Pub Date : 2024-08-24DOI: 10.1177/00333549241269506
Ian A Myles
{"title":"Response to Griffith: Antiracism in Basic Research on Racial Disparities.","authors":"Ian A Myles","doi":"10.1177/00333549241269506","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241269506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241269506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-15DOI: 10.1177/00333549241267721
Jennifer E O'Brien, Lisa M Jones, Kimberly J Mitchell, Gina Zwerling Kahn
Objectives: Child sex trafficking (CST) is the involvement of minors in the commercial exchange of sex for goods, services, drugs, or money. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected many risk factors associated with CST victimization and the availability of CST services. We examined service providers' perspectives on how the pandemic affected trajectories of CST victimization among young people in the United States.
Methods: We collected qualitative data from 80 law enforcement professionals and service providers working with young people affected by CST from 11 US cities. Semistructured interviews lasted approximately 1 hour and were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded via a grounded theory approach.
Results: We found 3 overarching themes related to the pandemic's effect on CST victimization trajectories: grooming, perpetration, and service provision. Participants described how increased online activity may have increased the risk of CST, even among children without traditional risk factors. However, technology also facilitated young people's agency in seeking help and receiving services. In addition, participants reported increases in virtual service provision that facilitated access to, and availability of, CST services more generally.
Conclusions: Technology use among young people increased during the pandemic, leading to increases in the risks of experiencing technology-facilitated CST. Technology use among young people who experience CST victimization-and how it may differ from young people more generally-is underexplored and may provide insights into prevention and treatment. Collectively, results highlight the need for epidemiologic research to help identify how global and national events affect trajectories of victimization among young people.
{"title":"COVID-19 and Child Sex Trafficking: Qualitative Insights on the Effect of the Pandemic on Victimization and Service Provision.","authors":"Jennifer E O'Brien, Lisa M Jones, Kimberly J Mitchell, Gina Zwerling Kahn","doi":"10.1177/00333549241267721","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241267721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Child sex trafficking (CST) is the involvement of minors in the commercial exchange of sex for goods, services, drugs, or money. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected many risk factors associated with CST victimization and the availability of CST services. We examined service providers' perspectives on how the pandemic affected trajectories of CST victimization among young people in the United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected qualitative data from 80 law enforcement professionals and service providers working with young people affected by CST from 11 US cities. Semistructured interviews lasted approximately 1 hour and were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded via a grounded theory approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found 3 overarching themes related to the pandemic's effect on CST victimization trajectories: grooming, perpetration, and service provision. Participants described how increased online activity may have increased the risk of CST, even among children without traditional risk factors. However, technology also facilitated young people's agency in seeking help and receiving services. In addition, participants reported increases in virtual service provision that facilitated access to, and availability of, CST services more generally.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Technology use among young people increased during the pandemic, leading to increases in the risks of experiencing technology-facilitated CST. Technology use among young people who experience CST victimization-and how it may differ from young people more generally-is underexplored and may provide insights into prevention and treatment. Collectively, results highlight the need for epidemiologic research to help identify how global and national events affect trajectories of victimization among young people.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241267721"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11556450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141988736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-27DOI: 10.1177/00333549241263526
Christian E Johnson, David R Holtgrave, Megan Catlin, Rahul Gupta
Objective: Previous nonfatal overdose is a key risk factor for drug overdose death; however, current nonfatal overdose surveillance is limited to people who receive medical attention. We identified states that tracked nonfatal overdoses treated in prehospital and hospital care settings, assessed the effects of different surveillance methods on the magnitude of nonfatal overdose estimates, and estimated states' nonfatal-to-fatal overdose ratio.
Methods: Two analysts independently reviewed state websites to characterize states' methods of capturing nonfatal overdose events from December 2022 through February 2023. We collected information on surveillance methods in 5 states that met the inclusion criteria, including data source, measure specification, drug(s) involved, and whether states performed deduplication or published mutually exclusive measure specifications to capture unique events across care settings. We calculated nonfatal-to-fatal overdose ratios to assess the effects of different data sources on estimates of nonfatal overdoses.
Results: Illinois, Maine, North Carolina, and West Virginia used syndromic surveillance data and New Jersey used hospital discharge data to track nonfatal overdose-related emergency department visits. Illinois and West Virginia tracked nonfatal overdose-related encounters with emergency medical services. Other states tracked opioid overdoses reversed following naloxone administration by emergency medical services, law enforcement, and community members. Maine, New Jersey, and West Virginia published nonfatal overdose information by using mutually exclusive measure specifications; the number of nonfatal overdoses per fatal overdose in these states ranged from approximately 5:1 to 14:1.
Practice implications: Establishing a standard framework to combine data from existing national surveillance systems in prehospital and hospital care settings can improve nonfatal overdose estimates and enable comparisons between jurisdictions to help decision makers identify areas most in need of essential services.
{"title":"Effects of States' Methods for Estimating Nonfatal Overdose, United States, 2021.","authors":"Christian E Johnson, David R Holtgrave, Megan Catlin, Rahul Gupta","doi":"10.1177/00333549241263526","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241263526","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Previous nonfatal overdose is a key risk factor for drug overdose death; however, current nonfatal overdose surveillance is limited to people who receive medical attention. We identified states that tracked nonfatal overdoses treated in prehospital and hospital care settings, assessed the effects of different surveillance methods on the magnitude of nonfatal overdose estimates, and estimated states' nonfatal-to-fatal overdose ratio.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two analysts independently reviewed state websites to characterize states' methods of capturing nonfatal overdose events from December 2022 through February 2023. We collected information on surveillance methods in 5 states that met the inclusion criteria, including data source, measure specification, drug(s) involved, and whether states performed deduplication or published mutually exclusive measure specifications to capture unique events across care settings. We calculated nonfatal-to-fatal overdose ratios to assess the effects of different data sources on estimates of nonfatal overdoses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Illinois, Maine, North Carolina, and West Virginia used syndromic surveillance data and New Jersey used hospital discharge data to track nonfatal overdose-related emergency department visits. Illinois and West Virginia tracked nonfatal overdose-related encounters with emergency medical services. Other states tracked opioid overdoses reversed following naloxone administration by emergency medical services, law enforcement, and community members. Maine, New Jersey, and West Virginia published nonfatal overdose information by using mutually exclusive measure specifications; the number of nonfatal overdoses per fatal overdose in these states ranged from approximately 5:1 to 14:1.</p><p><strong>Practice implications: </strong>Establishing a standard framework to combine data from existing national surveillance systems in prehospital and hospital care settings can improve nonfatal overdose estimates and enable comparisons between jurisdictions to help decision makers identify areas most in need of essential services.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241263526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/00333549241260166
Amy E Metroka, Vikki Papadouka, Alexandra Ternier, Iris Cheng, Jane R Zucker
Objectives: In 2014, New York City initiated a childcare influenza vaccine requirement to increase influenza vaccination rates among children aged 6-59 months attending city-regulated childcare, including prekindergarten. We evaluated the requirement's effect on vaccination rates in childcare-aged children in New York City.
Methods: We examined influenza vaccination rates in children aged 6-59 months and by age groups of 1, 2, 3, and 4 years for 8 influenza seasons (2012-2013 through 2019-2020), representing 2 seasons before the requirement, 2 seasons during the requirement, 2 seasons after its suspension, and 2 seasons after its reinstatement. We also assessed rates in a comparison group of children aged 5-8 years. We performed a difference-in-differences analysis to compare rate differences in age groups when the requirement was and was not in effect. We considered P < .05 as significant based on the Wald χ2 test.
Results: Influenza vaccination rates among children aged 6-59 months increased 3.7 percentage points (from 47.7% to 51.4%) by the requirement's second year and declined 6.7 percentage points to 44.7% after suspension. After reinstatement, rates increased 10.7 percentage points to 55.4%. Rate changes were most pronounced among 4-year-olds, increasing 12.7 percentage points (from 45.3% to 58.0%) by the requirement's second year, declining 14.1 percentage points to 43.9% after suspension, and increasing 22.2 percentage points to 66.1% after reinstatement. In the comparison group, rates increased 4.9 percentage points (from 36.5% to 41.4%) after reinstatement. Rates increased significantly among 4-year-olds before versus at the initial requirement and decreased significantly after suspension. After reinstatement, rates increased significantly among all groups except 1-year-olds.
Conclusion: The New York City influenza vaccine requirement improved influenza vaccination rates among preschool-aged children, adding to the evidence base showing that vaccine requirements raise vaccination rates.
{"title":"Effect of Childcare Influenza Vaccine Requirement on Vaccination Rates, New York City, 2012-2020.","authors":"Amy E Metroka, Vikki Papadouka, Alexandra Ternier, Iris Cheng, Jane R Zucker","doi":"10.1177/00333549241260166","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241260166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In 2014, New York City initiated a childcare influenza vaccine requirement to increase influenza vaccination rates among children aged 6-59 months attending city-regulated childcare, including prekindergarten. We evaluated the requirement's effect on vaccination rates in childcare-aged children in New York City.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined influenza vaccination rates in children aged 6-59 months and by age groups of 1, 2, 3, and 4 years for 8 influenza seasons (2012-2013 through 2019-2020), representing 2 seasons before the requirement, 2 seasons during the requirement, 2 seasons after its suspension, and 2 seasons after its reinstatement. We also assessed rates in a comparison group of children aged 5-8 years. We performed a difference-in-differences analysis to compare rate differences in age groups when the requirement was and was not in effect. We considered <i>P</i> < .05 as significant based on the Wald χ<sup>2</sup> test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Influenza vaccination rates among children aged 6-59 months increased 3.7 percentage points (from 47.7% to 51.4%) by the requirement's second year and declined 6.7 percentage points to 44.7% after suspension. After reinstatement, rates increased 10.7 percentage points to 55.4%. Rate changes were most pronounced among 4-year-olds, increasing 12.7 percentage points (from 45.3% to 58.0%) by the requirement's second year, declining 14.1 percentage points to 43.9% after suspension, and increasing 22.2 percentage points to 66.1% after reinstatement. In the comparison group, rates increased 4.9 percentage points (from 36.5% to 41.4%) after reinstatement. Rates increased significantly among 4-year-olds before versus at the initial requirement and decreased significantly after suspension. After reinstatement, rates increased significantly among all groups except 1-year-olds.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The New York City influenza vaccine requirement improved influenza vaccination rates among preschool-aged children, adding to the evidence base showing that vaccine requirements raise vaccination rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241260166"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569686/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/00333549241260252
Megan G Hofmeister, Yuna Zhong, Anne C Moorman, Eyasu H Teshale, Christina R Samuel, Philip R Spradling
Objectives: In the United States, hepatitis C is the most commonly reported bloodborne infection. It is a leading cause of liver cancer and death from liver disease and imposes a substantial burden of hospitalization. We sought to describe regional differences in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hospitalizations during 2012 through 2019 to guide planning for hepatitis C elimination.
Methods: We analyzed discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample for 2012 through 2019. We considered hospitalizations to be HCV-related if (1) hepatitis C was the primary diagnosis or (2) hepatitis C was any secondary diagnosis and the primary diagnosis was a liver disease-related condition. We analyzed demographic and clinical characteristics of HCV-related hospitalizations and modeled the annual percentage change in HCV-related hospitalization rates, nationally and according to the 9 US Census Bureau geographic divisions.
Results: During 2012-2019, an estimated 553 900 HCV-related hospitalizations occurred in the United States. The highest hospitalization rate (34.7 per 100 000 population) was in the West South Central region, while the lowest (17.6 per 100 000 population) was in the West North Central region. During 2012-2019, annual hospitalization rates decreased in each region, with decreases ranging from 15.3% in the East South Central region to 48.8% in the Pacific region. By type of health insurance, Medicaid had the highest hospitalization rate nationally and in all but 1 geographic region.
Conclusions: HCV-related hospitalization rates decreased nationally and in each geographic region during 2012-2019; however, decreases were not uniform. Expanded access to direct-acting antiviral treatment in early-stage hepatitis C would reduce future hospitalizations related to advanced liver disease and interrupt HCV transmission.
{"title":"Regional Differences in Hepatitis C-Related Hospitalization Rates, United States, 2012-2019.","authors":"Megan G Hofmeister, Yuna Zhong, Anne C Moorman, Eyasu H Teshale, Christina R Samuel, Philip R Spradling","doi":"10.1177/00333549241260252","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241260252","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In the United States, hepatitis C is the most commonly reported bloodborne infection. It is a leading cause of liver cancer and death from liver disease and imposes a substantial burden of hospitalization. We sought to describe regional differences in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related hospitalizations during 2012 through 2019 to guide planning for hepatitis C elimination.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed discharge data from the National Inpatient Sample for 2012 through 2019. We considered hospitalizations to be HCV-related if (1) hepatitis C was the primary diagnosis or (2) hepatitis C was any secondary diagnosis and the primary diagnosis was a liver disease-related condition. We analyzed demographic and clinical characteristics of HCV-related hospitalizations and modeled the annual percentage change in HCV-related hospitalization rates, nationally and according to the 9 US Census Bureau geographic divisions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 2012-2019, an estimated 553 900 HCV-related hospitalizations occurred in the United States. The highest hospitalization rate (34.7 per 100 000 population) was in the West South Central region, while the lowest (17.6 per 100 000 population) was in the West North Central region. During 2012-2019, annual hospitalization rates decreased in each region, with decreases ranging from 15.3% in the East South Central region to 48.8% in the Pacific region. By type of health insurance, Medicaid had the highest hospitalization rate nationally and in all but 1 geographic region.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HCV-related hospitalization rates decreased nationally and in each geographic region during 2012-2019; however, decreases were not uniform. Expanded access to direct-acting antiviral treatment in early-stage hepatitis C would reduce future hospitalizations related to advanced liver disease and interrupt HCV transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241260252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/00333549241260636
Lorinda Riley, Kristina Hulama, Ian Tapu, Anna Weightmann, Tehani Louis-Perkins, Carly Kajiwara, Kamaile Maldanado, Meldrick Ravida
Objectives: The United Nations (UN) has articulated the right to self-determination as a human right for Indigenous people; however, US states and territories have been slow to operationalize this aspect of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous consultation laws require all federal executive agencies to consult with tribal nations before implementing policies that have a "tribal implication," and these form the cornerstone of US efforts to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Despite these federal efforts, less is known about the degree to which state and territorial laws require consultation with Indigenous communities.
Methods: We reviewed all Indigenous consultation laws identified through a search of 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and 5 territories to provide a holistic picture of how jurisdictions have regulated Indigenous consultation efforts.
Results: Of the 56 states, 49 (87.5%) had at least 1 Indigenous consultation law; the remaining 7 jurisdictions had none. States engaged in Indigenous consultation in various ways, generally falling into 1 of 3 categories: (1) centralized consultation facilitated through an agency or department, (2) indirect consultation through a designated commission, and (3) fragmented Indigenous consultation through discrete laws. Important gaps were identified, including the lack of a definition for Indigenous consultation, the absence of an appeal process, and the need to train state officials on existing policies.
Conclusions: The results provide a baseline on the degree to which US states and territories consult with Indigenous communities and can be used to identify gaps in US compliance with UN human rights mandates.
{"title":"US State and Territorial Indigenous Consultation Laws: A Potential Strategy to Improve the Social Determinants of Health.","authors":"Lorinda Riley, Kristina Hulama, Ian Tapu, Anna Weightmann, Tehani Louis-Perkins, Carly Kajiwara, Kamaile Maldanado, Meldrick Ravida","doi":"10.1177/00333549241260636","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549241260636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The United Nations (UN) has articulated the right to self-determination as a human right for Indigenous people; however, US states and territories have been slow to operationalize this aspect of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous consultation laws require all federal executive agencies to consult with tribal nations before implementing policies that have a \"tribal implication,\" and these form the cornerstone of US efforts to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Despite these federal efforts, less is known about the degree to which state and territorial laws require consultation with Indigenous communities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed all Indigenous consultation laws identified through a search of 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and 5 territories to provide a holistic picture of how jurisdictions have regulated Indigenous consultation efforts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 56 states, 49 (87.5%) had at least 1 Indigenous consultation law; the remaining 7 jurisdictions had none. States engaged in Indigenous consultation in various ways, generally falling into 1 of 3 categories: (1) centralized consultation facilitated through an agency or department, (2) indirect consultation through a designated commission, and (3) fragmented Indigenous consultation through discrete laws. Important gaps were identified, including the lack of a definition for Indigenous consultation, the absence of an appeal process, and the need to train state officials on existing policies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results provide a baseline on the degree to which US states and territories consult with Indigenous communities and can be used to identify gaps in US compliance with UN human rights mandates.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549241260636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11569739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1177/00333549231206404
Amanda Monroy, Jennifer Berry, Selene Brambl, Jennie Mullins, Theresa A Cullen
In the United States, persistent health disparities and preexisting gaps in local public health infrastructure led to disproportionate effects of COVID-19 across populations at high risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. In Pima County, Arizona, equity-centered local government engagement and policy action, multipronged community-based responses, and expansion of historically underfunded local public health infrastructure improved equitable outcomes and addressed multiple systemic factors. This case study examined Pima County's 3-pronged public health response to COVID-19 using an equity-based approach. As a result, COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in Pima County in 2021, compared with being the leading cause of death in Arizona. Strong political support from local elected officials created the authorizing environment for the Pima County Health Department to advance health equity. Passage of a resolution in December 2020, which framed the racial and ethnic health and socioeconomic inequities as a public health crisis, supported innovation and fostered the creation of an Office of Health Equity, a public health policy program, and a data and informatics program. New structures for community engagement were formed, including an ethics committee and a community advisory committee, to ensure a formalized process for community participation in public health actions, during and after the pandemic response. Key lessons learned included (1) the importance of local government support, codified to allow implementation of creative strategies; (2) opening avenues for community voice and engagement in planning and implementation to respond in areas of greatest need; and (3) having flexible funding to sustain an equitable response.
{"title":"Ensuring an Equitable Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pima County, Arizona, Through Local Political Support and Policy Action.","authors":"Amanda Monroy, Jennifer Berry, Selene Brambl, Jennie Mullins, Theresa A Cullen","doi":"10.1177/00333549231206404","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549231206404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, persistent health disparities and preexisting gaps in local public health infrastructure led to disproportionate effects of COVID-19 across populations at high risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. In Pima County, Arizona, equity-centered local government engagement and policy action, multipronged community-based responses, and expansion of historically underfunded local public health infrastructure improved equitable outcomes and addressed multiple systemic factors. This case study examined Pima County's 3-pronged public health response to COVID-19 using an equity-based approach. As a result, COVID-19 was the third leading cause of death in Pima County in 2021, compared with being the leading cause of death in Arizona. Strong political support from local elected officials created the authorizing environment for the Pima County Health Department to advance health equity. Passage of a resolution in December 2020, which framed the racial and ethnic health and socioeconomic inequities as a public health crisis, supported innovation and fostered the creation of an Office of Health Equity, a public health policy program, and a data and informatics program. New structures for community engagement were formed, including an ethics committee and a community advisory committee, to ensure a formalized process for community participation in public health actions, during and after the pandemic response. Key lessons learned included (1) the importance of local government support, codified to allow implementation of creative strategies; (2) opening avenues for community voice and engagement in planning and implementation to respond in areas of greatest need; and (3) having flexible funding to sustain an equitable response.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"16S-22S"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11339671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92156268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-02-15DOI: 10.1177/00333549231223140
Tina J Benoit, Yun Kim, Yangyang Deng, Zheng Li, Lee Harding, Ryan Wiegand, Xiaoyi Deng, Jefferson M Jones, Iachan Ronaldo, Kristie E N Clarke
Objective: We conducted a national US study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence by Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) that included pediatric data and compared the Delta and Omicron periods during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between SVI and seroprevalence of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by period (Delta vs Omicron) and age group.
Methods: We used results of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays of clinical sera specimens (N = 406 469) from 50 US states from September 2021 through February 2022 to estimate seroprevalence overall and by county SVI tercile. Bivariate analyses and multilevel logistic regression models assessed the association of seropositivity with SVI and its themes by age group (0-17, ≥18 y) and period (Delta: September-November 2021; Omicron: December 2021-February 2022).
Results: Aggregate infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence increased at all 3 SVI levels; it ranged from 25.8% to 33.5% in September 2021 and from 53.1% to 63.5% in February 2022. Of the 4 SVI themes, socioeconomic status had the strongest association with seroprevalence. During the Delta period, we found significantly more infections per reported case among people living in a county with high SVI (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76; 95% CI, 2.31-3.21) than in a county with low SVI (OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.33-1.97); we found no significant difference during the Omicron period. Otherwise, findings were consistent across subanalyses by age group and period.
Conclusions: Among both children and adults, and during both the Delta and Omicron periods, counties with high SVI had significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence than counties with low SVI did. These disparities reinforce SVI's value in identifying communities that need tailored prevention efforts during public health emergencies and resources to recover from their effects.
目的:我们在美国开展了一项按社会脆弱性指数(SVI)划分的 SARS-CoV-2 血清流行率的全国性研究,其中包括儿科数据,并对 COVID-19 大流行期间的 Delta 和 Omicron 阶段进行了比较。本研究的目的是按时期(Delta 与 Omicron)和年龄组评估 SVI 与感染诱发的 SARS-CoV-2 抗体血清流行率之间的关联:我们利用 2021 年 9 月至 2022 年 2 月期间美国 50 个州的临床血清标本(N = 406 469)的感染诱导 SARS-CoV-2 抗体检测结果来估算总体血清流行率和各县 SVI 三元组血清流行率。双变量分析和多层次逻辑回归模型评估了血清阳性与 SVI 的相关性,并按年龄组(0-17 岁,≥18 岁)和时间段(Delta:2021 年 9 月至 11 月;Omicron:2021 年 12 月至 2022 年 2 月)对其主题进行了分析:结果:在所有 3 个 SVI 水平上,感染引起的 SARS-CoV-2 抗体血清阳性反应率都有所上升;2021 年 9 月为 25.8%-33.5%,2022 年 2 月为 53.1%-63.5%。在 4 个 SVI 主题中,社会经济地位与血清流行率的关系最为密切。在德尔塔期间,我们发现生活在高 SVI 县的人每报告一例感染病例的几率 [OR] = 2.76;95% CI,2.31-3.21)明显高于生活在低 SVI 县的人每报告一例感染病例的几率(OR = 1.65;95% CI,1.33-1.97);在欧米克隆期间,我们没有发现显著差异。除此之外,不同年龄组和不同时期的子分析结果是一致的:结论:在儿童和成人中,在德尔塔期和奥密克隆期,SVI 高的县的 SARS-CoV-2 抗体血清流行率明显高于 SVI 低的县。这些差异加强了 SVI 的价值,它可以确定在公共卫生突发事件期间需要有针对性的预防工作的社区,以及需要从其影响中恢复的资源。
{"title":"Association Between Social Vulnerability and SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Specimens Collected From Commercial Laboratories, United States, September 2021-February 2022.","authors":"Tina J Benoit, Yun Kim, Yangyang Deng, Zheng Li, Lee Harding, Ryan Wiegand, Xiaoyi Deng, Jefferson M Jones, Iachan Ronaldo, Kristie E N Clarke","doi":"10.1177/00333549231223140","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549231223140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We conducted a national US study of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence by Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) that included pediatric data and compared the Delta and Omicron periods during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the current study was to assess the association between SVI and seroprevalence of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by period (Delta vs Omicron) and age group.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used results of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays of clinical sera specimens (N = 406 469) from 50 US states from September 2021 through February 2022 to estimate seroprevalence overall and by county SVI tercile. Bivariate analyses and multilevel logistic regression models assessed the association of seropositivity with SVI and its themes by age group (0-17, ≥18 y) and period (Delta: September-November 2021; Omicron: December 2021-February 2022).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aggregate infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence increased at all 3 SVI levels; it ranged from 25.8% to 33.5% in September 2021 and from 53.1% to 63.5% in February 2022. Of the 4 SVI themes, socioeconomic status had the strongest association with seroprevalence. During the Delta period, we found significantly more infections per reported case among people living in a county with high SVI (odds ratio [OR] = 2.76; 95% CI, 2.31-3.21) than in a county with low SVI (OR = 1.65; 95% CI, 1.33-1.97); we found no significant difference during the Omicron period. Otherwise, findings were consistent across subanalyses by age group and period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among both children and adults, and during both the Delta and Omicron periods, counties with high SVI had significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence than counties with low SVI did. These disparities reinforce SVI's value in identifying communities that need tailored prevention efforts during public health emergencies and resources to recover from their effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"501-511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11284970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139735977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2024-01-24DOI: 10.1177/00333549231223707
Frank Spesia, Nancy Swigonski, Cassy White, Mark D Fox, Brett Enneking
Childhood psychosocial experiences can have a lifelong effect on health. These experiences can be measured together as positive and adverse childhood experiences or individually as positive childhood experiences (PCEs) or adverse childhood experiences. Most research on PCEs has focused on how PCEs promote health outcomes. However, limited research has been conducted on the prevalence of PCEs among adolescents in local areas served by public health departments. The St. Joseph County Department of Health developed a study to test the feasibility of surveillance of PCEs through local public health departments and to establish a prevalence for PCE exposure among a population of urban public-school students in Indiana. We conducted a survey in spring 2022 that collected demographic information on students at 2 high schools and 1 middle school and assessed exposure to PCEs. We assessed prevalence of PCEs on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, 4 = always). PCE scores were grouped into low (0-2), medium (3-5), and high (6 or 7). The prevalence of individual PCE items ranged from 35.6% to 86.8%. Among 798 respondents, 189 (23.7%) reported low PCE scores, 396 (49.6%) reported medium scores, and 213 (26.7%) reported high scores. This research demonstrates the feasibility of school-based PCE surveillance and establishes a baseline prevalence of PCE exposure among a population of middle and high school students. These methods are applicable to different contexts and can provide both local health departments and school systems with a new tool to address adverse childhood experiences.
{"title":"Leveraging Public Health and Public School Partnerships for Local Surveillance of Positive Childhood Experiences.","authors":"Frank Spesia, Nancy Swigonski, Cassy White, Mark D Fox, Brett Enneking","doi":"10.1177/00333549231223707","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549231223707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Childhood psychosocial experiences can have a lifelong effect on health. These experiences can be measured together as positive and adverse childhood experiences or individually as positive childhood experiences (PCEs) or adverse childhood experiences. Most research on PCEs has focused on how PCEs promote health outcomes. However, limited research has been conducted on the prevalence of PCEs among adolescents in local areas served by public health departments. The St. Joseph County Department of Health developed a study to test the feasibility of surveillance of PCEs through local public health departments and to establish a prevalence for PCE exposure among a population of urban public-school students in Indiana. We conducted a survey in spring 2022 that collected demographic information on students at 2 high schools and 1 middle school and assessed exposure to PCEs. We assessed prevalence of PCEs on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, 4 = always). PCE scores were grouped into low (0-2), medium (3-5), and high (6 or 7). The prevalence of individual PCE items ranged from 35.6% to 86.8%. Among 798 respondents, 189 (23.7%) reported low PCE scores, 396 (49.6%) reported medium scores, and 213 (26.7%) reported high scores. This research demonstrates the feasibility of school-based PCE surveillance and establishes a baseline prevalence of PCE exposure among a population of middle and high school students. These methods are applicable to different contexts and can provide both local health departments and school systems with a new tool to address adverse childhood experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"425-431"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11284967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139543048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01Epub Date: 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1177/00333549231204043
Saira Nawaz, Kyle J Moon, Francis Anagbonu, Anne Trinh, Lizette Escobedo, Gloria Itzel Montiel
Objectives: The 12-month vaccination campaign ¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas? was launched to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates in Latinx populations in California by expanding community outreach. The objectives of this evaluation were to (1) determine predictors of vaccination rates and (2) identify barriers to vaccination and potential solutions.
Methods: Five community partners in California serving Latinx populations with high social vulnerability participated in the ¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas? campaign. Community health workers were hired to deliver outreach (virtual, one-on-one, group based, and information dissemination), vaccinations, and supportive services. We collected data on outreach strategy used (method and location), number of vaccinations provided and reasons for delay, and number of times that supportive services were provided. We used regression models to assess significant predictors of vaccinations and supportive services.
Results: Community health workers (N = 146) hired from June 1, 2021, through May 31, 2022, performed outreach engagements (n = 6297) and supportive services (n = 313 796), resulting in 130 413 vaccinations and 28 660 vaccine appointments. The number of vaccinations administered was significantly higher at events in which supportive services were provided versus not provided (coefficient = 34.02; 95% CI, 3.34-64.68; P = .03). The odds ratio of supportive services was 3.67 (95% CI, 1.76-7.55) during virtual outreach and 2.95 (95% CI, 2.37-3.69) during one-on-one outreach (P < .001 for both) as compared with information dissemination encounters. Vaccination concerns were reported among 55.0% of vaccinated survey respondents (67.7%, vaccine confidence; 51.7%, access).
Conclusions: Supportive services facilitate vaccinations, ease transportation and time barriers, and instill confidence among working-class racial and ethnic minority populations.
{"title":"Evaluation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign <i>¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas?</i> in Latinx Communities in California, June 2021-May 2022.","authors":"Saira Nawaz, Kyle J Moon, Francis Anagbonu, Anne Trinh, Lizette Escobedo, Gloria Itzel Montiel","doi":"10.1177/00333549231204043","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549231204043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The 12-month vaccination campaign <i>¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas?</i> was launched to increase COVID-19 vaccination rates in Latinx populations in California by expanding community outreach. The objectives of this evaluation were to (1) determine predictors of vaccination rates and (2) identify barriers to vaccination and potential solutions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five community partners in California serving Latinx populations with high social vulnerability participated in the <i>¡Ándale! ¿Qué Esperas?</i> campaign. Community health workers were hired to deliver outreach (virtual, one-on-one, group based, and information dissemination), vaccinations, and supportive services. We collected data on outreach strategy used (method and location), number of vaccinations provided and reasons for delay, and number of times that supportive services were provided. We used regression models to assess significant predictors of vaccinations and supportive services.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Community health workers (N = 146) hired from June 1, 2021, through May 31, 2022, performed outreach engagements (n = 6297) and supportive services (n = 313 796), resulting in 130 413 vaccinations and 28 660 vaccine appointments. The number of vaccinations administered was significantly higher at events in which supportive services were provided versus not provided (coefficient = 34.02; 95% CI, 3.34-64.68; <i>P</i> = .03). The odds ratio of supportive services was 3.67 (95% CI, 1.76-7.55) during virtual outreach and 2.95 (95% CI, 2.37-3.69) during one-on-one outreach (<i>P</i> < .001 for both) as compared with information dissemination encounters. Vaccination concerns were reported among 55.0% of vaccinated survey respondents (67.7%, vaccine confidence; 51.7%, access).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Supportive services facilitate vaccinations, ease transportation and time barriers, and instill confidence among working-class racial and ethnic minority populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"44S-52S"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11339681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92156269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}