Here we review the various experimental phases where unwanted variation may be introduced and review general strategies and approaches to handle this variation, specifically addressing issues relevant to lipidomics studies.

大型组学研究对人口和临床研究特别感兴趣,因为它们允许阐明其他方法通常无法达到的生物学途径。通常,这些信息丰富的数据集是由多个协调的分析研究产生的,这些研究可能包括脂质组学、代谢组学、蛋白质组学或其他产生高维数据的策略。在脂质组学中,此类数据的生成提出了一系列独特的技术和后勤挑战;最大限度地提高数据集的功率(样本数量)和覆盖率(分析物数量),同时最大限度地减少不必要变化的来源。分析平台的技术进步,以及计算方法,导致了数据质量的提高-特别是在仪器变化方面。在小范围内,可以从头到尾控制系统偏差。然而,随着数据集的规模和复杂性的增长,不可避免地会出现来自多个来源的不必要的变化,其中一些可能是未知的,并且超出了研究人员的控制。队列规模和复杂性的增加导致了样品收集、处理、储存和制备方面的新挑战。如果不考虑和处理得当,这种不需要的变化可能会破坏数据的质量和任何后续分析的可靠性。在这里,我们回顾了不同的实验阶段,可能会引入不必要的变异,并回顾了处理这种变异的一般策略和方法,特别是解决与脂质组学研究相关的问题。
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引用次数: 7
Multiscale lipid membrane dynamics as revealed by neutron spectroscopy 中子光谱学揭示的多尺度脂膜动力学
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101179
V.K. Sharma , E. Mamontov

The plasma membrane is one of the principal structural components of the cell and, therefore, one of the key components of the cellular life. Because the membrane's dynamics links the membrane's structure and function, the complexity and the broad range of the membrane's motions are essential for the enormously diverse functionality of the cell membrane. Even for the main membrane component, the lipid bilayer, considered alone, the range and complexity of the lipid motions are remarkable. Spanning the time scale from sub-picosecond to minutes and hours, the lipid motion in a bilayer is challenging to study even when a broad array of dynamic measurement techniques is employed. Neutron scattering plays a special role among such dynamic measurement techniques, particularly, because it involves the energy transfers commensurate with the typical intra- and inter- molecular dynamics and the momentum transfers commensurate with intra- and inter-molecular distances. Thus, using neutron scattering-based techniques, the spatial and temporal information on the lipid motion can be obtained and analysed simultaneously. Protium vs. deuterium sensitivity and non-destructive character of the neutron probe add to the remarkable prowess of neutron scattering for elucidating the lipid dynamics. Herein we present an overview of the neutron scattering-based studies of lipid dynamics in model membranes, with a discussion of the direct relevance and implications to the real-life cell membranes. The latter are much more complex systems than simple model membranes, consisting of heterogeneous non-stationary domains composed of lipids, proteins, and other small molecules, such as carbohydrates. Yet many fundamental aspects of the membrane behavior and membrane interactions with other molecules can be understood from neutron scattering measurements of the model membranes. For example, such studies can provide a great deal of information on the interactions of antimicrobial compounds with the lipid matrix of a pathogen membrane, or the interactions of drug molecules with the plasma membrane. Finally, we briefly discuss the recently emerging field of neutron scattering membrane studies with a reach far beyond the model membrane systems.

质膜是细胞的主要结构成分之一,因此是细胞生命的关键成分之一。由于膜的动力学联系着膜的结构和功能,膜运动的复杂性和广泛的范围对于细胞膜的巨大多样性的功能是必不可少的。即使对于主要的膜组分,脂质双分子层,单独考虑,脂质运动的范围和复杂性是显著的。跨越从亚皮秒到分和小时的时间尺度,即使采用了广泛的动态测量技术,双分子层中的脂质运动也具有挑战性。中子散射在这些动态测量技术中起着特殊的作用,特别是因为它涉及与典型的分子内和分子间动力学相适应的能量转移和与分子内和分子间距离相适应的动量转移。因此,利用基于中子散射的技术,可以同时获得和分析脂质运动的时空信息。质子对氘的敏感性和中子探针的非破坏性特性增加了中子散射在阐明脂质动力学方面的非凡能力。在此,我们概述了基于中子散射的模型膜中脂质动力学研究,并讨论了与现实生活中的细胞膜的直接相关性和意义。后者是比简单模型膜复杂得多的系统,由由脂质、蛋白质和其他小分子(如碳水化合物)组成的异质非固定结构域组成。然而,膜行为和膜与其他分子相互作用的许多基本方面可以从模型膜的中子散射测量中理解。例如,这些研究可以提供大量关于抗菌化合物与病原体膜的脂质基质相互作用或药物分子与质膜相互作用的信息。最后,我们简要讨论了中子散射膜研究的新领域,其研究范围远远超出了模型膜系统。
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引用次数: 8
Very long chain fatty acids 长链脂肪酸
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101180
Lucie Kyselová , Milada Vítová , Tomáš Řezanka

Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are important components of various lipid classes in most organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and mammals, including humans. VLCFAs, or very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs), can be defined as fatty acids with 23 or more carbon atoms in the molecule. The main emphasis in this review is on the analysis of these acids, including obtaining standards from natural sources or their synthesis. Furthermore, the occurrence and analysis of these compounds in both lower (bacteria, invertebrates) and higher organisms (flowering plants or mammals) are discussed in detail. Attention is paid to their biosynthesis, especially the elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL4). This review deals with papers describing these very interesting compounds, whose chemical, biochemical and biological properties have not been fully explored.

甚长链脂肪酸(VLCFAs)是大多数生物中各种脂类的重要组成部分,从细菌到高等植物和哺乳动物,包括人类。甚长链多不饱和脂肪酸(VLCFAs),又称甚长链多不饱和脂肪酸(VLCPUFAs),可以定义为分子中含有23个或更多碳原子的脂肪酸。本文的重点是对这些酸的分析,包括从天然来源获得标准或它们的合成。此外,还详细讨论了这些化合物在低等生物(细菌、无脊椎动物)和高等生物(开花植物或哺乳动物)中的发生和分析。它们的生物合成备受关注,尤其是长链脂肪酸蛋白(ELOVL4)的延伸。这篇综述处理了描述这些非常有趣的化合物的论文,它们的化学、生化和生物学性质尚未得到充分的探讨。
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引用次数: 9
Raman studies of the adipose tissue: Current state-of-art and future perspectives in diagnostics 脂肪组织的拉曼研究:诊断的当前状态和未来前景
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101183
Krzysztof Czamara , Zuzanna Majka , Ewa Stanek , Natalia Hachlica , Agnieszka Kaczor

The last decades revealed that the adipose tissue shows an unexplored therapeutic potential. In particular, targeting the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), that surrounds blood vessels, can prevent cardiovascular pathologies and browning of the adipose tissue can become an effective strategy against obesity. Therefore, new analytical tools are necessary to analyze this tissue. This review reports on the recent developments of various Raman-based techniques for the identification and quantification of the adipose tissue compared to conventional analytical methods. In particular, the emphasis is on analysis of PVAT, investigation of pathological changes of the adipose tissue in model systems and possibilities for its characterization in the clinical context. Overall, the review critically discusses the potential and limitations of Raman techniques in adipose tissue-targeted diagnostics and possible future anti-obesity therapies.

过去几十年的研究表明,脂肪组织显示出一种尚未开发的治疗潜力。特别是针对血管周围的血管周围脂肪组织(PVAT),可以预防心血管疾病,脂肪组织的褐色化可以成为对抗肥胖的有效策略。因此,需要新的分析工具来分析这种组织。本文综述了与传统分析方法相比,各种基于拉曼的脂肪组织鉴定和定量技术的最新进展。特别地,重点是分析PVAT,研究模型系统中脂肪组织的病理变化及其在临床环境中表征的可能性。总之,这篇综述批判性地讨论了拉曼技术在脂肪组织靶向诊断和未来可能的抗肥胖治疗中的潜力和局限性。
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引用次数: 2
Climate change and n-3 LC-PUFA availability 气候变化与n-3 LC-PUFA有效性。
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101161
Karsoon Tan , Hongkuan Zhang , Huaiping Zheng

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) are essential fatty acids for the growth, development and survival of virtually all organisms. There is increasing evidence that anthropogenic climate change has a direct and indirect impact on the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. However, this information is fragmented and not well organized. Therefore, this article reviewed published data from laboratory experiments, field experiments and model simulations to reveal the impact of climate change on the global supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA and how this will limit the availability of n-3 LC-PUFA in the future food web. In general, climate change can significantly reduce the availability of natural n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food webs in the following ways: 1) decrease the total biomass of phytoplankton and shift the plankton community structure to a smaller size, which also reduce the biomass of animals in higher trophics; 2) reduce the n-3 LC-PUFA content and/or quality (n-3: n-6 ratio) of all marine organisms; 3) reduce the transfer efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA in grazing food web. In addition, as an anthropogenic climate adaptation measure, this review also proposed some alternative sources of n-3 LC-PUFA and determined the direction of future research. The information in this article is very useful for providing a critical analysis of the impact of climate change on the supply of natural n-3 LC-PUFA. Such information will aid to establish climate adaptation or management measures, and determine the direction of future research.

Omega-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 LC-PUFA)是几乎所有生物体生长、发育和生存所必需的脂肪酸。越来越多的证据表明,人为气候变化对天然n-3 LC-PUFA的有效性有直接和间接的影响。然而,这些信息是碎片化的,没有很好地组织起来。因此,本文回顾了实验室实验、野外实验和模型模拟的已发表数据,以揭示气候变化对全球天然n-3 LC-PUFA供应的影响,以及这将如何限制n-3 LC-PUFA在未来食物网中的可用性。总体而言,气候变化可通过以下方式显著降低放牧食物网天然n-3 LC-PUFA的有效性:1)降低浮游植物的总生物量,使浮游生物群落结构向较小规模转移,同时降低高营养性动物的生物量;2)降低所有海洋生物的n-3 LC-PUFA含量和/或质量(n-3: n-6比);3)降低n-3 LC-PUFA在放牧食物网中的转移效率。此外,作为一种人为气候适应措施,本文还提出了n-3 LC-PUFA的一些替代来源,并确定了未来的研究方向。本文中的信息对于提供气候变化对天然n-3 LC-PUFA供应的影响的批判性分析非常有用。这些信息将有助于制定气候适应或管理措施,并确定未来研究的方向。
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引用次数: 12
Genetic variation and intestinal cholesterol absorption in humans: A systematic review and a gene network analysis 遗传变异与人类肠道胆固醇吸收:系统综述和基因网络分析
IF 13.6 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101164
Fatma B.A. Mokhtar, Jogchum Plat, Ronald P. Mensink

Intestinal cholesterol absorption varies widely between individuals, which may translate into differences in responsiveness to cholesterol-lowering drugs or diets. Therefore, understanding the importance of genetic variation on cholesterol absorption rates and the complex intestinal cholesterol network is important. Based on a systematic review, genetic variants in seven genes (ABCG5, ABCG8, ABO, APOE, MTTP, NPC1L1, and LDLR) were identified that were associated with intestinal cholesterol absorption. No clear associations were found for variants in APOA4, APOB, CETP, CYP7A1, HMGCR, SCARB1, SLCO1B1, and SREBF1. The seven genes were used to construct an intestinal cholesterol absorption network. Finally, a network with fifteen additional genes (APOA1, APOA4, APOB, APOC2, APOC3, CETP, HSPG2, LCAT, LDLRAP1, LIPC, LRP1, OLR1, P4HB, SAR1B, and SDC1) was generated. The constructed network shows that cholesterol absorption is complex. Further studies are needed to validate and improve this network, which may ultimately lead to a better understanding of the wide inter-individual variability in intestinal cholesterol absorption and the development of personalized interventions.

肠道对胆固醇的吸收因人而异,这可能转化为对降胆固醇药物或饮食的反应不同。因此,了解遗传变异对胆固醇吸收率和复杂的肠道胆固醇网络的重要性是很重要的。基于系统综述,鉴定出与肠道胆固醇吸收相关的7个基因(ABCG5、ABCG8、ABO、APOE、MTTP、NPC1L1和LDLR)的遗传变异。APOA4、APOB、CETP、CYP7A1、HMGCR、SCARB1、SLCO1B1和SREBF1的变异未发现明显的相关性。这7个基因被用来构建肠道胆固醇吸收网络。最后,生成了一个包含15个额外基因(APOA1、APOA4、APOB、APOC2、APOC3、CETP、HSPG2、LCAT、LDLRAP1、LIPC、LRP1、OLR1、P4HB、SAR1B和SDC1)的网络。构建的网络表明胆固醇的吸收是复杂的。需要进一步的研究来验证和改进这一网络,这可能最终导致更好地理解肠道胆固醇吸收的广泛个体间差异和个性化干预措施的发展。
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引用次数: 4
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Progress in lipid research
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