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On the origin and evolution of the asteroid Ryugu: A comprehensive geochemical perspective 小行星龙宫的起源与演化:地球化学综合视角
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-10 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.015
Eizo Nakamura, K. Kobayashi, R. Tanaka, T. Kunihiro, Hiroshi Kitagawa, C. Potiszil, T. Ota, C. Sakaguchi, M. Yamanaka, Dilan M. Ratnayake, Havishk Tripathi, R. Kumar, Maya-Liliana Avramescu, Hidehisa Tsuchida, Yusuke Yachi, H. Miura, M. Abe, R. Fukai, S. Furuya, K. Hatakeda, T. Hayashi, Y. Hitomi, K. Kumagai, Akiko Miyazaki, A. Nakato, M. Nishimura, T. Okada, H. Soejima, S. Sugita, A. Suzuki, T. Usui, T. Yada, D. Yamamoto, K. Yogata, M. Yoshitake, M. Arakawa, A. Fujii, M. Hayakawa, N. Hirata, N. Hirata, R. Honda, C. Honda, S. Hosoda, Y. Iijima, H. Ikeda, M. Ishiguro, Y. Ishihara, T. Iwata, K. Kawahara, S. Kikuchi, K. Kitazato, K. Matsumoto, M. Matsuoka, T. Michikami, Y. Mimasu, Akira Miura, T. Morota, S. Nakazawa, N. Namiki, H. Noda, R. Noguchi, N. Ogawa, K. Ogawa, C. Okamoto, G. Ono, M. Ozaki, T. Saiki, N. Sakatani, H. Sawada, H. Senshu, Y. Shimaki, K. Shirai, Y. Takei, H. Takeuchi, Satoshi Tanaka, E. Tatsumi, F. Terui, R. Tsukizaki, K. Wada, M. Yamada, T. Yamada, Yukio Yamamoto, H. Yano, Y. Yokota, Keis
Presented here are the observations and interpretations from a comprehensive analysis of 16 representative particles returned from the C-type asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission. On average Ryugu particles consist of 50% phyllosilicate matrix, 41% porosity and 9% minor phases, including organic matter. The abundances of 70 elements from the particles are in close agreement with those of CI chondrites. Bulk Ryugu particles show higher δ18O, Δ17O, and ε54Cr values than CI chondrites. As such, Ryugu sampled the most primitive and least-thermally processed protosolar nebula reservoirs. Such a finding is consistent with multi-scale H-C-N isotopic compositions that are compatible with an origin for Ryugu organic matter within both the protosolar nebula and the interstellar medium. The analytical data obtained here, suggests that complex soluble organic matter formed during aqueous alteration on the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal (several 10’s of km), <2.6 Myr after CAI formation. Subsequently, the Ryugu progenitor planetesimal was fragmented and evolved into the current asteroid Ryugu through sublimation.
本文介绍了隼鸟2号从c型小行星龙宫返回的16个代表性粒子的综合分析结果和解释。平均而言,Ryugu颗粒由50%的层状硅酸盐基质、41%的孔隙度和9%的含有机质的小相组成。其中70种元素的丰度与CI球粒陨石的丰度基本一致。Ryugu颗粒的δ18O、Δ17O和ε54Cr值均高于CI球粒。因此,“龙宫”号采集了最原始、热处理最少的原太阳星云储层。这一发现与多尺度H-C-N同位素组成一致,与原太阳星云和星际介质中龙宫有机物的起源相容。本文的分析数据表明,在CAI形成后<2.6 Myr的Ryugu祖先星子上,在水蚀蚀过程中形成了复杂的可溶性有机质(约10 km)。随后,琉球的前身小行星破碎,经过升华演变成现在的小行星琉球。
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引用次数: 58
Copolymerization of ethylene with non-vinyl polar monomers 乙烯与非乙烯基极性单体的共聚
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-05-11 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.014
K. Nozaki
Introduction of functional groups on polyethylene endows it with a higher surface property and thus various catalysts have been developed for the copolymerization of ethylene with polar vinyl monomers. Aside from vinyl monomers, however, other classes of polar monomers have not found application in the copolymerization with ethylene. Here, in this short review article, our latest studies on catalyst development aiming at the use of non-vinyl polar monomers and the properties of the resulting copolymers are summarized.
在聚乙烯上引入官能团使其具有更高的表面性质,因此开发了各种催化剂用于乙烯与极性乙烯基单体的共聚。然而,除了乙烯基单体之外,其他种类的极性单体尚未在与乙烯的共聚中得到应用。在这篇简短的综述文章中,总结了我们在催化剂开发方面的最新研究,旨在使用非乙烯基极性单体和所得共聚物的性能。
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引用次数: 1
Sulfonium-aided coupling of aromatic rings via sigmatropic rearrangement 磺基辅助芳香环的sigmatropic重排偶联
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.012
H. Yorimitsu, G. Perry
Biaryl synthesis continues to occupy a central role in chemical synthesis. From blockbuster drug molecules to organic electronics, biaryls present numerous possibilities and new applications continue to emerge. Transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions represent the gold standard for biaryl synthesis and the mechanistic steps, such as reductive elimination, are well established. Developing routes that exploit alternative mechanistic scenarios could give unprecedented biaryl structures and expand the portfolio of biaryl applications. We have developed metal-free C–H/C–H couplings of aryl sulfoxides with phenols to afford 2-hydroxy-2′-sulfanylbiaryls. This cascade strategy consists of an interrupted Pummerer reaction and [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement. Our method enables the synthesis of intriguing aromatic molecules, including oligoarenes, enantioenriched dihetero[8]helicenes, and polyfluorobiaryls. From our successes in aryl sulfoxide/phenol couplings and a deeper understanding of sigmatropic rearrangements for biaryl synthesis, we have established related methods, such as aryl sulfoxide/aniline and aryl iodane/phenol couplings. Overall, our fundamental interests in underexplored reaction mechanisms have led to various methods for accessing important biaryl architectures.
联芳基合成继续在化学合成中占据中心地位。从重磅药物分子到有机电子,双芳基化合物呈现出许多可能性,新的应用不断出现。过渡金属催化的偶联反应代表了双芳基合成的金标准,并且机理步骤,如还原消除,已经得到了很好的确立。开发利用替代机制场景的路线可以获得前所未有的二芳基结构,并扩大二芳基应用的组合。我们开发了芳基亚砜与苯酚的无金属C–H/C–H偶联反应,制备了2-羟基-2′-硫烷基二芳基。这种级联策略由间断的普默勒反应和[3,3]信号重排组成。我们的方法能够合成有趣的芳香分子,包括低聚芳烃、对映体富集的二杂[8]螺旋烯和多氟二芳基。通过我们在芳基亚砜/苯酚偶联方面的成功,以及对双芳基合成中的信号重排的深入理解,我们建立了相关的方法,如芳基亚氧化物/苯胺和芳基碘烷/苯酚偶联。总的来说,我们对未充分探索的反应机制的基本兴趣导致了获得重要的二芳基结构的各种方法。
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引用次数: 2
High-voltage SiC power devices for improved energy efficiency 用于提高能源效率的高压SiC功率器件
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.011
T. Kimoto
Silicon carbide (SiC) power devices significantly outperform the well-established silicon (Si) devices in terms of high breakdown voltage, low power loss, and fast switching. This review briefly introduces the major features of SiC power devices and then presents research works on breakdown phenomena in SiC pn junctions and related discussion which takes into account the energy band structure. Next, recent progress in SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors, which are the most important unipolar devices, is described with an emphasis on the improvement of channel mobility at the SiO2/SiC interface. The development of SiC bipolar devices such as pin diodes and insulated gate bipolar transistors, which are promising for ultrahigh-voltage (>10 kV) applications, are introduced and the effect of carrier lifetime enhancement is demonstrated. The current status of mass production and how SiC power devices can contribute to energy saving are also described.
碳化硅(SiC)功率器件在高击穿电压、低功耗和快速开关方面明显优于现有的硅(Si)器件。本文简要介绍了SiC功率器件的主要特点,然后介绍了SiC pn结击穿现象的研究工作和考虑能带结构的相关讨论。其次,介绍了最重要的单极器件SiC金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管的最新进展,重点介绍了SiO2/SiC界面沟道迁移率的提高。介绍了极具超高压应用前景的碳化硅双极器件,如引脚二极管和绝缘栅双极晶体管的发展,并论证了其提高载流子寿命的效果。本文还介绍了SiC功率器件大规模生产的现状,以及SiC功率器件对节能的贡献。
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引用次数: 7
Quantum simulation of quantum many-body systems with ultracold two-electron atoms in an optical lattice 光学晶格中具有超冷双电子原子的量子多体系统的量子模拟
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-04-11 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.010
Y. Takahashi
Ultracold atoms in an optical lattice provide a unique approach to study quantum many-body systems, previously only possible by using condensed-matter experimental systems. This new approach, often called quantum simulation, becomes possible because of the high controllability of the system parameters and the inherent cleanness without lattice defects and impurities. In this article, we review recent developments in this rapidly growing field of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice, with special focus on quantum simulations using our newly created quantum many-body system of two-electron atoms of ytterbium. In addition, we also mention other interesting possibilities offered by this novel experimental platform, such as applications to precision measurements for studying fundamental physics and a Rydberg atom quantum computation.
光学晶格中的超冷原子为研究量子多体系统提供了一种独特的方法,以前只能通过使用凝聚态物质实验系统来实现。这种通常被称为量子模拟的新方法之所以成为可能,是因为系统参数的高度可控性和没有晶格缺陷和杂质的固有清洁度。在本文中,我们回顾了这个快速发展的光学晶格中超冷原子领域的最新进展,特别关注使用我们新创建的双电子镱原子的量子多体系统进行量子模拟。此外,我们还提到了这个新颖的实验平台提供的其他有趣的可能性,例如用于研究基础物理和里德伯原子量子计算的精确测量。
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引用次数: 5
Operating principles of the cerebral cortex as a six-layered network in primates: beyond the classic canonical circuit model 灵长类动物大脑皮层作为六层网络的工作原理:超越经典经典电路模型
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.007
Y. Miyashita
The cerebral cortex performs its computations with many six-layered fundamental units, collectively spreading along the cortical sheet. What is the local network structure and the operating dynamics of such a fundamental unit? Previous investigations of primary sensory areas revealed a classic “canonical” circuit model, leading to an expectation of similar circuit organization and dynamics throughout the cortex. This review clarifies the different circuit dynamics at play in the higher association cortex of primates that implements computation for high-level cognition such as memory and attention. Instead of feedforward processing of response selectivity through Layers 4 to 2/3 that the classic canonical circuit stipulates, memory recall in primates occurs in Layer 5/6 with local backward projection to Layer 2/3, after which the retrieved information is sent back from Layer 6 to lower-level cortical areas for further retrieval of nested associations of target attributes. In this review, a novel “dynamic multimode module (D3M)” in the primate association cortex is proposed, as a new “canonical” circuit model performing this operation.
大脑皮层通过许多六层的基本单元来进行计算,这些基本单元沿着皮质层共同分布。这样一个基本单元的局部网络结构和运行动态是怎样的?先前对初级感觉区域的研究揭示了一个经典的“规范”电路模型,导致了对整个皮层相似的电路组织和动态的期望。这篇综述阐明了灵长类动物在执行高级认知(如记忆和注意力)计算的高级关联皮层中不同的电路动态。灵长类动物的记忆回忆发生在第5/6层,局部向后投射到第2/3层,然后从第6层发回较低的皮层区域,进一步检索目标属性的嵌套关联,而不是经典规范电路规定的通过第4 - 2/3层对反应选择性进行前馈处理。在这篇综述中,提出了一种新的灵长类动物联合皮层的“动态多模式模块(D3M)”,作为一种新的“规范”电路模型来执行这种操作。
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引用次数: 3
RET receptor signaling: Function in development, metabolic disease, and cancer RET受体信号:在发育、代谢疾病和癌症中的作用
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.008
M. Takahashi
The RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase whose alterations are responsible for various human cancers and developmental disorders, including thyroid cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, and Hirschsprung’s disease. RET receptors are physiologically activated by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands that bind to the coreceptor GDNF family receptor α (GFRα). Signaling via the GDNF/GFRα1/RET ternary complex plays crucial roles in the development of the enteric nervous system, kidneys, and urinary tract, as well as in the self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells. In addition, another ligand, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), has been shown to bind to GFRα-like and activate RET, regulating body weight. GDF15 is a stress response cytokine, and its elevated serum levels affect metabolism and anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Moreover, recent development of RET-specific kinase inhibitors contributed significantly to progress in the treatment of patients with RET-altered cancer. This review focuses on the broad roles of RET in development, metabolic diseases, and cancer.
RET原癌基因编码一种受体酪氨酸激酶,其改变可导致各种人类癌症和发育障碍,包括甲状腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、2型多发性内分泌瘤和先天性巨结肠病。RET受体被神经胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子(GDNF)家族配体激活,该配体与辅助受体GDNF家族受体α (GFRα)结合。GDNF/GFRα1/RET三元复合物的信号传导在肠神经系统、肾脏和泌尿道的发育以及精原干细胞的自我更新中起着至关重要的作用。此外,另一种配体,生长分化因子-15 (GDF15),已被证明与GFRα-like结合并激活RET,调节体重。GDF15是一种应激反应细胞因子,其血清水平升高影响代谢和厌食症-恶病质综合征。此外,最近开发的ret特异性激酶抑制剂对治疗ret改变的癌症患者的进展做出了重大贡献。本文综述了RET在发育、代谢疾病和癌症中的广泛作用。
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引用次数: 15
Clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology studies with real-world databases. 临床流行病学和药物流行病学研究与现实世界的数据库。
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.026
Satomi Yoshida, Masato Takeuchi, Sachiko Tanaka-Mizuno, Kayoko Mizuno, Masayuki Nakashima, Toshiki Fukasawa, Koji Kawakami

Hospital-based registry data, including patients' information collected by academic societies or government based research groups, were previously used for clinical research in Japan. Now, real-world data routinely obtained in healthcare settings are being used in clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology. Real-world data include a database of claims originating from health insurance associations for reimbursement of medical fees, diagnosis procedure combinations databases for acute inpatient care in hospitals, a drug prescription database, and electronic medical records, including patients' medical information obtained by doctors, derived from electronic records of hospitals. In the past ten years, much evidence of clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology studies using real-world data has been accumulated. The purpose of this review was to introduce clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology approaches and studies using real-world data in Japan.

基于医院的登记数据,包括由学术团体或政府研究小组收集的患者信息,以前用于日本的临床研究。现在,在医疗机构中常规获得的真实世界数据被用于临床流行病学和药物流行病学。真实世界的数据包括来自健康保险协会的报销医疗费用的索赔数据库、医院急性住院治疗的诊断程序组合数据库、药物处方数据库和电子医疗记录,包括医生从医院电子记录中获得的患者医疗信息。在过去的十年中,已经积累了大量的临床流行病学和药物流行病学研究的证据。本综述的目的是介绍日本临床流行病学和药物流行病学方法和使用真实数据的研究。
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引用次数: 2
Development of liquid crystal displays and related improvements to their performances. 液晶显示器的开发及其性能的相关改进。
IF 4.4 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.025
Shunsuke Kobayashi, Tomohiro Miyama, Hidenari Akiyama, Atsushi Ikemura, Michio Kitamura

This review article comprises three contents: 1) a general introduction of liquid crystals (LCs) and their chronological developments until their current status, 2) the descriptions of the achievements of defect-free and optically high-quality LC displays (LCDs), and 3) the description of the new and alternative methods for improving existing LCD technologies in terms of high-speed response, viewing angles, and power consumption through nanoparticle doping and optical compensation on a laboratory level. When these technologies are successfully developed, they will be used in the industry, where the fabrication process will be performed in a large-clean room using automated robotics.

这篇综述文章包括三个内容:1) 液晶(LC)的总体介绍及其按时间顺序发展至今的现状;2) 无缺陷和高质量光学液晶显示器(LCD)的成就描述;3) 通过实验室层面的纳米粒子掺杂和光学补偿,在高速响应、视角和功耗方面改进现有 LCD 技术的新方法和替代方法描述。这些技术开发成功后,将用于工业领域,其制造过程将在大型洁净室中使用自动机器人技术进行。
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引用次数: 0
Implications of glutathione-S transferase P1 in MAPK signaling as a CRAF chaperone: In memory of Dr. Irving Listowsky. 谷胱甘肽- s转移酶P1在MAPK信号中作为CRAF伴侣的意义:纪念Irving Listowsky博士。
IF 3.1 3区 综合性期刊 Q1 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.005
Yoshiro Niitsu, Yasushi Sato, Tetsuji Takayama

Glutathione-S transferase P1 (GSTP1) is one of the glutathione-S transferase isozymes that belong to a family of phase II metabolic isozymes. The unique feature of GSTP1 compared with other GST isozymes is its relatively high expression in malignant tissues. Thus, clinically, GSTP1 serves as a tumor marker and as a refractory factor against certain types of anticancer drugs through its primary function as a detoxifying enzyme. Additionally, recent studies have identified a chaperone activity of GSTP1 involved in the regulation the function of various intracellular proteins, including factors of the growth signaling pathway. In this review, we will first describe the function of GSTP1 and then extend the details onto its role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway, referring to the results of our recent study that proposed a novel autocrine signal loop formed by the CRAF/GSTP1 complex in mutated KRAS and BRAF cancers. Finally, the possibilities of new therapeutic approaches for these cancers by targeting this complex will be discussed.

谷胱甘肽- s转移酶P1 (GSTP1)是谷胱甘肽- s转移酶同工酶之一,属于II期代谢同工酶家族。与其他GST同工酶相比,GSTP1的独特之处在于其在恶性组织中的高表达。因此,在临床上,GSTP1通过其解毒酶的主要功能,作为肿瘤标志物和对某些类型的抗癌药物的难治性因子。此外,最近的研究发现GSTP1的伴侣活性参与调节各种细胞内蛋白的功能,包括生长信号通路的因子。在这篇综述中,我们将首先描述GSTP1的功能,然后将细节扩展到其在丝裂原激活蛋白激酶信号通路中的作用,参考我们最近的研究结果,提出了一种新的自分泌信号回路,由CRAF/GSTP1复合物在突变的KRAS和BRAF癌症中形成。最后,我们将讨论针对这种复合物的新治疗方法的可能性。
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引用次数: 2
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Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences
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