Sleep constitutes a brain state of disengagement from the external world that supports memory consolidation and restores cognitive resources. The precise mechanisms how sleep and its varied stages support information processing remain largely unknown. Synaptic scaling models imply that daytime learning accumulates neural information, which is then consolidated and downregulated during sleep. Currently, there is a lack of in-vivo data from humans and rodents that elucidate if, and how, sleep renormalizes information processing capacities. From an information-theoretical perspective, a consolidation process should entail a reduction in neural pattern variability over the course of a night. Here, in a cross-species intracranial study, we identify a tradeoff in the neural population code during sleep where information coding efficiency is higher in the neocortex than in hippocampal archicortex in humans than in rodents as well as during wakefulness compared to sleep. Critically, non-REM sleep selectively reduces information coding efficiency through pattern repetition in the neocortex in both species, indicating a transition to a more robust information coding regime. Conversely, the coding regime in the hippocampus remained consistent from wakefulness to non-REM sleep. These findings suggest that new information could be imprinted to the long-term mnemonic storage in the neocortex through pattern repetition during sleep. Lastly, our results show that task engagement increased coding efficiency, while medically-induced unconsciousness disrupted the population code. In sum, these findings suggest that neural pattern variability could constitute a fundamental principle underlying cognitive engagement and memory formation, while pattern repetition reflects robust coding, possibly underlying the consolidation process.
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