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Considerations for Defining Homelessness in Public Health Data Collection. 在公共卫生数据收集中定义无家可归问题的考虑因素。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231215850
Ashley A Meehan, Caroline J Waddell, Grace E Marx, Kristie E N Clarke, Anna Bratcher, Martha P Montgomery, Ruthanne Marcus, Victoria Ramirez, Emily Mosites
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引用次数: 0
Leveraging Public Health and Public School Partnerships for Local Surveillance of Positive Childhood Experiences. 利用公共卫生和公立学校的合作伙伴关系,对当地积极的童年经历进行监测。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231223707
Frank Spesia, Nancy Swigonski, Cassy White, Mark D Fox, Brett Enneking

Childhood psychosocial experiences can have a lifelong effect on health. These experiences can be measured together as positive and adverse childhood experiences or individually as positive childhood experiences (PCEs) or adverse childhood experiences. Most research on PCEs has focused on how PCEs promote health outcomes. However, limited research has been conducted on the prevalence of PCEs among adolescents in local areas served by public health departments. The St. Joseph County Department of Health developed a study to test the feasibility of surveillance of PCEs through local public health departments and to establish a prevalence for PCE exposure among a population of urban public-school students in Indiana. We conducted a survey in spring 2022 that collected demographic information on students at 2 high schools and 1 middle school and assessed exposure to PCEs. We assessed prevalence of PCEs on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, 4 = always). PCE scores were grouped into low (0-2), medium (3-5), and high (6 or 7). The prevalence of individual PCE items ranged from 35.6% to 86.8%. Among 798 respondents, 189 (23.7%) reported low PCE scores, 396 (49.6%) reported medium scores, and 213 (26.7%) reported high scores. This research demonstrates the feasibility of school-based PCE surveillance and establishes a baseline prevalence of PCE exposure among a population of middle and high school students. These methods are applicable to different contexts and can provide both local health departments and school systems with a new tool to address adverse childhood experiences.

童年的社会心理经历会对健康产生终身影响。这些经历可以作为积极童年经历和不良童年经历一起衡量,也可以作为积极童年经历(PCEs)或不良童年经历单独衡量。关于积极童年经历的大多数研究都集中在积极童年经历如何促进健康。然而,对于公共卫生部门所服务的地方青少年中 PCE 的流行情况,研究却十分有限。圣约瑟夫县卫生局开展了一项研究,以测试通过当地公共卫生部门监测 PCE 的可行性,并确定印第安纳州城市公立学校学生中 PCE 暴露的流行率。我们于 2022 年春季开展了一项调查,收集了 2 所高中和 1 所初中学生的人口统计学信息,并评估了学生接触多氯乙烯的情况。我们采用 5 点李克特量表(0 = 从未、1 = 很少、2 = 有时、3 = 通常、4 = 总是)评估 PCE 的普遍程度。PCE 得分为低(0-2 分)、中(3-5 分)和高(6 或 7 分)。个别 PCE 项目的流行率从 35.6% 到 86.8% 不等。在 798 名受访者中,189 人(23.7%)的 PCE 分数较低,396 人(49.6%)的 PCE 分数中等,213 人(26.7%)的 PCE 分数较高。这项研究证明了校本 PCE 监测的可行性,并确定了初高中学生的 PCE 暴露基线流行率。这些方法适用于不同的环境,可为地方卫生部门和学校系统提供一种新的工具来解决儿童不良经历问题。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign ¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas? in Latinx Communities in California, June 2021-May 2022. COVID-19疫苗接种运动评价“Ándale!”还有什麽Esperas吗?在加州拉丁裔社区,2021年6月至2022年5月。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231204043
Saira Nawaz, Kyle J Moon, Francis Anagbonu, Anne Trinh, Lizette Escobedo, Gloria Itzel Montiel

Objectives: The 12-month vaccination campaign ¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas? was launched to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates in Latinx populations in California by expanding community outreach. The objectives of this evaluation were to (1) determine predictors of vaccination rates and (2) identify barriers to vaccination and potential solutions.

Methods: Five community partners in California serving Latinx populations with high social vulnerability participated in the ¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas? campaign. Community health workers were hired to deliver outreach (virtual, one-on-one, group based, and information dissemination), vaccinations, and supportive services. We collected data on outreach strategy used (method and location), number of vaccinations provided and reasons for delay, and number of times that supportive services were provided. We used regression models to assess significant predictors of vaccinations and supportive services.

Results: Community health workers (N = 146) hired from June 1, 2021, through May 31, 2022, performed outreach engagements (n = 6297) and supportive services (n = 313 796), resulting in 130 413 vaccinations and 28 660 vaccine appointments. The number of vaccinations administered was significantly higher at events in which supportive services were provided versus not provided (coefficient = 34.02; 95% CI, 3.34-64.68; P = .03). The odds ratio of supportive services was 3.67 (95% CI, 1.76-7.55) during virtual outreach and 2.95 (95% CI, 2.37-3.69) during one-on-one outreach (P < .001 for both) as compared with information dissemination encounters. Vaccination concerns were reported among 55.0% of vaccinated survey respondents (67.7%, vaccine confidence; 51.7%, access).

Conclusions: Supportive services facilitate vaccinations, ease transportation and time barriers, and instill confidence among working-class racial and ethnic minority populations.

目的:为期12个月的疫苗接种运动Ándale!还有什麽Esperas吗?旨在通过扩大社区外展,提高加州拉丁裔人口的COVID-19疫苗接种率。本次评估的目的是:(1)确定疫苗接种率的预测因素;(2)确定疫苗接种的障碍和潜在的解决方案。方法:加州的五个社区合作伙伴为拉丁裔高社会脆弱性人群提供服务,参与了“Ándale!还有什麽Esperas吗?运动。聘请社区卫生工作者提供外展服务(虚拟、一对一、以小组为基础和信息传播)、疫苗接种和支持性服务。我们收集了使用的外展策略(方法和地点)、提供的疫苗接种次数和延迟的原因以及提供支持性服务的次数的数据。我们使用回归模型来评估疫苗接种和支持服务的重要预测因素。结果:从2021年6月1日到2022年5月31日,聘用的社区卫生工作者(N = 146)进行了外展活动(N = 6297)和支持服务(N = 313796),导致130 413次疫苗接种和28 660次疫苗预约。在提供支持服务的事件中,接种疫苗的数量明显高于未提供支持服务的事件(系数= 34.02;95% ci, 3.34-64.68;P = .03)。与信息传播接触相比,虚拟外展期间支持服务的优势比为3.67 (95% CI, 1.76-7.55),一对一外展期间支持服务的优势比为2.95 (95% CI, 2.37-3.69)(两者P < 0.001)。接种疫苗的受访者中有55.0%报告了疫苗接种问题(67.7%,疫苗信心;51.7%,访问)。结论:支持性服务促进了疫苗接种,缓解了交通和时间障碍,并在工薪阶层种族和少数民族人群中树立了信心。
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引用次数: 0
Centering Data Sovereignty, Tribal Values, and Practices for Equity in American Indian and Alaska Native Public Health Systems. 以数据主权、部落价值观和美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民公共卫生系统的公平实践为中心。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231199477
Kristine L Rhodes, Abigail Echo-Hawk, Jordan P Lewis, Vanesscia L Cresci, Delight E Satter, Denise A Dillard
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引用次数: 0
Impact of In-Home Handwashing Stations on Hand Hygiene During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Unpiped Rural Alaska Native Homes. 在 COVID-19 大流行期间,家庭洗手台对阿拉斯加无管道农村原住民家庭手部卫生的影响。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241255260
Olivia A Harmon, Tricia S Howe, Jacqualine D Schaeffer, Ramot Adeboyejo, Laura P Eichelberger

Objectives: More than 3300 rural Alaska Native homes lack piped water, impeding hand hygiene. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention partnered with 10 Tribal communities and regional Tribal health organizations to install a low-cost, intermediate-technology water and sanitation system, the Miniature Portable Alternative Sanitation System (Mini-PASS). We assessed the impact of the Mini-PASS handwashing station on handwashing, other water-related uses, and problems encountered over time.

Methods: In this pre-postintervention study, we conducted semi-structured interviews by telephone seasonally with representatives of 71 households with the Mini-PASS from February 2021 through November 2022 to assess the impact of the units on water use and health.

Results: Before Mini-PASS installation, all participating households primarily used washbasins for handwashing. Postintervention, more than 70% of households reported using the Mini-PASS as their primary handwashing method in all 3 follow-up intervals (3, 6-9, and 12 months postintervention). The proportion of households using the handwashing station for other household tasks increased during 12 months, from 51.4% (19 of 37) at 3 months postintervention to 77.8% (21 of 27) at 12 months postintervention. Although approximately 20% to 40% of households reported problems with their handwashing station during the 12 months postintervention, a large proportion of interviewees (47% to 60%) said they were able to conduct repairs themselves.

Conclusions: Households in rural Alaska quickly adopted the Mini-PASS for hand hygiene and other needs and were largely able to troubleshoot problems themselves. Further research evaluating the impact of improved handwashing behaviors facilitated by the Mini-PASS should be conducted.

目标:3300 多户阿拉斯加原住民农村家庭没有自来水,妨碍了手部卫生。在 COVID-19 大流行期间,阿拉斯加原住民部落卫生联合会(Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium)和美国疾病控制与预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)与 10 个部落社区和地区性部落卫生组织合作,安装了一套低成本、中等技术水平的供水和卫生系统--微型便携式替代卫生系统(Mini-PASS)。我们评估了微型便携式替代卫生系统洗手站对洗手、其他与水有关的用途以及随着时间推移所遇到的问题的影响:在这项干预前研究中,我们从 2021 年 2 月到 2022 年 11 月,按季节对 71 户安装了迷你洗手站的家庭代表进行了半结构化电话访谈,以评估该设备对用水和健康的影响:结果:在安装 Mini-PASS 之前,所有参与家庭主要使用洗脸盆洗手。干预后,超过 70% 的家庭表示在所有 3 个随访间隔期(干预后 3 个月、6-9 个月和 12 个月)内都将迷你洗手器作为主要的洗手方法。在 12 个月期间,使用洗手站进行其他家务劳动的家庭比例有所上升,从干预后 3 个月的 51.4%(37 户中的 19 户)上升到干预后 12 个月的 77.8%(27 户中的 21 户)。尽管在干预后的 12 个月内,约有 20% 至 40% 的家庭报告称洗手台出现问题,但大部分受访者(47% 至 60%)表示他们能够自行维修:结论:阿拉斯加农村地区的家庭很快就采用了迷你洗手站来满足手部卫生和其他需求,并且基本上都能自己排除故障。应开展进一步的研究,评估迷你通行证对改善洗手行为的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Implementing a Needs Assessment to Advance Health Equity in Overdose Prevention and Surveillance Initiatives. 实施需求评估,促进用药过量预防和监测行动中的健康公平。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241239905
Tiffany R Winston, Minda Reed, Marissa Roberts, Aashna Panjwani, Jennifer Farfalla, Victoria Pless, Ayana Miles, Cherie Rooks-Peck, Natasha L Underwood

Objectives: State, local, and federal agencies have expanded efforts to address the root causes of overdoses, including health inequity and related social determinants of health. As an Overdose Data to Action (OD2A) technical assistance provider, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) conducted the first national needs assessment to understand capacity and technical assistance needs of OD2A jurisdictions in advancing health equity.

Methods: ASTHO designed and disseminated the OD2A Recipient Health Equity Needs Assessment (RHENA) to 66 OD2A-funded jurisdictions from February to March 2022. OD2A principal investigators and staff were contacted via email and asked to complete the needs assessment within 6 weeks. One coder manually coded open-ended responses, conducted a thematic analysis on the qualitative data, and performed a simple frequency analysis on the quantitative data.

Results: Fifty-two jurisdictions (78.8%) responded, including 36 states, 12 cities/counties, and 2 territories. Most jurisdictions (n = 46; 88.5%) reported having a formal or informal health equity lead in place. Common barriers included a lack of access to data sources (n = 37; 71.2%), lack of partnerships (n = 20; 38.5%), and lack of funding (n = 14; 26.9%). Respondents reported needing more information sharing among jurisdictions and partner organizations, coaching on best practices, and routine discussions such as peer-to-peer learning sessions.

Conclusion: Findings suggest that gaps remain in programmatic policies and principles to address inequities in overdose prevention. Results are being used to identify additional technical assistance opportunities, jurisdictional capacity, and approaches to advance health equity.

目标:州、地方和联邦机构已加大力度解决用药过量的根本原因,包括健康不公平和相关的健康社会决定因素。作为 "过量数据转化为行动"(OD2A)技术援助的提供者,州和地区卫生官员协会(ASTHO)进行了首次全国需求评估,以了解 OD2A 管辖机构在促进健康公平方面的能力和技术援助需求:方法:2022 年 2 月至 3 月期间,ASTHO 设计并向 66 个由 OD2A 资助的辖区分发了 OD2A 受援方健康公平需求评估 (RHENA)。我们通过电子邮件联系了 OD2A 的主要调查人员和工作人员,并要求他们在 6 周内完成需求评估。一名编码员对开放式回答进行了手动编码,对定性数据进行了主题分析,对定量数据进行了简单的频率分析:52 个辖区(78.8%)做出了回应,其中包括 36 个州、12 个市/县和 2 个地区。大多数辖区(n = 46;88.5%)报告已设立正式或非正式的健康公平领导机构。常见的障碍包括缺乏数据来源(n = 37;71.2%)、缺乏合作伙伴(n = 20;38.5%)以及缺乏资金(n = 14;26.9%)。受访者表示,需要在辖区和伙伴组织之间进行更多的信息共享、最佳实践辅导,以及例行讨论,如同行学习会议:调查结果表明,在解决用药过量预防中的不平等问题的计划政策和原则方面仍存在差距。研究结果正被用于确定更多的技术援助机会、辖区能力以及促进健康公平的方法。
{"title":"Implementing a Needs Assessment to Advance Health Equity in Overdose Prevention and Surveillance Initiatives.","authors":"Tiffany R Winston, Minda Reed, Marissa Roberts, Aashna Panjwani, Jennifer Farfalla, Victoria Pless, Ayana Miles, Cherie Rooks-Peck, Natasha L Underwood","doi":"10.1177/00333549241239905","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241239905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>State, local, and federal agencies have expanded efforts to address the root causes of overdoses, including health inequity and related social determinants of health. As an Overdose Data to Action (OD2A) technical assistance provider, the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO) conducted the first national needs assessment to understand capacity and technical assistance needs of OD2A jurisdictions in advancing health equity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>ASTHO designed and disseminated the OD2A Recipient Health Equity Needs Assessment (RHENA) to 66 OD2A-funded jurisdictions from February to March 2022. OD2A principal investigators and staff were contacted via email and asked to complete the needs assessment within 6 weeks. One coder manually coded open-ended responses, conducted a thematic analysis on the qualitative data, and performed a simple frequency analysis on the quantitative data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-two jurisdictions (78.8%) responded, including 36 states, 12 cities/counties, and 2 territories. Most jurisdictions (n = 46; 88.5%) reported having a formal or informal health equity lead in place. Common barriers included a lack of access to data sources (n = 37; 71.2%), lack of partnerships (n = 20; 38.5%), and lack of funding (n = 14; 26.9%). Respondents reported needing more information sharing among jurisdictions and partner organizations, coaching on best practices, and routine discussions such as peer-to-peer learning sessions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings suggest that gaps remain in programmatic policies and principles to address inequities in overdose prevention. Results are being used to identify additional technical assistance opportunities, jurisdictional capacity, and approaches to advance health equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11339672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140194447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
State Priorities and Needs: The Role of Block Grants. 国家优先事项和需求:整笔拨款的作用。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-04 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231205338
Casey P Balio, Stephanie M Mathis, Margaret M Francisco, Michael Meit, Kate E Beatty

Objectives: Block grant funding provides federal financial support to states, with increased flexibility as to how those funds can be allocated at the community level. At the state level, block grant amounts and distributions are often based on outdated formulas that consider population measures and funding environments at the time of their creation. We describe variation in state-level funding allocations for 5 federal block grant programs and the extent to which funding aligns with the current needs of state populations.

Methods: We conducted an analysis in 2022 of state block grant allocations as a function of state-level characteristics for 2015-2019 for all 50 states. We provide descriptive statistics of state block grant allocations and multivariate regression models for each program. Models include base characteristics relevant across programs plus supplemental characteristics based on program-specific goals and state population needs.

Results: Mean state block grant allocations per 1000 population by program ranged from $618 to $21 528 during 2015-2019. Characteristics associated with state allocations varied across block grants. For example, for every 1-percentage-point increase in the percentage of the population living in nonmetropolitan areas, Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant funding was approximately $7 per 1000 population higher and Community Services Block Grant funding was approximately $40 per 1000 population higher. Few supplemental characteristics were associated with allocations.

Conclusions: Current block grant funding does not align with state characteristics and needs. Future research should consider how funds are used at the state level or allocated to local agencies or organizations and compare state block grant allocations with other types of funding mechanisms, such as categorical funding.

目标:整笔拨款为各州提供联邦财政支持,并在如何在社区层面分配这些资金方面增加灵活性。在州一级,整笔拨款的金额和分配通常基于过时的公式,这些公式在创建时考虑了人口指标和资金环境。我们描述了5个联邦整笔拨款项目的州级资金分配的变化,以及资金与州人口当前需求的一致程度。方法:我们在2022年对所有50个州2015-2019年的州整体拨款分配情况进行了分析。我们为每个项目提供了州整体拨款分配的描述性统计数据和多元回归模型。模型包括跨项目相关的基本特征,以及基于项目特定目标和州人口需求的补充特征。结果:2015-2019年,按项目划分,每1000人的平均州整笔拨款从618美元到21528美元不等。与州拨款相关的特征因整笔拨款而异。例如,生活在非大都市地区的人口比例每增加1%,预防性健康和卫生服务整笔拨款约高出每1000人7美元,社区服务整笔赠款约高出约每1000人40美元。很少有补充特征与分配相关。结论:目前的整笔拨款不符合各州的特点和需求。未来的研究应考虑如何在州一级使用资金或将资金分配给地方机构或组织,并将州整体拨款与其他类型的资助机制(如分类资助)进行比较。
{"title":"State Priorities and Needs: The Role of Block Grants.","authors":"Casey P Balio, Stephanie M Mathis, Margaret M Francisco, Michael Meit, Kate E Beatty","doi":"10.1177/00333549231205338","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549231205338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Block grant funding provides federal financial support to states, with increased flexibility as to how those funds can be allocated at the community level. At the state level, block grant amounts and distributions are often based on outdated formulas that consider population measures and funding environments at the time of their creation. We describe variation in state-level funding allocations for 5 federal block grant programs and the extent to which funding aligns with the current needs of state populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an analysis in 2022 of state block grant allocations as a function of state-level characteristics for 2015-2019 for all 50 states. We provide descriptive statistics of state block grant allocations and multivariate regression models for each program. Models include base characteristics relevant across programs plus supplemental characteristics based on program-specific goals and state population needs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean state block grant allocations per 1000 population by program ranged from $618 to $21 528 during 2015-2019. Characteristics associated with state allocations varied across block grants. For example, for every 1-percentage-point increase in the percentage of the population living in nonmetropolitan areas, Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant funding was approximately $7 per 1000 population higher and Community Services Block Grant funding was approximately $40 per 1000 population higher. Few supplemental characteristics were associated with allocations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current block grant funding does not align with state characteristics and needs. Future research should consider how funds are used at the state level or allocated to local agencies or organizations and compare state block grant allocations with other types of funding mechanisms, such as categorical funding.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11284966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71485274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Federal Student Loan Debt in Public Health and the Opportunities for Loan Repayment Programs. 公共卫生领域的联邦学生贷款债务和贷款偿还计划的机会。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231223712
Margaret Tait, Emily Burke, Tim Leshan, Adriane Casalotti, Heather Krasna, Jonathon P Leider

Objectives: A need persists for graduates with public health training in government public health roles; however, earnings for these positions tend to be lower when compared with earnings for people with undergraduate or graduate training who are working in other sectors, such as private health care or pharmaceuticals. This study assessed federal student loan debt associated with education for public health, with an aim to quantify the need that may be met through the federal Public Health Workforce Loan Repayment Program (PHWLRP), which is one tool that policy makers have proposed to incentivize people with public health training to pursue employment in government public health.

Methods: We analyzed federal student loan data provided by the National Center for Education Statistics College Scorecard for the 2018-2019 academic year. We merged these data with the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to estimate the number of degrees awarded. We used Spearman rank correlation to compare associations between debt and annual earnings by award level (bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees).

Results: Across all award levels, the median level of federal student loan debt associated with education for public health was $33 366. The median annual earnings 1 year after graduation were $80 687 for graduates with doctoral degrees and $33 279 for graduates with bachelor's degrees.

Conclusions: As policy makers attempt to strengthen the public health workforce with a focus on funding and implementing the PHWLRP, the existing levels of student debt should be considered to ensure that programs such as the PHWLRP are funded and reflect the needs of graduates and government public health employers.

目标:受过公共卫生培训的毕业生在政府公共卫生岗位上的需求持续存在;然而,与在其他部门(如私人医疗保健或制药)工作的受过本科或研究生培训的人员相比,这些岗位的收入往往较低。本研究评估了与公共卫生教育相关的联邦学生贷款债务,旨在量化通过联邦公共卫生劳动力贷款偿还计划(PHWLRP)可以满足的需求,该计划是政策制定者提出的激励接受过公共卫生培训的人员在政府公共卫生领域就业的工具之一:我们分析了美国国家教育统计中心(National Center for Education Statistics College Scorecard)提供的 2018-2019 学年联邦学生贷款数据。我们将这些数据与中学后教育综合数据系统(Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System)合并,以估算所授予学位的数量。我们使用斯皮尔曼秩相关法比较了不同授予水平(学士、硕士和博士学位)的债务与年收入之间的关系:在所有学位授予水平中,与公共卫生教育相关的联邦学生贷款债务中位数为 33 366 美元。毕业 1 年后,博士学位毕业生的年收入中位数为 80687 美元,学士学位毕业生的年收入中位数为 33279 美元:在政策制定者试图加强公共卫生人才队伍建设,重点资助和实施 PHWLRP 的过程中,应考虑现有的学生债务水平,以确保 PHWLRP 等项目得到资助,并反映毕业生和政府公共卫生雇主的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Electronic Case Reporting Development, Implementation, and Expansion in the United States. 美国电子病例报告的发展、实施和扩展。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241227160
Kimberly Knicely, John W Loonsk, Janet J Hamilton, Annie Fine, Laura A Conn

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for a nationwide health information technology solution that could improve upon manual case reporting and decrease the clinical and administrative burden on the US health care system. We describe the development, implementation, and nationwide expansion of electronic case reporting (eCR), including its effect on public health surveillance and pandemic readiness.

Methods: Multidisciplinary teams developed and implemented a standards-based, shared, scalable, and interoperable eCR infrastructure during 2014-2020. From January 27, 2020, to January 7, 2023, the team conducted a nationwide scale-up effort and determined the number of eCR-capable electronic health record (EHR) products, the number of reportable conditions available within the infrastructure, and technical connections of health care organizations (HCOs) and jurisdictional public health agencies (PHAs) to the eCR infrastructure. The team also conducted data quality studies to determine whether HCOs were discontinuing manual case reporting and early results of eCR timeliness.

Results: During the study period, the number of eCR-capable EHR products developed or in development increased 11-fold (from 3 to 33), the number of reportable conditions available increased 28-fold (from 6 to 173), the number of HCOs connected to the eCR infrastructure increased 143-fold (from 153 to 22 000), and the number of jurisdictional PHAs connected to the eCR infrastructure increased 2.75-fold (from 24 to 66). Data quality reviews with PHAs resulted in select HCOs discontinuing manual case reporting and using eCR-exclusive case reporting in 13 PHA jurisdictions. The timeliness of eCR was <1 minute.

Practice implications: The growth of eCR can revolutionize public health case surveillance by producing data that are more timely and complete than manual case reporting while reducing reporting burden.

导言:COVID-19 大流行凸显了对全国范围内卫生信息技术解决方案的需求,该解决方案可改进人工病例报告,减轻美国卫生保健系统的临床和行政负担。我们介绍了电子病例报告(eCR)的开发、实施和全国推广情况,包括其对公共卫生监测和大流行准备工作的影响:方法:多学科团队在 2014-2020 年间开发并实施了基于标准、共享、可扩展和可互操作的 eCR 基础设施。从 2020 年 1 月 27 日到 2023 年 1 月 7 日,该团队在全国范围内开展了扩展工作,并确定了具备 eCR 功能的电子健康记录 (EHR) 产品数量、基础设施内可用的可报告病症数量,以及医疗机构 (HCO) 和辖区公共卫生机构 (PHAs) 与 eCR 基础设施的技术连接。研究小组还进行了数据质量研究,以确定医疗保健组织是否停止了手动病例报告,以及电子病例报告及时性的早期结果:在研究期间,已开发或正在开发的具有 eCR 功能的电子病历产品数量增加了 11 倍(从 3 个增加到 33 个),可报告病例数量增加了 28 倍(从 6 个增加到 173 个),连接到 eCR 基础设施的 HCO 数量增加了 143 倍(从 153 个增加到 22 000 个),连接到 eCR 基础设施的辖区 PHAs 数量增加了 2.75 倍(从 24 个增加到 66 个)。通过对公共福利机构的数据质量进行审查,选定了 13 个公共福利机构辖区的高 级护理人员办公室停止了手工报告个案的做法,转而使用电子个案报告系统报告个案。eCR 的及时性具有实践意义:与人工病例报告相比,eCR 生成的数据更及时、更完整,同时减轻了报告负担。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Implementation of a Federal Program to Engage Community Partners to Reduce Disparities in Adult COVID-19 Immunization Uptake, United States, 2021-2022. 2021-2022 年,美国设计和实施一项联邦计划,让社区合作伙伴参与其中,以减少成人 COVID-19 免疫接种率方面的差异。
IF 3 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231208642
Samrawit G Ashenafi, Gisela Medina Martinez, Tara C Jatlaoui, Ram Koppaka, Moria Byrne-Zaaloff, Adolph P Falcón, Alexa Frank, Sheree H Keitt, Katherine Matus, Synovia Moss, Charmaine Ruddock, Tracy Sun, Mary B Waterman, Tsu-Yin Wu

Vaccination disparities are part of a larger system of health inequities among racial and ethnic groups in the United States. To increase vaccine equity of racial and ethnic populations, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) designed the Partnering for Vaccine Equity program in January 2021, which funded and supported national, state, local, and community organizations in 50 states-which include Indian Health Service Tribal Areas; Washington, DC; and Puerto Rico-to implement culturally tailored activities to improve access to, availability of, and confidence in COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. To increase vaccine uptake at the local level, CDC partnered with national organizations such as the National Urban League and Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum to engage community-based organizations to take action. Lessons learned from the program include the importance of directly supporting and engaging with the community, providing tailored messages and access to vaccines to reach communities where they are, training messengers who are trusted by those in the community, and providing support to funded partners through trainings on program design and implementation that can be institutionalized and sustained beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Building on these lessons will ensure CDC and other public health partners can continue to advance vaccine equity, increase vaccine uptake, improve health outcomes, and build trust with communities as part of a comprehensive adult immunization infrastructure.

疫苗接种差异是美国种族和民族群体健康不平等大系统的一部分。为了提高种族和民族人口的疫苗接种公平性,美国疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)于 2021 年 1 月制定了 "疫苗公平伙伴计划",资助和支持 50 个州(包括印第安人健康服务部落地区、华盛顿特区和波多黎各)的国家、州、地方和社区组织实施符合当地文化的活动,以提高 COVID-19 和流感疫苗的可及性、可用性和信心。为了提高地方一级的疫苗接种率,疾病预防控制中心与全国城市联盟和亚太裔美国人健康论坛等全国性组织合作,让社区组织参与到行动中来。从该计划中学到的经验包括:必须直接支持社区并与之互动;提供量身定制的信息和疫苗,以便将疫苗送达所在社区;培训受社区居民信任的信使;以及通过有关计划设计和实施的培训为受资助的合作伙伴提供支持,使其在 COVID-19 大流行后仍能制度化和持续下去。借鉴这些经验教训将确保疾病预防控制中心和其他公共卫生合作伙伴能够继续推进疫苗公平、提高疫苗接种率、改善健康结果并与社区建立信任,以此作为全面成人免疫基础设施的一部分。
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