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Accessibility of Public Health Knowledge: The Presence of Public Health Courses in General Education Programs at US Public Universities. 公共卫生知识的可及性:美国公立大学通识教育项目中公共卫生课程的存在。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-20 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241310367
Susan Roberts-Dobie, Disa Cornish, Jeremy Schraffenberger

Objectives: In 2003, the Institute of Medicine released the report Who Will Keep the Public Healthy?, in which the authors recommended that "all undergraduates have access to education in public health." The objective of this study was to explore the current status of that recommendation in public institutions in the United States with schools or programs accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH).

Methods: We used a systematic qualitative content analysis approach, specifically a manifest analysis strategy, focusing on data that were available, tangible, and observable. To provide a snapshot of public health coursework in the general education curriculum, we reviewed the spring 2023 curriculum posted in online catalogs at US public colleges and universities with CEPH-accredited schools or programs of public health.

Results: Of the 132 institutions represented in the analysis, 100 (75.8%) offered at least 1 public health course in their general education course offerings in the spring 2023 term and 32 (24.2%) offered no public health-related courses. None of the institutions required a public health course to graduate.

Conclusion: The recommendation for all students to have access to public health education in undergraduate programs was a timely and relevant imperative in 2003, and it is increasingly so today. We encourage colleges and universities with schools and programs accredited by CEPH to lead a renewed effort to expand access to public health education for undergraduates in the United States through general education programs.

目标:2003年,医学研究所发布了《谁将保持公众健康?》,其中作者建议“所有本科生都有机会接受公共卫生教育。”本研究的目的是探讨该建议在美国公共卫生教育委员会(CEPH)认可的学校或项目的公共机构中的现状。方法:我们使用了系统的定性内容分析方法,特别是清单分析策略,重点关注可用的、有形的和可观察的数据。为了提供通识教育课程中公共卫生课程的概况,我们回顾了美国公立学院和大学的在线目录上公布的2023年春季课程,这些学院和大学拥有ceph认证的学校或公共卫生项目。结果:在分析的132所院校中,100所(75.8%)在2023年春季的通识教育课程中至少开设了1门公共卫生课程,32所(24.2%)没有开设公共卫生课程。这些机构都不要求毕业生修公共卫生课程。结论:在2003年,建议所有学生在本科课程中接受公共卫生教育是一项及时和相关的任务,并且在今天越来越重要。我们鼓励拥有CEPH认可的学院和项目的学院和大学重新努力,通过通识教育项目扩大美国本科生接受公共卫生教育的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of e-Cigarette and Cigarette Use and Dual Use Associations With Disease: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 电子烟和香烟使用及双重使用与疾病关联的比较:最新的系统综述和荟萃分析。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-02-17 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251403349
Stanton A Glantz, Andre Luiz Oliveira da Silva

Objective: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often presented as a less harmful alternative to combustible cigarettes (hereinafter, cigarettes). This study updates an earlier meta-analysis of 107 population studies of e-cigarette disease risks.

Methods: We pooled data from studies in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PsychINFO from January 1, 2005, through January 1, 2025, in a random-effects meta-analysis if we identified ≥5 studies for a disease outcome.

Results: We identified 142 odds ratios (ORs) (107 [75%] from cross-sectional studies and 35 [25%] from longitudinal studies) from 124 articles, including 18 new articles. Comparing e-cigarette use with cigarette use, the ORs (95% CIs) for metabolic dysfunction (1.00 [0.91-1.09]) and oral disease (0.89 [0.78-1.02]) were not different from 1.0. The ORs (95% CIs) for cardiovascular disease (0.76 [0.58-0.99]), stroke (0.62 [0.47-0.82]), asthma (0.84 [0.74-0.95]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.55 [0.40-0.76]), and fetal growth (0.64 [0.44-0.92]) were ≤1.0. Pooled ORs for dual use versus cigarette use were increased for all outcomes (range, 1.22-1.42) except fetal growth (0.99). Pooled ORs for e-cigarette use, compared with nonuse of e-cigarettes, were increased for all outcomes (e-cigarette range, 1.24-1.53) except fetal growth (1.20). Dual use was associated with increased ORs for all outcomes (1.49-3.17). Studies had a low risk of bias. Results were generally not sensitive to study characteristics. Confidence in conclusions was mostly moderate to high except for stroke, where confidence was low for some outcomes, and fetal growth, for which confidence was very low for all outcomes.

Conclusion: The growing literature increases confidence that e-cigarette use is associated with disease outcomes indistinguishable from or approaching cigarette use, with dual use associated with higher ORs. E-cigarettes should not be promoted as a safer alternative to cigarettes.

目的:电子烟(电子烟)通常被认为是可燃香烟(以下简称香烟)的一种危害较小的替代品。这项研究更新了先前对107项电子烟疾病风险人群研究的荟萃分析。方法:我们将2005年1月1日至2025年1月1日期间PubMed、EMBASE、Web of Science和PsychINFO的研究数据汇集在一起,进行随机效应荟萃分析,如果我们确定了≥5项疾病结局的研究。结果:我们从124篇文章(包括18篇新文章)中确定了142个比值比(ORs)(横断面研究107个[75%],纵向研究35个[25%])。比较电子烟和香烟的使用,代谢功能障碍(1.00[0.91-1.09])和口腔疾病(0.89[0.78-1.02])的or (95% ci)与1.0没有差异。心血管疾病(0.76[0.58-0.99])、中风(0.62[0.47-0.82])、哮喘(0.84[0.74-0.95])、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(0.55[0.40-0.76])、胎儿生长(0.64[0.44-0.92])的or (95% ci)均≤1.0。除胎儿生长(0.99)外,双重使用与卷烟使用的综合or值在所有结局中均增加(范围,1.22-1.42)。与不使用电子烟相比,使用电子烟的综合or值在除胎儿生长(1.20)外的所有结局(电子烟范围,1.24-1.53)中都有所增加。双重使用与所有结果的or增加相关(1.49-3.17)。研究的偏倚风险较低。结果通常对研究特征不敏感。结论的置信度大多为中等至高,除了中风,其中一些结果的置信度较低,胎儿生长,对所有结果的置信度都很低。结论:越来越多的文献增加了人们的信心,即电子烟的使用与与卷烟使用难以区分或接近卷烟使用的疾病结局相关,双重使用与更高的ORs相关。电子烟不应该作为香烟更安全的替代品来推广。
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引用次数: 0
Differences in Hospitalization and Inpatient Death Patterns by Incarceration Status in 31 US Jurisdictions, 2021. 2021年美国31个司法管辖区按监禁状况划分的住院和住院患者死亡模式差异
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251414402
Byron S Kennedy, Robert P Richeson, Amy J Houde

Objective: Population-based studies that examine both hospitalization and inpatient death patterns by incarceration status are sparse. We sought to compare hospitalization and inpatient death patterns by incarceration status in the United States.

Methods: In this retrospective study of adults aged 18 to 64 years, we used the 2021 State Inpatient Database files from 31 US jurisdictions, which included discharges from general acute care hospitals. We compared hospitalization and inpatient death patterns among incarcerated adults versus nonincarcerated adults using adjusted rate ratios (ARRs) and 95% CIs, estimated with negative binomial regression. We examined discharges overall and discharges by nonoverlapping hospital service line.

Results: The study population included 6.3 million hospital discharges (incarcerated, 1.1%; mean [SD] age, 47.5 [12.7] y; women, 46.8%; non-Hispanic White race and ethnicity, 36.6%), with 2.2% inpatient deaths. For discharges overall, incarcerated adults had higher rates of hospitalization (ARR = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.2-3.8) than nonincarcerated adults, which was driven mainly by higher rates of inpatient admissions classified as mental health/substance use (ARR = 11.8; 95% CI, 8.5-16.8) and injury (ARR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.2) among incarcerated adults than among nonincarcerated adults. However, surgical (ARR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.6) and medical (ARR = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7-0.9) admissions were lower among incarcerated adults than among nonincarcerated adults. Overall, incarcerated adults had lower inpatient mortality during their length of stay (ARR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.4-0.5) than nonincarcerated adults, which was consistent by hospital service line.

Conclusions: Considering hospitalization and mortality together offers a clear view of health care use among incarcerated adults and underscores the need for integrated correctional-hospital data systems to inform public health practice and policy.

目的:以人群为基础的研究,通过监禁状况来检查住院和住院患者死亡模式的研究很少。我们试图通过美国的监禁状况来比较住院和住院患者的死亡模式。方法:在这项对18至64岁成年人的回顾性研究中,我们使用了来自美国31个司法管辖区的2021年州住院患者数据库文件,其中包括普通急性护理医院的出院患者。我们使用校正率比(ARRs)和95% ci,用负二项回归估计,比较在押成年人与非在押成年人的住院和住院死亡模式。我们考察了总体出院率和非重叠医院服务线出院率。结果:研究人群包括630万出院患者(被监禁者,1.1%;平均[SD]年龄,47.5[12.7]岁;女性,46.8%;非西班牙裔白人,36.6%),住院患者死亡率为2.2%。总的来说,被监禁的成年人比未被监禁的成年人有更高的住院率(ARR = 2.9; 95% CI, 2.2-3.8),这主要是由于被监禁的成年人比未被监禁的成年人有更高的住院率,被分类为精神健康/物质使用(ARR = 11.8; 95% CI, 8.5-16.8)和受伤(ARR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.6-2.2)。然而,在被监禁的成年人中,手术(ARR = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.6)和内科(ARR = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7-0.9)入院率低于未被监禁的成年人。总体而言,被监禁的成年人在住院期间的住院死亡率低于未被监禁的成年人(ARR = 0.4; 95% CI, 0.4-0.5),这与医院服务线一致。结论:综合考虑住院和死亡率,可以清楚地了解在押成年人的医疗保健使用情况,并强调需要建立综合的惩教-医院数据系统,为公共卫生实践和政策提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Association Between Soda or Sports Drink Consumption and a Past-Year Dentist Visit: National Survey Among American Indian or Alaska Native High School Students, 2023. 苏打水或运动饮料消费与过去一年的牙医访问之间的关系:美国印第安人或阿拉斯加本土高中生的全国调查,2023。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251412312
Alexander H W Molinari, Delight E Satter, Caitlin L Merlo, Mei Lin, Ekaterina Mauritson, Ryan Saelee, Julianna Reece

Objectives: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the leading contributor of added sugars in the diets of children, adolescents, and young adults aged 2 to 19 years and are associated with chronic diseases, including oral health conditions such as dental caries. We assessed the possible association between the consumption of soda or sports drinks (SSDs), 2 types of SSBs, and past-year dentist visits among American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) high school students because this population has unique challenges related to oral health (eg, barriers to access to care) that might increase SSD consumption and decrease the frequency of dentist visits.

Methods: We analyzed data from the 2023 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey and used a 3-stage cluster sampling design to produce a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 through 12 attending public and private schools. We examined the association between consumption of SSDs or water and having seen a dentist during the past 12 months for a dental check-up, examination, teeth cleaning, or other dental work among 2770 AI/AN students.

Results: Among 2770 AI/AN students, the weighted prevalence of having a dentist visit during the past 12 months was 67.6%. Students who consumed SSDs more frequently were less likely to have had a past-year dentist visit (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9), whereas students who drank water ≥3 times per day were more likely to have had a past-year dentist visit (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7).

Conclusions: Community efforts to reduce consumption of SSBs such as SSDs, encourage healthier beverages such as water, and promote oral health visits in AI/AN communities could improve oral health outcomes.

目标:含糖饮料(SSBs)是2至19岁儿童、青少年和年轻人饮食中添加糖的主要来源,并与包括龋齿等口腔健康状况在内的慢性疾病有关。我们评估了美国印第安人或阿拉斯加原住民(AI/AN)高中学生中苏打水或运动饮料(SSD)、两种类型的ssb的消费与过去一年的牙医就诊之间的可能联系,因为这一人群在口腔健康方面面临着独特的挑战(例如,获得护理的障碍),这可能会增加SSD的消费并减少牙医就诊的频率。方法:我们分析了来自2023年全国青少年风险行为调查的数据,并使用三阶段整群抽样设计来产生具有全国代表性的9至12年级公立和私立学校学生样本。我们调查了2770名AI/AN学生在过去12个月内是否看过牙医进行牙科检查、牙齿检查、牙齿清洁或其他牙科工作,与ssd或水的消耗之间的关系。结果:2770名AI/AN学生过去12个月的牙科就诊加权患病率为67.6%。使用固态硬盘频率较高的学生过去一年去看牙医的可能性较小(校正患病率= 0.7;95% CI, 0.5-0.9),而每天喝水≥3次的学生过去一年去看牙医的可能性较大(校正患病率= 1.3;95% CI, 1.0-1.7)。结论:在AI/AN社区,社区努力减少SSBs(如ssd)的消费,鼓励更健康的饮料(如水),并促进口腔健康就诊可以改善口腔健康结果。
{"title":"Association Between Soda or Sports Drink Consumption and a Past-Year Dentist Visit: National Survey Among American Indian or Alaska Native High School Students, 2023.","authors":"Alexander H W Molinari, Delight E Satter, Caitlin L Merlo, Mei Lin, Ekaterina Mauritson, Ryan Saelee, Julianna Reece","doi":"10.1177/00333549251412312","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549251412312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the leading contributor of added sugars in the diets of children, adolescents, and young adults aged 2 to 19 years and are associated with chronic diseases, including oral health conditions such as dental caries. We assessed the possible association between the consumption of soda or sports drinks (SSDs), 2 types of SSBs, and past-year dentist visits among American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) high school students because this population has unique challenges related to oral health (eg, barriers to access to care) that might increase SSD consumption and decrease the frequency of dentist visits.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from the 2023 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey and used a 3-stage cluster sampling design to produce a nationally representative sample of students in grades 9 through 12 attending public and private schools. We examined the association between consumption of SSDs or water and having seen a dentist during the past 12 months for a dental check-up, examination, teeth cleaning, or other dental work among 2770 AI/AN students.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 2770 AI/AN students, the weighted prevalence of having a dentist visit during the past 12 months was 67.6%. Students who consumed SSDs more frequently were less likely to have had a past-year dentist visit (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9), whereas students who drank water ≥3 times per day were more likely to have had a past-year dentist visit (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Community efforts to reduce consumption of SSBs such as SSDs, encourage healthier beverages such as water, and promote oral health visits in AI/AN communities could improve oral health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549251412312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12882833/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Simplifying Public Health Recommendations: Use of a Public CDC Chatbot During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2022-2024. 简化公共卫生建议:2022-2024年COVID-19大流行期间CDC公共聊天机器人的使用
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251414090
François M Castonguay, Melissa H Boyette, Dolly Katz, Tou Fong Lee, Rebecca McDaniel, Palak Patel, W Fred Smith, Peter D Way, Martin I Meltzer

To help people with COVID-19 and their contacts quickly understand guidelines to prevent transmission, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed an interactive calculator that indicated whether and how long to stay home, get tested, wear face masks, and adopt other precautions. The CDC COVID-19 Calculator used a web-based chatbot format that mimicked a 2-person conversation. The calculator had the following design specifications: (1) reach an audience of people with COVID-19 (who tested positive or were symptomatic for COVID-19) and their close contacts and (2) provide an answer to the question "When can I leave home?" in less than 1 minute. To measure the use of the calculator, we analyzed the number of anonymous unique visitors and median visit time. The calculator had approximately 13.6 million visitors by March 1, 2024. The median visit time was 38 seconds, and approximately 65% of visits were via smartphones. The millions of unique visitors to the CDC COVID-19 Calculator demonstrated the usefulness of a conversational chatbot format to provide public health guidance. Future research should assess whether such tools influence behavior.

为了帮助COVID-19患者及其接触者迅速了解预防传播的指南,美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)开发了一个交互式计算器,显示是否以及需要多长时间呆在家里、接受检测、戴口罩和采取其他预防措施。疾病预防控制中心的COVID-19计算器使用了一种基于网络的聊天机器人格式,模仿了两人的对话。该计算器的设计要求如下:(1)面向新冠病毒感染者(检测呈阳性或有新冠病毒症状)及其密切接触者,(2)在1分钟内回答“我什么时候可以离开家?”为了衡量计算器的使用情况,我们分析了匿名唯一访问者的数量和中位数访问时间。到2024年3月1日,该计算器的访问量约为1360万。平均访问时间为38秒,大约65%的访问是通过智能手机进行的。CDC COVID-19计算器的数百万独立访问者证明了会话聊天机器人格式在提供公共卫生指导方面的有用性。未来的研究应该评估这些工具是否会影响行为。
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引用次数: 0
Leveraging Syndromic Surveillance for Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis Surveillance in Maine, 2018-2022. 利用综合征监测在缅因州狂犬病暴露后预防监测,2018-2022。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251413549
Liz Lamere, Haris Sohail, Sara Robinson

Objectives: In Maine, rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) administration is reportable to public health. We sought to determine the objectives of the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (Maine CDC's) PEP administration surveillance system and whether the method of conducting surveillance through a manual health care provider (hereinafter, provider) reporting system meets these objectives. We also compared provider-reported PEP administrations with administrations identified in emergency department (ED) data.

Methods: During September 2022, we interviewed 8 Maine CDC epidemiologists to determine system objectives. We obtained and compared PEP administration data from provider reporting system and ED data and summarized each dataset by year, exposing animal, and facility. We assessed the ability of each source to address surveillance system objectives by comparing data elements with each objective.

Results: Maine CDC epidemiologists described the following objectives of the surveillance system: (1) track potential human exposures to rabid or potentially rabid animals, (2) document PEP administration trends, and (3) ensure PEP is correctly administered. They determined the third objective is not being achieved by the current system. During January 2018-June 2022, we identified 538 provider-reported PEP administrations and 1191 PEP administrations through ED data. ED data were more timely than provider reports and identified more PEP administrations, but 28% of ED records did not contain information on the exposing animal.

Conclusions: Maine CDC can use ED data to document PEP administration trends in near-real time. ED data obtained from syndromic surveillance might be used in tandem with or in place of Maine CDC's traditional PEP surveillance system. We are building more complex queries that more fully capture PEP administrations to have a thorough understanding of PEP administered in Maine.

目的:在缅因州,狂犬病暴露后预防(PEP)管理是向公共卫生报告。我们试图确定缅因州疾病控制和预防中心(Maine CDC) PEP管理监测系统的目标,以及通过人工卫生保健提供者(以下简称提供者)报告系统进行监测的方法是否符合这些目标。我们还比较了提供者报告的PEP管理与急诊科(ED)数据中确定的管理。方法:在2022年9月期间,我们采访了8名缅因州疾病预防控制中心的流行病学家,以确定系统目标。我们从供应商报告系统中获得PEP管理数据并与ED数据进行比较,并按年总结每个数据集,暴露动物和设施。我们通过比较数据元素与每个目标来评估每个来源实现监测系统目标的能力。结果:缅因州疾病预防控制中心流行病学家描述了监测系统的以下目标:(1)跟踪潜在的人类暴露于狂犬病或潜在的狂犬病动物,(2)记录PEP的管理趋势,(3)确保PEP的正确管理。他们认为,目前的制度没有实现第三个目标。在2018年1月至2022年6月期间,我们通过ED数据确定了538个供应商报告的PEP管理和1191个PEP管理。ED数据比提供者报告更及时,并确定了更多的PEP管理,但28%的ED记录不包含暴露动物的信息。结论:缅因州疾病预防控制中心可以使用ED数据近实时地记录PEP给药趋势。从综合征监测中获得的ED数据可以与缅因州疾病预防控制中心的传统PEP监测系统一起使用或代替。我们正在构建更复杂的查询,以更全面地捕获PEP管理,从而彻底了解缅因州管理的PEP。
{"title":"Leveraging Syndromic Surveillance for Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis Surveillance in Maine, 2018-2022.","authors":"Liz Lamere, Haris Sohail, Sara Robinson","doi":"10.1177/00333549251413549","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00333549251413549","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In Maine, rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) administration is reportable to public health. We sought to determine the objectives of the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (Maine CDC's) PEP administration surveillance system and whether the method of conducting surveillance through a manual health care provider (hereinafter, provider) reporting system meets these objectives. We also compared provider-reported PEP administrations with administrations identified in emergency department (ED) data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>During September 2022, we interviewed 8 Maine CDC epidemiologists to determine system objectives. We obtained and compared PEP administration data from provider reporting system and ED data and summarized each dataset by year, exposing animal, and facility. We assessed the ability of each source to address surveillance system objectives by comparing data elements with each objective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maine CDC epidemiologists described the following objectives of the surveillance system: (1) track potential human exposures to rabid or potentially rabid animals, (2) document PEP administration trends, and (3) ensure PEP is correctly administered. They determined the third objective is not being achieved by the current system. During January 2018-June 2022, we identified 538 provider-reported PEP administrations and 1191 PEP administrations through ED data. ED data were more timely than provider reports and identified more PEP administrations, but 28% of ED records did not contain information on the exposing animal.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Maine CDC can use ED data to document PEP administration trends in near-real time. ED data obtained from syndromic surveillance might be used in tandem with or in place of Maine CDC's traditional PEP surveillance system. We are building more complex queries that more fully capture PEP administrations to have a thorough understanding of PEP administered in Maine.</p>","PeriodicalId":20793,"journal":{"name":"Public Health Reports","volume":" ","pages":"333549251413549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12872418/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146114028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Medicaid Expansion and Rural-Urban Disparities in Postpartum Medicaid Coverage. 医疗补助扩大和产后医疗补助覆盖的城乡差异。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251403896
Elizabeth Boggs, Andrei Stefanescu, Mark Gritz, Rich Lindrooth, Lindsay Admon, Renuka Tipirneni

Objective: Rural residents experience higher rates of postpartum uninsurance than their urban counterparts, contributing to rural-urban disparities in maternal health outcomes. We examined how Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act affected rural-urban disparities in the rates of postpartum health insurance coverage among low-income women.

Methods: We used nationally representative data from the 2010-2012 and 2015-2019 American Community Survey to compare rates of postpartum health insurance coverage among low-income women in states that expanded Medicaid and states that did not expand Medicaid (difference-in-differences analysis). We analyzed changes in disparities in postpartum health insurance coverage between women living in rural areas and women living in urban areas (difference-in-difference-in-differences analysis).

Results: Women living in rural areas had the greatest increases in postpartum health insurance coverage, with a 17.0 percentage-point increase in states that expanded Medicaid (95% CI, 13.9-20.2) and an 11.5 percentage-point increase in states that did not expand Medicaid (95% CI, 9.2-13.8). Any postpartum health insurance coverage among rural residents relative to urban residents increased by 4.8 percentage points (95% CI, 2.0-7.7) in states that expanded Medicaid compared with states that did not. We observed similar trends for Medicaid postpartum health insurance coverage specifically.

Conclusions: Rural women had greater increases in postpartum health insurance coverage relative to urban women following Medicaid expansion, thereby reducing geographic disparities in health insurance coverage during the postpartum period. Future research should focus on whether disproportionate gains in health insurance coverage for rural communities led to increased access to care during the postpartum period.

目的:农村居民的产后无保险率高于城市居民,导致城乡孕产妇保健结果的差异。我们研究了医疗补助计划在平价医疗法案下的扩张如何影响城乡低收入妇女产后医疗保险覆盖率的差异。方法:我们使用2010-2012年和2015-2019年美国社区调查的全国代表性数据,比较扩大了医疗补助计划的州和未扩大医疗补助计划的州低收入妇女的产后健康保险覆盖率(差异中差异分析)。我们分析了生活在农村地区的妇女和生活在城市地区的妇女在产后健康保险覆盖率方面的差异变化(差异中的差异分析)。结果:生活在农村地区的妇女产后健康保险覆盖率增加最多,扩大了医疗补助的州增加了17.0个百分点(95% CI, 13.9-20.2),没有扩大医疗补助的州增加了11.5个百分点(95% CI, 9.2-13.8)。与没有扩大医疗补助的州相比,扩大医疗补助的州农村居民的产后医疗保险覆盖率相对于城市居民提高了4.8个百分点(95%置信区间,2.0-7.7)。我们特别观察到医疗补助产后健康保险的类似趋势。结论:在医疗补助扩大后,农村妇女的产后健康保险覆盖率比城市妇女有更大的增加,从而减少了产后健康保险覆盖率的地域差异。未来的研究应侧重于农村社区医疗保险覆盖面的不成比例的增加是否导致产后期间获得护理的机会增加。
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引用次数: 0
Compliance With England's Calorie Labeling Regulations 3 Years After Policy Implementation. 英国卡路里标签法规实施3年后的合规情况。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251412799
Oliver Huse, Alexandra Kalbus

We examined compliance with England's calorie labeling regulations, which require large out-of-home food businesses to display the calories of prepared food and drink at the point of choice, such as menus. By using website data from large out-of-home food businesses, we found that all businesses (n = 77) provided calorie labeling somewhere on their websites. However, fewer than half (48%; n = 37) did not provide calorie labels on the default menu (ie, the first menu that a consumer is likely to see). Compliance with the policy's implementation guidance was greatest for the label's position (81%; n = 62) and lowest for prominent formatting (40%; n = 31), while 71% (n = 55) of businesses provided the statement of daily calorie needs. We observed differences among types of out-of-home food businesses, but we did not test them because of the small sample size. Our results suggest imperfect adherence to England's calorie labeling regulations, thus undermining the policy's impact. As the policy's review approaches, policy makers should consider strategies for ensuring compliance.

我们检查了英国卡路里标签法规的遵守情况,该法规要求大型户外食品企业在选择的地方(如菜单)显示预制食品和饮料的卡路里。通过使用大型户外食品企业的网站数据,我们发现所有企业(n = 77)都在其网站的某个地方提供了卡路里标签。然而,只有不到一半(48%;n = 37)没有在默认菜单(即消费者可能看到的第一个菜单)上提供卡路里标签。对政策实施指导的遵从度最高的是标签位置(81%,n = 62),最低的是突出的格式(40%,n = 31),而71% (n = 55)的企业提供了每日卡路里需求的声明。我们观察到不同类型的家庭外食品企业之间的差异,但由于样本量小,我们没有对它们进行测试。我们的研究结果表明,英国对卡路里标签法规的遵守并不完善,从而削弱了该政策的影响。随着政策审查的临近,决策者应该考虑确保合规的策略。
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引用次数: 0
Geographic and Temporal Trends in Adult Diabetes Prevalence, United States, 2011-2021. 美国成人糖尿病患病率的地理和时间趋势,2011-2021。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251408032
Subhan Khalid, Alan T Hitch

Objective: Diabetes is a leading cause of various adverse health outcomes, and its prevalence has risen substantially in the United States in recent decades. While the prevalence of diabetes has stabilized in recent years, geographic disparities remain, particularly in the South. We analyzed the spatial and temporal trends of diabetes prevalence in the United States and identified geographic disparities.

Methods: We conducted a geographic-temporal analysis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention chronic disease indicator data using a bayesian hierarchical model to assess changes in diabetes prevalence across US divisions and over time from 2011 through 2021.

Results: We estimated that diabetes prevalence rates per 1000 population declined in the United States from 56.5 in 2011 to 53.2 in 2021. The East South Central division had a high prevalence rate of diabetes (8.4), followed by New England (5.4) and West South Central (3.4). The diabetes prevalence rate was higher among men (2.64 per 1000 population) than among women.

Conclusion: Our findings highlight the need for continued public health efforts, such as reducing rates of obesity and improving health care access, to mitigate the prevalence of diabetes in the South and to maintain the continued decrease in prevalence rates in the coming years.

目的:糖尿病是各种不良健康结果的主要原因,近几十年来,其患病率在美国大幅上升。虽然近年来糖尿病的患病率已趋于稳定,但地域差异仍然存在,特别是在南方。我们分析了美国糖尿病患病率的时空趋势,并确定了地理差异。方法:我们使用贝叶斯分层模型对疾病控制和预防中心慢性病指标数据进行了地理-时间分析,以评估2011年至2021年美国各部门糖尿病患病率的变化。结果:我们估计,美国每1000人的糖尿病患病率从2011年的56.5下降到2021年的53.2。东南中部地区糖尿病患病率较高(8.4),其次是新英格兰地区(5.4)和西南中部地区(3.4)。男性的糖尿病患病率(每1000人中有2.64人)高于女性。结论:我们的研究结果强调需要持续的公共卫生努力,例如降低肥胖率和改善医疗保健可及性,以减轻南方糖尿病的患病率,并在未来几年保持患病率的持续下降。
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引用次数: 0
Completing the Continuum of Public Health Education. 完善公共卫生教育统一体。
IF 2.5 4区 医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1177/00333549251412295
Richard Kenneth Riegelman
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Public Health Reports
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