Pengzhao Xu, Ning Zhao, Yukun Chang, Shaokang Cui, Guangsong Ma, Kunlin Shi, Bao Zhang
The detonating fuse in the multistage warhead will be subjected to strong electromagnetic interference, derived from electromagnetic radiation generated by explosion of the shaped charge warhead, which may cause premature detonation or misfire. In order to explore the possible electromagnetic environment surrounded the detonating fuse, the spatial-temporal distribution of electromagnetic radiation after the explosion of JO-8 explosive was investigated in this paper. The electromagnetic radiation signal was collected and its frequency coverage was analyzed in the far-field area by the field blast test. Moreover, based on electromagnetic theory, a theoretical model of electromagnetic radiation generated by the explosion of JO-8 explosive was established, and the spatial-temporal distribution of the electric field intensity was illustrated in detail for several typical positions after the explosion. The better agreement between experimental and theoretical results indicates that the proposed theoretical model and computational method are reasonable. On this basis, the distributions of electric field intensity for different positions and various explosive weights were predicted respectively by using distance and explosive weight as variables. This study is expected to provide a reference for the research on the electromagnetic radiation for explosive explosion and anti-explosive electromagnetic interference.
{"title":"The experimental and theoretical study on the spatial-temporal distribution of electromagnetic radiation from JO-8 explosions.","authors":"Pengzhao Xu, Ning Zhao, Yukun Chang, Shaokang Cui, Guangsong Ma, Kunlin Shi, Bao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300242","url":null,"abstract":"The detonating fuse in the multistage warhead will be subjected to strong electromagnetic interference, derived from electromagnetic radiation generated by explosion of the shaped charge warhead, which may cause premature detonation or misfire. In order to explore the possible electromagnetic environment surrounded the detonating fuse, the spatial-temporal distribution of electromagnetic radiation after the explosion of JO-8 explosive was investigated in this paper. The electromagnetic radiation signal was collected and its frequency coverage was analyzed in the far-field area by the field blast test. Moreover, based on electromagnetic theory, a theoretical model of electromagnetic radiation generated by the explosion of JO-8 explosive was established, and the spatial-temporal distribution of the electric field intensity was illustrated in detail for several typical positions after the explosion. The better agreement between experimental and theoretical results indicates that the proposed theoretical model and computational method are reasonable. On this basis, the distributions of electric field intensity for different positions and various explosive weights were predicted respectively by using distance and explosive weight as variables. This study is expected to provide a reference for the research on the electromagnetic radiation for explosive explosion and anti-explosive electromagnetic interference.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiang Cao, Fengqiang Nan, Yiying Zheng, Ling Chen, Weidong He
Research on the hygroscopic behavior of NC is essential because it affects the mechanical properties, combustion properties, and safe storage of NC-based products. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the chemical structure, crystal structure, and microscopic morphology of NC, respectively. The moisture adsorption isotherms of NC fibers with different nitrogen content are determined by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and fitted with Hailwood-Horrobin (H−H) and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) models. The specific surface area and surface energy of NC are also measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The results show that as the nitrogen content of NC increases, the intensity of the −OH characteristic absorption peak is weakened, the crystallinity does not change much, the number of cracks and pores on the NC fiber surface increases, and the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the NC decreases in general. In addition, the fitting results based on the H−H and GAB models show that, under low humidity conditions, the EMC value of NC is determined by the adsorbed water content of the monolayer, which is mainly related to the −OH content in NC. However, with the increase of humidity, the EMC value of NC is gradually determined by the multilayer adsorbed water content, which is influenced by both the nitrogen content and the fiber cleavage structure. Meanwhile, the IGC results show that the surface energy of the NC consists mainly of the dispersive surface energy (values >46 mJ m−2), with the specific surface energy contributing approximately 25 mJ m−2. The total surface energy of NC and the bonding strength between NC molecules and water molecules decrease with increasing nitrogen content.
{"title":"Hygroscopicity of nitrocellulose with different nitrogen content","authors":"Xiang Cao, Fengqiang Nan, Yiying Zheng, Ling Chen, Weidong He","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300035","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the hygroscopic behavior of NC is essential because it affects the mechanical properties, combustion properties, and safe storage of NC-based products. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the chemical structure, crystal structure, and microscopic morphology of NC, respectively. The moisture adsorption isotherms of NC fibers with different nitrogen content are determined by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and fitted with Hailwood-Horrobin (H−H) and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) models. The specific surface area and surface energy of NC are also measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The results show that as the nitrogen content of NC increases, the intensity of the −OH characteristic absorption peak is weakened, the crystallinity does not change much, the number of cracks and pores on the NC fiber surface increases, and the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the NC decreases in general. In addition, the fitting results based on the H−H and GAB models show that, under low humidity conditions, the EMC value of NC is determined by the adsorbed water content of the monolayer, which is mainly related to the −OH content in NC. However, with the increase of humidity, the EMC value of NC is gradually determined by the multilayer adsorbed water content, which is influenced by both the nitrogen content and the fiber cleavage structure. Meanwhile, the IGC results show that the surface energy of the NC consists mainly of the dispersive surface energy (values >46 mJ m<sup>−2</sup>), with the specific surface energy contributing approximately 25 mJ m<sup>−2</sup>. The total surface energy of NC and the bonding strength between NC molecules and water molecules decrease with increasing nitrogen content.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139769229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason S. Moore, Keith D. Morrison, Alan K. Burnham, Ana Racoveanu, John G. Reynolds, Batikan Koroglu, Keith R. Coffee
<p>First synthesized in 1888 as a dye, TATB (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) was not recognized as a high explosive until 1956 when it was reported that TATB possesses a combination of performance properties, high thermal stability, and low impact sensitivity <span>1</span>. Now, decades later, TATB is widely regarded as the most established insensitive high explosive. However, despite having been widely used, the thermal decomposition kinetics of TATB remain elusive. Thermal decomposition literature widely disagrees on the importance and identity of intermediate species, in both the gas and solid phases, and the interpretation of results is often clouded by mass-transport and self-heating effects. Understanding the molecular reactions contributing to TATB decomposition is essential for determining reactivity and safety of high explosives subjected to abnormal environmental conditions, such as fires.</p> <p>In this issue of Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics a special collection of current research on TATB is presented. For the past several years, researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Energetic Materials Center, have been working to deconvolute the multi-physics nature of TATB thermal decomposition, with the goal of producing models capable of predicting response over a wide range of temperature and pressure, as well as possible changes to material composition, structure, and sensitivity.</p> <p>Many-parameter models require calibration to achieve this objective, and our general approach is to use a variety of small-scale experiments, isolating individual components of the mechanisms (chemical and physical), then using larger-scale experiments to test and validate predictive capabilities. Thus, these efforts have progressed on scales across several orders of magnitude with an array of analytical techniques, many of which have not previously been applied to TATB. These techniques were developed specifically to accomplish this experimental and modelling progress on TATB thermal decomposition. These include analysis by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, mass, and infrared spectrometry, for identifying molecular species by isolation and detection of light gases, extracted soluble fractions, and insoluble residues.</p> <p>TATB sublimation and thermal degradation are intrinsically competitive processes during heating. Simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) under varying degrees of confinement, initial mass, and heating profiles can enable teasing apart the conflicting effects between sublimation and degradation. This approach more fully characterizes the nature of sublimation in TATB and the importance of gas-phase residence time on the degree of autocatalysis. Additionally, minimizing self-heating, by limiting sample mass to control the maximum heat flow, decouples reaction from heat transfer limitations permitting study of the intrinsic kinetics.</p> <p>Chemical k
{"title":"Understanding TATB (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) thermal decomposition","authors":"Jason S. Moore, Keith D. Morrison, Alan K. Burnham, Ana Racoveanu, John G. Reynolds, Batikan Koroglu, Keith R. Coffee","doi":"10.1002/prep.202400014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202400014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>First synthesized in 1888 as a dye, TATB (1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) was not recognized as a high explosive until 1956 when it was reported that TATB possesses a combination of performance properties, high thermal stability, and low impact sensitivity <span>1</span>. Now, decades later, TATB is widely regarded as the most established insensitive high explosive. However, despite having been widely used, the thermal decomposition kinetics of TATB remain elusive. Thermal decomposition literature widely disagrees on the importance and identity of intermediate species, in both the gas and solid phases, and the interpretation of results is often clouded by mass-transport and self-heating effects. Understanding the molecular reactions contributing to TATB decomposition is essential for determining reactivity and safety of high explosives subjected to abnormal environmental conditions, such as fires.</p>\u0000<p>In this issue of Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics a special collection of current research on TATB is presented. For the past several years, researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Energetic Materials Center, have been working to deconvolute the multi-physics nature of TATB thermal decomposition, with the goal of producing models capable of predicting response over a wide range of temperature and pressure, as well as possible changes to material composition, structure, and sensitivity.</p>\u0000<p>Many-parameter models require calibration to achieve this objective, and our general approach is to use a variety of small-scale experiments, isolating individual components of the mechanisms (chemical and physical), then using larger-scale experiments to test and validate predictive capabilities. Thus, these efforts have progressed on scales across several orders of magnitude with an array of analytical techniques, many of which have not previously been applied to TATB. These techniques were developed specifically to accomplish this experimental and modelling progress on TATB thermal decomposition. These include analysis by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, mass, and infrared spectrometry, for identifying molecular species by isolation and detection of light gases, extracted soluble fractions, and insoluble residues.</p>\u0000<p>TATB sublimation and thermal degradation are intrinsically competitive processes during heating. Simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) under varying degrees of confinement, initial mass, and heating profiles can enable teasing apart the conflicting effects between sublimation and degradation. This approach more fully characterizes the nature of sublimation in TATB and the importance of gas-phase residence time on the degree of autocatalysis. Additionally, minimizing self-heating, by limiting sample mass to control the maximum heat flow, decouples reaction from heat transfer limitations permitting study of the intrinsic kinetics.</p>\u0000<p>Chemical k","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139666634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen A. Andrews, Jeffery A. Leiding, Jasper Thrussell, Christopher Ticknor
This paper investigates the uncertainty in the parameters used in the calibration of an Davis Equation Of State (EOS) for the detonation products of the High Explosive PBX 9501. The procedure sought to make use of all available information about this HE to inform the best set of calibration parameters as well as the uncertainty in these parameters. The procedure made use of historical experimental data, the results from thermo-chemical modeling as well as data on the best isentrope function fit to cylinder test experimental data. Combining all these heterogeneous data sources together in a Bayesian calibration, yielded a posterior mean and covariance. Sampling from the posterior distribution and evaluating an important Quantity Of Interest (QOI) in the EOS model, the detonation speed of a one-inch rate stick, produced a distribution which showed variations which were in agreement with experiments. The uncertainty in the EOS was reported as eleven sets of model calibrations which spanned the range of this QOI.
{"title":"Calibration and uncertainty quantification for Davis Equation of State models for the High Explosive PBX 9501 products","authors":"Stephen A. Andrews, Jeffery A. Leiding, Jasper Thrussell, Christopher Ticknor","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300110","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the uncertainty in the parameters used in the calibration of an Davis Equation Of State (EOS) for the detonation products of the High Explosive PBX 9501. The procedure sought to make use of all available information about this HE to inform the best set of calibration parameters as well as the uncertainty in these parameters. The procedure made use of historical experimental data, the results from thermo-chemical modeling as well as data on the best isentrope function fit to cylinder test experimental data. Combining all these heterogeneous data sources together in a Bayesian calibration, yielded a posterior mean and covariance. Sampling from the posterior distribution and evaluating an important Quantity Of Interest (QOI) in the EOS model, the detonation speed of a one-inch rate stick, produced a distribution which showed variations which were in agreement with experiments. The uncertainty in the EOS was reported as eleven sets of model calibrations which spanned the range of this QOI.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"192 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139666653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manfred A. Bohn, Moritz Heil, Heike Pontius, Ernst-Christian Koch
Two compatibility test types based on gas generation obtained by vacuum stability test (VST) procedure and on heat generation obtained by heat flow microcalorimetry (HFMC) show that nitroguanidine (NGu), CAS-No. [556-88-7], is compatible with ammonium nitrate (AN), CAS-No. [6484-52-2], ammonium dinitramide (ADN), CAS-No. [140456-78-6], 1,1-diamino-dinitroethylene (FOX-7, DADNE), CAS-No. [145250-81-3], N-guanylurea dinitramide (FOX-12, GUDN, carbamoylguanidinium dinitramide), CAS-No. [217464-38-5], hexogen (RDX), CAS-No. [121-82-4], octogen (HMX), CAS-No. [2691-41-0], and trinitrotoluene (TNT), CAS-No. [118-96-7]. The evaluations with gas generation and heat generation were done using the so-called corresponding reactivity quantities RV and RQ, but the assessment criteria are in accordance with the present NATO standards. NGu and ADN show the rare case of reactivity with a negative assessment quantity, that is their inter-component reactivity quantities show negative values in RV and RQ. The evolved gas volume and the produced heat generation of the 1 : 1 mixture have lower values than the formally calculated values of the mixture. The root cause of this cannot be deduced with mere compatibility testing. A negative assessment quantity RQ is also observed with NGu and TNT at 80 °C, but not at 70 °C.
{"title":"Insensitive high explosives: VI. experimental determination of the chemical compatibility of nitroguanidine with seven high explosives**","authors":"Manfred A. Bohn, Moritz Heil, Heike Pontius, Ernst-Christian Koch","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300055","url":null,"abstract":"Two compatibility test types based on gas generation obtained by vacuum stability test (VST) procedure and on heat generation obtained by heat flow microcalorimetry (HFMC) show that nitroguanidine (NGu), CAS-No. [556-88-7], is compatible with ammonium nitrate (AN), CAS-No. [6484-52-2], ammonium dinitramide (ADN), CAS-No. [140456-78-6], 1,1-diamino-dinitroethylene (FOX-7, DADNE), CAS-No. [145250-81-3], N-guanylurea dinitramide (FOX-12, GUDN, carbamoylguanidinium dinitramide), CAS-No. [217464-38-5], hexogen (RDX), CAS-No. [121-82-4], octogen (HMX), CAS-No. [2691-41-0], and trinitrotoluene (TNT), CAS-No. [118-96-7]. The evaluations with gas generation and heat generation were done using the so-called corresponding reactivity quantities R<sub>V</sub> and R<sub>Q</sub>, but the assessment criteria are in accordance with the present NATO standards. NGu and ADN show the rare case of reactivity with a negative assessment quantity, that is their inter-component reactivity quantities show negative values in R<sub>V</sub> and R<sub>Q</sub>. The evolved gas volume and the produced heat generation of the 1 : 1 mixture have lower values than the formally calculated values of the mixture. The root cause of this cannot be deduced with mere compatibility testing. A negative assessment quantity R<sub>Q</sub> is also observed with NGu and TNT at 80 °C, but not at 70 °C.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139647552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Shen, Shi Yan, Yanwei Tan, Yapeng Ou, Qingjie Jiao, Yunjun Luo
The use of fluorinated binders can enhance the combustion properties of Al in energetic materials. The underlying mechanism is under investigation and a rational strategy in terms of application has yet to be fully developed. In this study, we have investigated the effect of using a fluorine-modified hydroxy-terminated polyether (HTPE) binder to cast aluminized propellants and explosives. We have focused on the combustion behavior and energy release characteristics of Al particles with and without the fluorinated binder during propellant combustion and explosive detonation. The propellants combustion process was recorded using a high-speed camera and an infrared thermometer. The heat of detonation, detonation velocity and thermal stability of the explosives were investigated using a constant temperature calorimeter, an electrometric method and a small-scale thermal cook-off test, respectively. The fluorine-modified HTPE propellant has exhibited a higher flame temperature and greater energy release efficiency than the HTPE propellant. Moreover, the fluorine-modified HTPE propellant is characterized by smaller particle agglomerates, leading to a reduction in the mass percentage of agglomerates from 73 wt% to 42 wt%. The detonation heat of fluorine-modified HTPE explosive increases from 75.2 % to 81 %, but the detonation velocity decreased from 7745 m/s to 7622 m/s. In addition, the fluorine-modified HTPE binder maintained the thermal stability of explosives due to a milder decomposition before thermal runaway.
{"title":"Enhancing energy release of aluminized propellants and explosives through fluorinated binder","authors":"Chen Shen, Shi Yan, Yanwei Tan, Yapeng Ou, Qingjie Jiao, Yunjun Luo","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300199","url":null,"abstract":"The use of fluorinated binders can enhance the combustion properties of Al in energetic materials. The underlying mechanism is under investigation and a rational strategy in terms of application has yet to be fully developed. In this study, we have investigated the effect of using a fluorine-modified hydroxy-terminated polyether (HTPE) binder to cast aluminized propellants and explosives. We have focused on the combustion behavior and energy release characteristics of Al particles with and without the fluorinated binder during propellant combustion and explosive detonation. The propellants combustion process was recorded using a high-speed camera and an infrared thermometer. The heat of detonation, detonation velocity and thermal stability of the explosives were investigated using a constant temperature calorimeter, an electrometric method and a small-scale thermal cook-off test, respectively. The fluorine-modified HTPE propellant has exhibited a higher flame temperature and greater energy release efficiency than the HTPE propellant. Moreover, the fluorine-modified HTPE propellant is characterized by smaller particle agglomerates, leading to a reduction in the mass percentage of agglomerates from 73 wt% to 42 wt%. The detonation heat of fluorine-modified HTPE explosive increases from 75.2 % to 81 %, but the detonation velocity decreased from 7745 m/s to 7622 m/s. In addition, the fluorine-modified HTPE binder maintained the thermal stability of explosives due to a milder decomposition before thermal runaway.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139647389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The above article, published online on 29 November 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editors, Randall L. Simpson, Wilhelm Eckl, Richard Gee, the International Pyrotechnics Society, and Wiley-VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed due to the corresponding author reaching out to the editorial office to retract the article as they have discovered major data analysis errors that invalidate the conclusions of the paper. The author deeply apologizes for this mistake.
{"title":"Retraction: Xin-Jia He, Chao Li, Study on Optimization of Interior Ballistic Performance of Cased Telescoped Ammunition Based on Improved FireCy Algorithm, Prop., Explos., Pyrotech. 2023, 48, e202200254.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/prep.202480141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202480141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The above article, published online on 29 November 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editors, Randall L. Simpson, Wilhelm Eckl, Richard Gee, the International Pyrotechnics Society, and Wiley-VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed due to the corresponding author reaching out to the editorial office to retract the article as they have discovered major data analysis errors that invalidate the conclusions of the paper. The author deeply apologizes for this mistake.</p>","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139920785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The above article, published online on 07 February 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editors, Randall L. Simpson, Wilhelm Eckl, Richard Gee, the International Pyrotechnics Society, and Wiley-VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed due to the corresponding author reaching out to the editorial office to retract the article as they have discovered major data analysis errors that invalidate the conclusions of the paper. The author deeply apologizes for this mistake.
{"title":"Retraction: Xin-Jia He, Xiao-Ting Rui, Yan Wang, Chao Li, Interval uncertain optimization of cased telescoped ammunition interior ballistics considering tolerance design, Prop., Explos., Pyrotech. 2023, 48, e202200336.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/prep.202480142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202480142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The above article, published online on 07 February 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editors, Randall L. Simpson, Wilhelm Eckl, Richard Gee, the International Pyrotechnics Society, and Wiley-VCH GmbH. The retraction has been agreed due to the corresponding author reaching out to the editorial office to retract the article as they have discovered major data analysis errors that invalidate the conclusions of the paper. The author deeply apologizes for this mistake.</p>","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139920786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A structural reactive material (SRM) cylinder is considered here as a limiting case of a dense metallic energetic system in which a mixture of metal particles is consolidated to the theoretical maximum density excluding porosity, to possess both high energy density and mechanical strength. Dynamic fragmentation and free-field explosion of a 103 mm inner diameter SRM cylinder charge is experimentally studied, with a wall thickness varying in a range of metal-to-explosive mass ratio M/C=1.3 to 4.0. Under explosive loading, the SRM cylinder produces a designated fragment size distribution divided into two groups: fine fragments with sizes on the order of 102 μm and below, and coarse fragments with sizes on the order ranging between 100-101 mm. Prompt detonation shock-induced reaction (DSIR) of the expanding cloud of high-concentration fine fragments supplements the energy to enhance the primary blast as it propagates, while the coarse fragments form a high-speed, high-concentration metal momentum flux crossing the fireball and blast front to contribute to the total impulse loading to a nearby structure. Rapid impact-induced reaction (IIR) of the secondary fragments from high-speed coarse SRM fragments further enhances the reflected blast loading or generates a high interior explosion pressure as fragments perforate into the structure. The above distinctive characteristics of a unique hetero-blast are coupled effectively in the near-field range.
{"title":"Hetero-blast from a structural reactive material cylinder under explosive loading","authors":"Fan Zhang, Akio Yoshinaka, Robert C. Ripley","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300260","url":null,"abstract":"A structural reactive material (SRM) cylinder is considered here as a limiting case of a dense metallic energetic system in which a mixture of metal particles is consolidated to the theoretical maximum density excluding porosity, to possess both high energy density and mechanical strength. Dynamic fragmentation and free-field explosion of a 103 mm inner diameter SRM cylinder charge is experimentally studied, with a wall thickness varying in a range of metal-to-explosive mass ratio <i>M/C</i>=1.3 to 4.0. Under explosive loading, the SRM cylinder produces a designated fragment size distribution divided into two groups: fine fragments with sizes on the order of 10<sup>2</sup> μm and below, and coarse fragments with sizes on the order ranging between 10<sup>0</sup>-10<sup>1</sup> mm. Prompt detonation shock-induced reaction (DSIR) of the expanding cloud of high-concentration fine fragments supplements the energy to enhance the primary blast as it propagates, while the coarse fragments form a high-speed, high-concentration metal momentum flux crossing the fireball and blast front to contribute to the total impulse loading to a nearby structure. Rapid impact-induced reaction (IIR) of the secondary fragments from high-speed coarse SRM fragments further enhances the reflected blast loading or generates a high interior explosion pressure as fragments perforate into the structure. The above distinctive characteristics of a unique hetero-blast are coupled effectively in the near-field range.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139465442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keith D. Morrison, Jason S. Moore, Keith R. Coffee, Batikan Koroglu, Alan K. Burnham, John G. Reynolds
Understanding the molecular composition of high explosives during thermal decomposition is vital for predicting the sensitivity, safety, and performance of explosive materials. The thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) has been linked to the formation of furazans through a series of dehydration reactions of the NO2 and NH2 groups on the phenyl ring, along with breakdown into small molecules (≤120 amu). Molecular identification of compounds formed in this transformation of the furazans to light gases has been lacking. To address this, we have applied a pseudo-confined sampling system in a cryo-focused pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyGC-MS) system to molecularly identify these intermediates. By design, sublimation of TATB, which has complicated MS analyses of thermal degradation, was significantly reduced and additional compounds were identified with potential structural information. In addition to the known furazan compounds, one of these compounds forms from the loss of oxygen from benzo-trifurazan (F3) and produces an open ring structure that may be the first step in the formation of lower molecular weight furazan breakdown products. The loss of a nitro group from benzo-monofurazan (F1) was also discovered and implicates the formation of oxidizing NO2 gas in the thermal decomposition mechanism. These findings are vital for understanding the proper heat flow from energetic materials on a molecular level, necessary when measuring enthalpy and developing decomposition models based on kinetic parameters.
{"title":"TATB thermal decomposition: Expanding the molecular profile with cryo-focused pyrolysis GC-MS","authors":"Keith D. Morrison, Jason S. Moore, Keith R. Coffee, Batikan Koroglu, Alan K. Burnham, John G. Reynolds","doi":"10.1002/prep.202300268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202300268","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the molecular composition of high explosives during thermal decomposition is vital for predicting the sensitivity, safety, and performance of explosive materials. The thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) has been linked to the formation of furazans through a series of dehydration reactions of the NO<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>2</sub> groups on the phenyl ring, along with breakdown into small molecules (≤120 amu). Molecular identification of compounds formed in this transformation of the furazans to light gases has been lacking. To address this, we have applied a pseudo-confined sampling system in a cryo-focused pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyGC-MS) system to molecularly identify these intermediates. By design, sublimation of TATB, which has complicated MS analyses of thermal degradation, was significantly reduced and additional compounds were identified with potential structural information. In addition to the known furazan compounds, one of these compounds forms from the loss of oxygen from benzo-trifurazan (F<sub>3</sub>) and produces an open ring structure that may be the first step in the formation of lower molecular weight furazan breakdown products. The loss of a nitro group from benzo-monofurazan (F<sub>1</sub>) was also discovered and implicates the formation of oxidizing NO<sub>2</sub> gas in the thermal decomposition mechanism. These findings are vital for understanding the proper heat flow from energetic materials on a molecular level, necessary when measuring enthalpy and developing decomposition models based on kinetic parameters.","PeriodicalId":20800,"journal":{"name":"Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139409014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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