Bin Yang, Mingchun Ye, Kejie Qiang, Jinxin Tao, Sihua Chen, Jiahui Chen, Zhixin Wang
The light transmittance measurement method, which is used to characterize smoke characteristic signal of solid rocket motor plume, can provide important reference for development and design of low smoke characteristic signal solid propellants and motors. The light transmittance measurement method of solid rocket motor plume based on laser modulation spectrum analysis is proposed in this paper. By using a 405 nm laser as the light source and a narrow-band filter detection method, the influence of plume radiation on the measurement of light transmittance of solid rocket motor plume smoke can be minimized. Additionally, combined with the laser modulation spectrum analysis technology, the signal amplitude is selected by the laser modulation frequency to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal. Compared with the laser constant current measuring mode, laser high-frequency modulation measuring mode with spectrum analysis effectively improves the optical transmittance measurement accuracy. Based on this, a solid rocket motor plume smoke transmittance test system is developed to measure the plume smoke of standard test motors with different propellants and combustion chamber pressures. The results demonstrate that the system can effectively measure the light transmittance of the plume smoke. The light transmittance of solid rocket motor plume can be increased by reducing the aluminum content of solid propellant or increasing the pressure of the combustion chamber. Thus, this research provides an effective measuring tool for evaluating smoke concentration of solid rocket motor plume, which is beneficial to develop low smoke characteristic signal solid propellants and motors.
{"title":"Light transmittance measurement method of solid rocket motor plume based on laser modulation spectrum analysis","authors":"Bin Yang, Mingchun Ye, Kejie Qiang, Jinxin Tao, Sihua Chen, Jiahui Chen, Zhixin Wang","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300224","url":null,"abstract":"The light transmittance measurement method, which is used to characterize smoke characteristic signal of solid rocket motor plume, can provide important reference for development and design of low smoke characteristic signal solid propellants and motors. The light transmittance measurement method of solid rocket motor plume based on laser modulation spectrum analysis is proposed in this paper. By using a 405 nm laser as the light source and a narrow-band filter detection method, the influence of plume radiation on the measurement of light transmittance of solid rocket motor plume smoke can be minimized. Additionally, combined with the laser modulation spectrum analysis technology, the signal amplitude is selected by the laser modulation frequency to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal. Compared with the laser constant current measuring mode, laser high-frequency modulation measuring mode with spectrum analysis effectively improves the optical transmittance measurement accuracy. Based on this, a solid rocket motor plume smoke transmittance test system is developed to measure the plume smoke of standard test motors with different propellants and combustion chamber pressures. The results demonstrate that the system can effectively measure the light transmittance of the plume smoke. The light transmittance of solid rocket motor plume can be increased by reducing the aluminum content of solid propellant or increasing the pressure of the combustion chamber. Thus, this research provides an effective measuring tool for evaluating smoke concentration of solid rocket motor plume, which is beneficial to develop low smoke characteristic signal solid propellants and motors.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"74 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139373993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single-compound heat-resistant explosives are an important class of high-energy compounds with excellent thermal stability. In this paper, a novel thermally stable explosive 3,5-dinitro-N2,N6-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)pyrazine-2,6-diamine (ZXC-71) is reported. The commercially available 2,6-dichloropyrazine was used as raw materials to prepare this compound with a straightforward method. The crystalline structure of ZXC-71 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. From the calculated standard molar enthalpy of formation and the measured density, the Chapman–Jouguet detonation properties were predicted. The detonation velocity (D), detonation pressure (P), and density (ρ) of ZXC-71 are 8608 m s−1, 29.8 GPa, and 1.86 g cm−3, respectively. ZXC-71 also exhibits remarkable impact sensitivity (FS=22 J).
单化合物耐热炸药是一类重要的高能化合物，具有优异的热稳定性。本文报道了一种新型热稳定性炸药 3,5-二硝基-N2,N6-双（2,4,6-三硝基苯基）吡嗪-2,6-二胺（ZXC-71）。该化合物以市售的 2,6-二氯吡嗪为原料，采用简单的方法制备而成。通过单晶 X 射线衍射测定了 ZXC-71 的晶体结构。根据计算的标准摩尔形成焓和测量的密度，预测了 Chapman-Jouguet 起爆特性。ZXC-71 的起爆速度（D）、起爆压力（P）和密度（ρ）分别为 8608 m s-1、29.8 GPa 和 1.86 g cm-3。ZXC-71 还具有显著的冲击灵敏度（FS=22 J）。
{"title":"3,5-dinitro-N2,N6-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)pyrazine-2,6-diamine (ZXC-71): Thermally stable explosives with outstanding properties","authors":"Xingcheng Zhang, Yanyan Li, Sitong Lu, Aoqi Xi, Qiuju Zhou, Luyao Chen","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300180","url":null,"abstract":"Single-compound heat-resistant explosives are an important class of high-energy compounds with excellent thermal stability. In this paper, a novel thermally stable explosive 3,5-dinitro-N<sup>2</sup>,N<sup>6</sup>-bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)pyrazine-2,6-diamine (<b>ZXC-71</b>) is reported. The commercially available 2,6-dichloropyrazine was used as raw materials to prepare this compound with a straightforward method. The crystalline structure of <b>ZXC-71</b> was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. From the calculated standard molar enthalpy of formation and the measured density, the Chapman–Jouguet detonation properties were predicted. The detonation velocity (<i>D</i>), detonation pressure (<i>P</i>), and density (<i>ρ</i>) of <b>ZXC-71</b> are 8608 m s<sup>−1</sup>, 29.8 GPa, and 1.86 g cm<sup>−3</sup>, respectively. <b>ZXC-71</b> also exhibits remarkable impact sensitivity (<i>FS</i>=22 J).","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139374125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason S. Moore, Keith D. Morrison, Alan K. Burnham, A. Racoveanu, John G. Reynolds, B. Koroglu, K. Coffee, Gregory L. Klunder
We investigate and model the cook‐off behavior of 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) to understand the response of explosive systems in abnormal thermal environments. Decomposition has been explored via conventional ODTX (one‐dimensional time‐to‐explosion), PODTX (ODTX with pressure‐measurement), PyGC‐MS (pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry), TGA (thermo‐gravimetric analysis), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), and IR (infrared spectroscopy) experiments under isothermal and ramped temperature profiles. The data were used to fit rate parameters for proposed reaction schemes in a MATLAB thermo‐chemical computational model. These parameterizations were carried out utilizing a genetic algorithm optimization method on LLNL's high‐performance computing clusters, which enabled significant parallelization. These results include a multi‐step reaction decomposition model, identification of likely autocatalytic gas‐phase species, accurate high‐temperature sensitization, and prediction of confined system pressurization. This model will be scalable to several applications involving TATB‐based explosives, like LX‐17, including thermal safety models of full‐scale systems.
{"title":"TATB thermal decomposition: An improved kinetic model for explosive safety analysis","authors":"Jason S. Moore, Keith D. Morrison, Alan K. Burnham, A. Racoveanu, John G. Reynolds, B. Koroglu, K. Coffee, Gregory L. Klunder","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300237","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate and model the cook‐off behavior of 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) to understand the response of explosive systems in abnormal thermal environments. Decomposition has been explored via conventional ODTX (one‐dimensional time‐to‐explosion), PODTX (ODTX with pressure‐measurement), PyGC‐MS (pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry), TGA (thermo‐gravimetric analysis), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), and IR (infrared spectroscopy) experiments under isothermal and ramped temperature profiles. The data were used to fit rate parameters for proposed reaction schemes in a MATLAB thermo‐chemical computational model. These parameterizations were carried out utilizing a genetic algorithm optimization method on LLNL's high‐performance computing clusters, which enabled significant parallelization. These results include a multi‐step reaction decomposition model, identification of likely autocatalytic gas‐phase species, accurate high‐temperature sensitization, and prediction of confined system pressurization. This model will be scalable to several applications involving TATB‐based explosives, like LX‐17, including thermal safety models of full‐scale systems.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"20 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liang-Liang Zhang, Qi-Xuan Du, Lu Zhang, Zhi-Wen Ye, Hua Qian
DTDA-THA (tris(hydrazin-1-ium)5,5′-(hydrazin-1-ide-1,2-diylbis((1H-tetrazole-5,1-diyl)))bis(tetrazol-2-ide)) is a novel type of poly-nitrogen energetic material characterized by high nitrogen content, high enthalpy of formation, and low sensitivity. To research the application of DTDA-THA in polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) and improve the safety performance of DTDA-THA in composite explosives, this study calculated the binding energies between ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and DTDA-THA via density functional theory, respectively. Three types of PBXs molding powders were prepared through the direct method. For further investigation, the moisture absorption of molding powders, the forming density, and the compressive strength of the grains under different binders were characterized. The result of the simulation shows higher binding energy between the crystal surface (2 −1 2) and different binders. The comprehensive order of the binding energies between different binders and the crystal surface of DTDA-THA was DTDA-THA@EVA>DTDA-THA@PVB>DTDA-THA@PVAc. The experimental results show that the addition of binder reduced the hygroscopicity of DTDA-THA and improved the sensitivity and mechanical properties of the molding powders. Under the same binder proportion, the formulation prepared by PVAc had a higher molding density, while the formulation prepared by PVB exhibited the best compressive strength.
{"title":"Study on the safety and mechanical properties of a new tetrazole-based energetic material","authors":"Liang-Liang Zhang, Qi-Xuan Du, Lu Zhang, Zhi-Wen Ye, Hua Qian","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300208","url":null,"abstract":"DTDA-THA (tris(hydrazin-1-ium)5,5′-(hydrazin-1-ide-1,2-diylbis((1H-tetrazole-5,1-diyl)))bis(tetrazol-2-ide)) is a novel type of poly-nitrogen energetic material characterized by high nitrogen content, high enthalpy of formation, and low sensitivity. To research the application of DTDA-THA in polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) and improve the safety performance of DTDA-THA in composite explosives, this study calculated the binding energies between ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and DTDA-THA via density functional theory, respectively. Three types of PBXs molding powders were prepared through the direct method. For further investigation, the moisture absorption of molding powders, the forming density, and the compressive strength of the grains under different binders were characterized. The result of the simulation shows higher binding energy between the crystal surface (2 −1 2) and different binders. The comprehensive order of the binding energies between different binders and the crystal surface of DTDA-THA was DTDA-THA@EVA>DTDA-THA@PVB>DTDA-THA@PVAc. The experimental results show that the addition of binder reduced the hygroscopicity of DTDA-THA and improved the sensitivity and mechanical properties of the molding powders. Under the same binder proportion, the formulation prepared by PVAc had a higher molding density, while the formulation prepared by PVB exhibited the best compressive strength.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents risk factors that are associated with the handling of unexploded ordnance (UXO) during explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) operations in German waters. The construction of offshore wind parks and the German immediate action program are expected to increase the number of EOD operations. Existing literature and guidelines do not offer a structured and reproducible framework for assessing EOD risk. To fill this gap, a network of EOD risk factors was developed by means of a literature review and validation via expert consultation. The study was scoped to “personnel and equipment at the EOD location” as the risk receptor and “undesired detonation” as the undesired event under investigation. Factors are subdivided into UXO factors that depend on the object that should be handled and factors that describe the object's surrounding environment. While the former can be researched by an EOD expert, the latter must be measured on site or acquired from a model. Each of these factors contributes to risk, some directly and others indirectly via other factors. The complexity of the resulting network, with its 33 factors, demonstrates the need for a reliable and reproducible model to quantify EOD risk. Its purpose is not to replace EOD experts but to aid them in their decision-making process. Such a tool can provide valuable support for the high-cost and high-risk EOD operations.
{"title":"UXO and environmental risk factors impacting EOD operations in German waters**","authors":"Torsten Frey","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300206","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents risk factors that are associated with the handling of unexploded ordnance (UXO) during explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) operations in German waters. The construction of offshore wind parks and the German immediate action program are expected to increase the number of EOD operations. Existing literature and guidelines do not offer a structured and reproducible framework for assessing EOD risk. To fill this gap, a network of EOD risk factors was developed by means of a literature review and validation via expert consultation. The study was scoped to “personnel and equipment at the EOD location” as the risk receptor and “undesired detonation” as the undesired event under investigation. Factors are subdivided into UXO factors that depend on the object that should be handled and factors that describe the object's surrounding environment. While the former can be researched by an EOD expert, the latter must be measured on site or acquired from a model. Each of these factors contributes to risk, some directly and others indirectly via other factors. The complexity of the resulting network, with its 33 factors, demonstrates the need for a reliable and reproducible model to quantify EOD risk. Its purpose is not to replace EOD experts but to aid them in their decision-making process. Such a tool can provide valuable support for the high-cost and high-risk EOD operations.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guanlin Ye, Kuangwei Deng, Weijing Wu, Dong Yang, Zhibin Shen
During vertical storage of solid rocket motors, shear creep behavior occurred at the sidewall bonding interface due to self-weight load, threatening the structural safety and storage life of the motor. To study the shear creep characteristics of the bonding interface, shear creep tests were conducted on a shear interface test piece of a motor under various temperatures and stresses. An engineering criterion for the onset of nonlinear viscoelastic stage of the bonding interface was proposed, and a rapid prediction model for shear creep of motor bonding interface in linear viscoelastic stage was devised. Furthermore, the stress-time master curve of shear creep compliance at the bonding interface was established, revealing the variation trend of shear creep compliance during long-term creep process. The results showed that this rapid prediction model had simple construction, high accuracy and wide applicability, and could well predict short-term creep behaviour of bonding interface in linear viscoelastic stage. A method for structural integrity assessment of vertically stored solid rocket motors could be provided by using these research methods and results.
{"title":"Shear creep analysis of solid rocket motor bonding interface and rapid prediction model**","authors":"Guanlin Ye, Kuangwei Deng, Weijing Wu, Dong Yang, Zhibin Shen","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300070","url":null,"abstract":"During vertical storage of solid rocket motors, shear creep behavior occurred at the sidewall bonding interface due to self-weight load, threatening the structural safety and storage life of the motor. To study the shear creep characteristics of the bonding interface, shear creep tests were conducted on a shear interface test piece of a motor under various temperatures and stresses. An engineering criterion for the onset of nonlinear viscoelastic stage of the bonding interface was proposed, and a rapid prediction model for shear creep of motor bonding interface in linear viscoelastic stage was devised. Furthermore, the stress-time master curve of shear creep compliance at the bonding interface was established, revealing the variation trend of shear creep compliance during long-term creep process. The results showed that this rapid prediction model had simple construction, high accuracy and wide applicability, and could well predict short-term creep behaviour of bonding interface in linear viscoelastic stage. A method for structural integrity assessment of vertically stored solid rocket motors could be provided by using these research methods and results.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dongliang Gou, Xiang Hu, Wen Ao, Peijin Liu, Guoqiang He
Aluminum trihydride (AlH3) has gained considerable attention as a substitute fuel for aluminum in solid propellants. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation to evaluate the effects of AlH3 content, ranging from 0 % to 18 %, on propellant ignition, combustion, and agglomeration. Experimental methods such as thermogravimetry−differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), laser ignition, high-speed photography, and collecting condensed combustion products (CCPs) were employed. The results indicate that AlH3 significantly promotes the high-temperature decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). Meanwhile, the addition of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) in propellant does not affect the hydrogen release reaction of AlH3. As the AlH3 content increases from 0 % to 18 %, the spectral emission intensity of the propellants decreases, and the ignition delay time initially increases from 253 ms to 321 ms, and then decreases to 258 ms. Furthermore, the burning rate increases with increasing the AlH3 content, while the pressure exponent is reduced from 0.551 to 0.460. The inclusion of AlH3 in propellants significantly inhibits aluminum agglomeration near the burning surface. Additionally, as the AlH3 content increases, the mean particle size D43 of the CCPs decreases from 50.95 μm to 8.28 μm at 1 MPa. The agglomeration degree of aluminum is very weak at 7 MPa, especially when the AlH3 content exceeds 9 %. The conclusions drawn from this study can serve as valuable guidance for optimizing propellant formulations.
{"title":"Reduction of agglomeration effect by aluminum trihydride in solid propellant combustion","authors":"Dongliang Gou, Xiang Hu, Wen Ao, Peijin Liu, Guoqiang He","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300147","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum trihydride (AlH<sub>3</sub>) has gained considerable attention as a substitute fuel for aluminum in solid propellants. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation to evaluate the effects of AlH<sub>3</sub> content, ranging from 0 % to 18 %, on propellant ignition, combustion, and agglomeration. Experimental methods such as thermogravimetry−differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), laser ignition, high-speed photography, and collecting condensed combustion products (CCPs) were employed. The results indicate that AlH<sub>3</sub> significantly promotes the high-temperature decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). Meanwhile, the addition of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) in propellant does not affect the hydrogen release reaction of AlH<sub>3</sub>. As the AlH<sub>3</sub> content increases from 0 % to 18 %, the spectral emission intensity of the propellants decreases, and the ignition delay time initially increases from 253 ms to 321 ms, and then decreases to 258 ms. Furthermore, the burning rate increases with increasing the AlH<sub>3</sub> content, while the pressure exponent is reduced from 0.551 to 0.460. The inclusion of AlH<sub>3</sub> in propellants significantly inhibits aluminum agglomeration near the burning surface. Additionally, as the AlH<sub>3</sub> content increases, the mean particle size D<sub>43</sub> of the CCPs decreases from 50.95 μm to 8.28 μm at 1 MPa. The agglomeration degree of aluminum is very weak at 7 MPa, especially when the AlH<sub>3</sub> content exceeds 9 %. The conclusions drawn from this study can serve as valuable guidance for optimizing propellant formulations.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138632377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keith R. Coffee, Adele F. Panasci-Nott, Jason A. Olivas, John Selinsky, Keith D. Morrison, Alan K. Burnham, Gregory L. Klunder, John G. Reynolds
Delineating the chemical composition of TATB (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) residues produced from the exposure to abnormal thermal environments should lead to a better understanding of the decomposition paths. Identifying and quantifying each compound in thermally produced residues, monitors which compounds are degrading or forming along the decomposition route, as well as providing input for the kinetic models of those pathways.
{"title":"Analysis of degradation products in thermally treated TATB","authors":"Keith R. Coffee, Adele F. Panasci-Nott, Jason A. Olivas, John Selinsky, Keith D. Morrison, Alan K. Burnham, Gregory L. Klunder, John G. Reynolds","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300176","url":null,"abstract":"Delineating the chemical composition of TATB (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) residues produced from the exposure to abnormal thermal environments should lead to a better understanding of the decomposition paths. Identifying and quantifying each compound in thermally produced residues, monitors which compounds are degrading or forming along the decomposition route, as well as providing input for the kinetic models of those pathways.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138557014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amitesh Maiti, William L. Shaw, Samantha M. Clarke, Christie Fox, Lucia A. Ke, William N. Cheung, Mark A. Burton, Graham D. Kosiba, Christian D. Grant, Richard H. Gee
While most performance metrics of high-explosive (HE) based devices like detonation velocity, detonation pressure, and energy output are expected to degrade over time, the evolution of initiation threshold appears less clear, with claims of both increasing and decreasing trends in threshold having been made in the literature. This work analyzes D-optimally designed sequential binary test data for a few thermally conditioned porous-powder and polymer-bonded HE initiator systems using a Bayesian likelihood method employing the probit regression model. We find that in most cases the initiation threshold decreases (i. e., sensitivity increases) upon accelerated thermal conditioning. However, such results are nuanced and influenced by factors like the contact area of initiating stimulus, HE characteristics like density and specific surface area, as well as possible thermally induced changes to other materials and interfaces involved.
{"title":"Effect of thermal conditioning on the initiation threshold of secondary high-explosives","authors":"Amitesh Maiti, William L. Shaw, Samantha M. Clarke, Christie Fox, Lucia A. Ke, William N. Cheung, Mark A. Burton, Graham D. Kosiba, Christian D. Grant, Richard H. Gee","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300253","url":null,"abstract":"While most performance metrics of high-explosive (HE) based devices like detonation velocity, detonation pressure, and energy output are expected to degrade over time, the evolution of initiation threshold appears less clear, with claims of both increasing and decreasing trends in threshold having been made in the literature. This work analyzes D-optimally designed sequential binary test data for a few thermally conditioned porous-powder and polymer-bonded HE initiator systems using a Bayesian likelihood method employing the probit regression model. We find that in most cases the initiation threshold decreases (i. e., sensitivity increases) upon accelerated thermal conditioning. However, such results are nuanced and influenced by factors like the contact area of initiating stimulus, HE characteristics like density and specific surface area, as well as possible thermally induced changes to other materials and interfaces involved.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138565899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jin Zhu, Cong Li, Suming Jing, Lei Yang, Yucun Liu, Wei Zhang, Jun Zhang
3,5-Difluoro-2,4,6-trinitrophenol (DFTNP) was designed as energetic compounds, based on the “NO2FNO2” strategy. Its structure was fully characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Physico-chemical characterization of this compound was investigated based on several theoretical techniques. The result indicated that DFTNP is less sensitive to external stimuli, with a thermal sensitivity of 213 °C, impact and friction sensitivity of 15 J and 240 N. It also shows particularly high density (ρ=1.949 g cm−3) and detonation performance (D=8440 m s−1, P=32.60 GPa), which far exceeds the performance of picric acid. Its crystal packing and the intermolecular interaction of DFTNP play an important role inreducing localized heating. In addition, this compound also has great potential for building ionic salts, and its ammonium salt performance exhibits better performance. Good performance not only highlight this compound as a suitable replacement for picric acid, but also suggests that “NO2FNO2” may be a good choice in designing energetic compounds.
基于 "NO2FNO2 "策略，3,5-二氟-2,4,6-三硝基苯酚（DFTNP）被设计为高能化合物。通过红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析和单晶 X 射线衍射对其结构进行了全面鉴定。基于多种理论技术对该化合物的物理化学特征进行了研究。结果表明，DFTNP 对外界刺激的敏感性较低，热敏感性为 213 °C，冲击和摩擦敏感性分别为 15 J 和 240 N。它还表现出特别高的密度（ρ=1.949 g cm-3）和引爆性能（D=8440 m s-1，P=32.60 GPa），远远超过了苦味酸的性能。其晶体结构和 DFTNP 分子间的相互作用在减少局部加热方面发挥了重要作用。此外，该化合物还具有构建离子盐的巨大潜力，其铵盐性能表现更佳。良好的性能不仅凸显了该化合物是苦味酸的合适替代品，也表明 "NO2FNO2 "可能是设计高能化合物的一个不错选择。
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