Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.95-102
J. Joelianingsih, Faisal Ramadhan Nur, Melani Eka Saputri, I. Purwaningsih
The Bubble Column Reactor (BCR) is intensive equipment used as a multiphase contactor and reactor in the chemical, biochemical, and petrochemical industries. BCR has some advantages include high mass and heat transfer rates, compactness, and low operating and maintenance costs. In this research, BCR was applied to produce biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) Oil through non-catalytic and simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions. Kemiri Sunan Oil was fed in the reactor and heated to a specific temperature. During the heating process, nitrogen gas was flowed to prevent oxidation. Liquid methanol flowed at some various flow rates through a vaporizer and superheater so that it has flowed into the reactor in the form of saturated steam (1 atm, 240 ºC). Experiments with variations in the methanol flow rate were carried out at a reaction temperature of 250 ºC, while experiments with various temperatures were carried out at a methanol flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. The best conditions were obtained at a flow rate of 2.5 mL min with a reaction temperature of 290 ºC. The production rate was 3.47 g/min with an acid number of 0.69 mg KOH/gr sample, and FAME content was 78.2% wt. These results indicate the simultaneous esterification and transesterification reaction in one reactor.
{"title":"Non-Catalytic Biodiesel Synthesis from Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) in Semi-Batch Bubble Column Reactor","authors":"J. Joelianingsih, Faisal Ramadhan Nur, Melani Eka Saputri, I. Purwaningsih","doi":"10.14710/reaktor.21.3.95-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.3.95-102","url":null,"abstract":"The Bubble Column Reactor (BCR) is intensive equipment used as a multiphase contactor and reactor in the chemical, biochemical, and petrochemical industries. BCR has some advantages include high mass and heat transfer rates, compactness, and low operating and maintenance costs. In this research, BCR was applied to produce biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma) Oil through non-catalytic and simultaneous esterification and transesterification reactions. Kemiri Sunan Oil was fed in the reactor and heated to a specific temperature. During the heating process, nitrogen gas was flowed to prevent oxidation. Liquid methanol flowed at some various flow rates through a vaporizer and superheater so that it has flowed into the reactor in the form of saturated steam (1 atm, 240 ºC). Experiments with variations in the methanol flow rate were carried out at a reaction temperature of 250 ºC, while experiments with various temperatures were carried out at a methanol flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. The best conditions were obtained at a flow rate of 2.5 mL min with a reaction temperature of 290 ºC. The production rate was 3.47 g/min with an acid number of 0.69 mg KOH/gr sample, and FAME content was 78.2% wt. These results indicate the simultaneous esterification and transesterification reaction in one reactor.","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75322751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.109-115
Renda Amalia Anggraini, M. Kurniati, C. Winarti, I. Irmansyah
Farmers' knowledge of the amount and dosage of fertilizers recommended for a practical fertilization system is low. As the result, the plant does not fully absorb the given fertilizer. Some fertilizers are leached by the flowing water and wasted into the soil layer. In long term basis, this practice can cause environmental pollution, especially on the land, water and air. Due to this fertilization problem in agriculture practice, a material with a high-water absorption capacity, which further releases it together with the fertilizer over a desirable period of time, is needed. One way to effectively provide water and nutrients to the plants and improve the physical and chemical properties of the fertilizzer is by the application of hydrogel. In this work, the release of urea fertilizer in a hydrogel-based on corncob cellulose was prepared using N, N'-Methylene Bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker was studied. This research aims to produce a hydrogel with good physical and mechanical properties using acrylamide based on corn cobs cellulose and can be applied as a fertilizer carrier matrix whose structure can regulate fertilizer release. The treatments tested were MBA concentrations of 0%, 1%, and 2%, while the ratio of cellulose: solvent was 1: 2 and the addition of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 5%. The results showed that the swelling value increased with increasing acrylamide in the treatment ratio of the concentration of cellulose: acrylamide-acrylamide (NS: AAm). Fertilizer factors also gave a good swelling value. This shows that the addition of fertilizers gives maximum results. The hydrogel with the best treatment, namely the concentration ratio of 1% MBA, produced a swelling value of 7633.3%, a gel fraction of 76.51%, 1.73 miligram fertilizer loading, fertilizer release by 2.9%, a hardness of 7,865 N, with the morphology showing urea crystals in the form of white spots and showing the results of a slow but optimum release rate of fertilizer so that it can be applied for agriculture that requires a lot of nutrients at the beginning of growth.Keywords: corncorb; cellulose; hydrogel; N’,N’-Methylene Bis-acrylamide (MBA), slow released fertilizer
{"title":"The Release of Fertilizer on Corncob Cellulose – Based Acid-Acrylamide Hydrogel Prepared by Chemical Cross-Binding Method","authors":"Renda Amalia Anggraini, M. Kurniati, C. Winarti, I. Irmansyah","doi":"10.14710/reaktor.21.3.109-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.3.109-115","url":null,"abstract":"Farmers' knowledge of the amount and dosage of fertilizers recommended for a practical fertilization system is low. As the result, the plant does not fully absorb the given fertilizer. Some fertilizers are leached by the flowing water and wasted into the soil layer. In long term basis, this practice can cause environmental pollution, especially on the land, water and air. Due to this fertilization problem in agriculture practice, a material with a high-water absorption capacity, which further releases it together with the fertilizer over a desirable period of time, is needed. One way to effectively provide water and nutrients to the plants and improve the physical and chemical properties of the fertilizzer is by the application of hydrogel. In this work, the release of urea fertilizer in a hydrogel-based on corncob cellulose was prepared using N, N'-Methylene Bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker was studied. This research aims to produce a hydrogel with good physical and mechanical properties using acrylamide based on corn cobs cellulose and can be applied as a fertilizer carrier matrix whose structure can regulate fertilizer release. The treatments tested were MBA concentrations of 0%, 1%, and 2%, while the ratio of cellulose: solvent was 1: 2 and the addition of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 5%. The results showed that the swelling value increased with increasing acrylamide in the treatment ratio of the concentration of cellulose: acrylamide-acrylamide (NS: AAm). Fertilizer factors also gave a good swelling value. This shows that the addition of fertilizers gives maximum results. The hydrogel with the best treatment, namely the concentration ratio of 1% MBA, produced a swelling value of 7633.3%, a gel fraction of 76.51%, 1.73 miligram fertilizer loading, fertilizer release by 2.9%, a hardness of 7,865 N, with the morphology showing urea crystals in the form of white spots and showing the results of a slow but optimum release rate of fertilizer so that it can be applied for agriculture that requires a lot of nutrients at the beginning of growth.Keywords: corncorb; cellulose; hydrogel; N’,N’-Methylene Bis-acrylamide (MBA), slow released fertilizer","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84795072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.103-108
Hendrawan Laksono, M. Kurniati, Y. W. Sari, C. Winarti
Hydrogels based on natural polymers such as carrageenan are currently being developed to improve efficiency in agriculture. By enriching hydrogels with fertilizers, they will be released slowly into the soil. Enrichment of fertilizers on carrageenan-based hydrogels was carried out and analyzed with the response of swelling ability, gel fraction value of grafting degree, to the hydrogel's ability to release the fertilizer trapped in it. Carrageenan is used because its use as a natural polymer has not been widely explored, especially in the non-food sector. The results showed that the average swelling value of carrageenan-based hydrogel to ammonium nitrate solution ranged from 750.00% - 1,633.33%. The gel fraction values obtained ranged from 74.06% to 87.51%, and the degree of grafting ranged from 85.33% to 93.59%. These values indicate a relatively high degree of tissue density and grafting of acrylamide monomer on carrageenan, which means that the carrageenan:AAm based hydrogel has strong mechanical properties. The ability to release ammonium nitrate samples from the hydrogel carrageenan-based has a value ranging from 8.86% to 44.92% in five days of observation. Interpretation of the test results, the best ratio of carrageenan:AAm is 1:1, due to its relatively low release value but still has good swelling and mechanical properties.Keywords: Hydrogel; Carrageenan; Acrilamyde; Fertilizer release
{"title":"The Effect of Variation of Raw Material Ratio on Hydrogel Based on K-Carrageean - Acrylamide as a Carrier of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer","authors":"Hendrawan Laksono, M. Kurniati, Y. W. Sari, C. Winarti","doi":"10.14710/reaktor.21.3.103-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.3.103-108","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels based on natural polymers such as carrageenan are currently being developed to improve efficiency in agriculture. By enriching hydrogels with fertilizers, they will be released slowly into the soil. Enrichment of fertilizers on carrageenan-based hydrogels was carried out and analyzed with the response of swelling ability, gel fraction value of grafting degree, to the hydrogel's ability to release the fertilizer trapped in it. Carrageenan is used because its use as a natural polymer has not been widely explored, especially in the non-food sector. The results showed that the average swelling value of carrageenan-based hydrogel to ammonium nitrate solution ranged from 750.00% - 1,633.33%. The gel fraction values obtained ranged from 74.06% to 87.51%, and the degree of grafting ranged from 85.33% to 93.59%. These values indicate a relatively high degree of tissue density and grafting of acrylamide monomer on carrageenan, which means that the carrageenan:AAm based hydrogel has strong mechanical properties. The ability to release ammonium nitrate samples from the hydrogel carrageenan-based has a value ranging from 8.86% to 44.92% in five days of observation. Interpretation of the test results, the best ratio of carrageenan:AAm is 1:1, due to its relatively low release value but still has good swelling and mechanical properties.Keywords: Hydrogel; Carrageenan; Acrilamyde; Fertilizer release","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87966109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.116-123
Y. Halim, Carinna Ruth Darmawan
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) peel contains a considerable amount of pectin, high molecular weight polysaccharides that can be used in edible film making due to its ability to form gels. However, edible film from pectin usually has poor moisture barrier properties. Therefore, pectin is generally combined with glycerol as plasticizer and starch. This research aimed to utilize pectin from papaya peel with the addition of corn starch in edible film making to determine the characteristics of pectin from papaya peel and the effect of pectin and corn starch concentration on edible film characteristics. Pectin extracted from papaya peel was classified as low methoxyl pectin (LMP). The pectin was then utilized in edible films making together with corn starch addition. Two factors were used in this research, which included pectin amount (0.75 g, 1.0 g, 1.25 g) and corn starch concentration (40%, 50%, 60%, based on pectin). The selected edible films formulation was an edible film made from a pectin amount of 1 g with 50% corn starch (based on pectin weight). This formulation showed low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 3.447±0.270 g.mm/m2/hour, a moderate tensile strength of 1.3121±0.0720 MPa, a moderate elongation percentage of 9.42±0.08%, and a thickness of 0.11±0.01 mm.Keywords: corn starch; edible films; papaya peel; pectin
{"title":"Characteristics of Edible Film Made from Pectin of Papaya Peel","authors":"Y. Halim, Carinna Ruth Darmawan","doi":"10.14710/reaktor.21.3.116-123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.3.116-123","url":null,"abstract":"Papaya (Carica papaya L.) peel contains a considerable amount of pectin, high molecular weight polysaccharides that can be used in edible film making due to its ability to form gels. However, edible film from pectin usually has poor moisture barrier properties. Therefore, pectin is generally combined with glycerol as plasticizer and starch. This research aimed to utilize pectin from papaya peel with the addition of corn starch in edible film making to determine the characteristics of pectin from papaya peel and the effect of pectin and corn starch concentration on edible film characteristics. Pectin extracted from papaya peel was classified as low methoxyl pectin (LMP). The pectin was then utilized in edible films making together with corn starch addition. Two factors were used in this research, which included pectin amount (0.75 g, 1.0 g, 1.25 g) and corn starch concentration (40%, 50%, 60%, based on pectin). The selected edible films formulation was an edible film made from a pectin amount of 1 g with 50% corn starch (based on pectin weight). This formulation showed low water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 3.447±0.270 g.mm/m2/hour, a moderate tensile strength of 1.3121±0.0720 MPa, a moderate elongation percentage of 9.42±0.08%, and a thickness of 0.11±0.01 mm.Keywords: corn starch; edible films; papaya peel; pectin","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85384675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-03DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.3.124-132
A. Prasetyaningrum, Sadam Arrois, Fitri Lafifa, Aat Zaki Mubarok, Fadlillah Fani, N. Handayani, R. Ratnawati, B. Jos
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a medicinal plant with various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. This study aimed to encapsulate lemongrass bioactive in alginate/chitosan complex by enhancing the properties of CaCl2 crosslinked incorporated with tween 80 by ionic gelation method. The hydrogel was prepared by mixing alginate solution (2% w/v) and chitosan solution (1% w/v) with a ratio (1:1 v/v). Tween 80 (2% v/v) was added as a dissolution enhancer and CaCl2 as a crosslinker agent. The formulation varying by concentration of CaCl2 (0.1M to 0.3M) and lemongrass extract (2% to 12%). Encapsulation lemongrass with alginate-chitosan beads is characterized to determine encapsulation efficiency, swelling study, morphology, functional groups, and release study. The results showed that encapsulation efficiency ranged from 74.81% to 83.07%. Encapsulation efficiency increased with the addition of CaCl2 and lemongrass extract concentration. The swelling ratio ranged from 27.29 to 37.81, it will decrease with the addition of CaCl2 and lemongrass extract concentration. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of hydrogel beads shows a polyhedral shape, porous, and rough surface which indicates bioactive of lemongrass trapped on the beads. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results show new peaks at 1734 cm-1 as carbonyl stretch vibrations in ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, indicating the addition of lemongrass extract. Bioactive of lemongrass extract loaded alginate-chitosan beads was successfully released as much as 87.12% at pH 6.8. This study suggested the strong potential alginate-chitosan beads as an encapsulating agent for lemongrass extract using the ionic gelation method, and it has potential as a drug delivery system.Keywords: encapsulation; lemongrass; alginate; chitosan; CaCl2
{"title":"Encapsulation of Lemongrass Extract (Cymbopogon citratus) Coated Alginate/Chitosan Using Gelation Method","authors":"A. Prasetyaningrum, Sadam Arrois, Fitri Lafifa, Aat Zaki Mubarok, Fadlillah Fani, N. Handayani, R. Ratnawati, B. Jos","doi":"10.14710/reaktor.21.3.124-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.3.124-132","url":null,"abstract":"Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a medicinal plant with various biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. This study aimed to encapsulate lemongrass bioactive in alginate/chitosan complex by enhancing the properties of CaCl2 crosslinked incorporated with tween 80 by ionic gelation method. The hydrogel was prepared by mixing alginate solution (2% w/v) and chitosan solution (1% w/v) with a ratio (1:1 v/v). Tween 80 (2% v/v) was added as a dissolution enhancer and CaCl2 as a crosslinker agent. The formulation varying by concentration of CaCl2 (0.1M to 0.3M) and lemongrass extract (2% to 12%). Encapsulation lemongrass with alginate-chitosan beads is characterized to determine encapsulation efficiency, swelling study, morphology, functional groups, and release study. The results showed that encapsulation efficiency ranged from 74.81% to 83.07%. Encapsulation efficiency increased with the addition of CaCl2 and lemongrass extract concentration. The swelling ratio ranged from 27.29 to 37.81, it will decrease with the addition of CaCl2 and lemongrass extract concentration. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of hydrogel beads shows a polyhedral shape, porous, and rough surface which indicates bioactive of lemongrass trapped on the beads. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results show new peaks at 1734 cm-1 as carbonyl stretch vibrations in ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, indicating the addition of lemongrass extract. Bioactive of lemongrass extract loaded alginate-chitosan beads was successfully released as much as 87.12% at pH 6.8. This study suggested the strong potential alginate-chitosan beads as an encapsulating agent for lemongrass extract using the ionic gelation method, and it has potential as a drug delivery system.Keywords: encapsulation; lemongrass; alginate; chitosan; CaCl2","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77162984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.2.74-93
I. Riadi, Z. Putra, H. Cahyono
Pinch analysis for a sugar plant production capacity 4000 TCD has been carried out to reduce its energy consumptions. The plant has ten evaporators that can be configured to several multiple effect evaporators. It has been running with five-effect evaporator (quintuple) scheme. To maximize energy utilization within the plant, three multiple effect evaporator schemes were evaluated. They are triple effect evaporator, quadruple effect evaporator, and quintuple effect evaporator as the benchmark. The result shows that the quintuple effect evaporator yields the highest energy efficiency by about 10%. Options to achieve such target is to use low pressure steam only for the first effect and to use steam bleeding from the first effect to heat a tertiary juice heater. With this proposed scenario, sugar dryer, wash water RVF unit and wash water HGF unit no longer need external steam for its operation.
{"title":"Thermal integration analysis and improved configuration for multiple effect evaporator system based on pinch analysis","authors":"I. Riadi, Z. Putra, H. Cahyono","doi":"10.14710/reaktor.21.2.74-93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.2.74-93","url":null,"abstract":"Pinch analysis for a sugar plant production capacity 4000 TCD has been carried out to reduce its energy consumptions. The plant has ten evaporators that can be configured to several multiple effect evaporators. It has been running with five-effect evaporator (quintuple) scheme. To maximize energy utilization within the plant, three multiple effect evaporator schemes were evaluated. They are triple effect evaporator, quadruple effect evaporator, and quintuple effect evaporator as the benchmark. The result shows that the quintuple effect evaporator yields the highest energy efficiency by about 10%. Options to achieve such target is to use low pressure steam only for the first effect and to use steam bleeding from the first effect to heat a tertiary juice heater. With this proposed scenario, sugar dryer, wash water RVF unit and wash water HGF unit no longer need external steam for its operation.","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85709494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.21.2.65-73
Agam Duma Kalista Wibowo, Pina Tiani, L. Aditya, A. S. Handayani, M. Christwardana
Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are generally made from non-renewable petroleum sulfonates and their prices are relatively expensive, so it is necessary to synthesis the bio-based surfactants that are renewable and ecofriendly. The surfactant solution can reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water while vinyl acetate monomer has an ability to increase the viscosity as a mobility control. Therefore, polymeric surfactant has both combination properties in reducing the oil/water IFT and increasing the viscosity of the aqueous solution simultaneously. Based on the study, the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Polymeric Surfactant was at 0.5% concentration with an IFT of 7.72x10-2 mN/m. The best mole ratio of methyl ester sulfonate to vinyl acetate for polymeric surfactant synthesis was 1:0.5 with an IFT of 6.7x10-3 mN/m. Characterization of the product using FTIR and HNMR has proven the creation of polymeric surfactant. Based on the wettability alteration study, it confirmed that the product has an ability to alter from the initial oil-wet to water-wet quartz surface. In conclusion, the polymeric surfactant has ultralow IFT and could be an alternative surfactant for chemical flooding because the IFT value met with the required standard for chemical flooding ranges from 10-2 to 10-3 mN/m.Keywords: Enhanced Oil recovery, Interfacial Tension, Methyl Ester Sulfonate, Polymeric surfactant, vinyl acetate
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Surfactant from Palm Oil Methyl Ester and Vinyl Acetate for Chemical Flooding","authors":"Agam Duma Kalista Wibowo, Pina Tiani, L. Aditya, A. S. Handayani, M. Christwardana","doi":"10.14710/reaktor.21.2.65-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.2.65-73","url":null,"abstract":"Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery are generally made from non-renewable petroleum sulfonates and their prices are relatively expensive, so it is necessary to synthesis the bio-based surfactants that are renewable and ecofriendly. The surfactant solution can reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water while vinyl acetate monomer has an ability to increase the viscosity as a mobility control. Therefore, polymeric surfactant has both combination properties in reducing the oil/water IFT and increasing the viscosity of the aqueous solution simultaneously. Based on the study, the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of Polymeric Surfactant was at 0.5% concentration with an IFT of 7.72x10-2 mN/m. The best mole ratio of methyl ester sulfonate to vinyl acetate for polymeric surfactant synthesis was 1:0.5 with an IFT of 6.7x10-3 mN/m. Characterization of the product using FTIR and HNMR has proven the creation of polymeric surfactant. Based on the wettability alteration study, it confirmed that the product has an ability to alter from the initial oil-wet to water-wet quartz surface. In conclusion, the polymeric surfactant has ultralow IFT and could be an alternative surfactant for chemical flooding because the IFT value met with the required standard for chemical flooding ranges from 10-2 to 10-3 mN/m.Keywords: Enhanced Oil recovery, Interfacial Tension, Methyl Ester Sulfonate, Polymeric surfactant, vinyl acetate","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82236024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.192-202
E. Yuliwati, Nurlailah Nurlailah, D. Kharismadewi
Development of coconut-based industries in Indonesia has excellent prospects, especially Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a nutritional supplement for health. In order to produce high quality of VCO, this research developed activated carbon betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) as bio-adsorbent in adsorption process. The composition of bio-adsorbent in chromatographic column has been optimized using central composite design (CCD). Bio-adsorbent were characterised by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the average poresize of 1.59 μm was calculated using equation. Adsorption isotherm data have been described by Freundlich and Langmuir models and resulted the adsorption equilibrium constant of kf of 80.68 mg g-1and kL of 0.056 L mg-1. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model resulted adsorption rate constant, k of 0.004 g mg-1 min-1 with a good fitting R2 of 0.997. This optimum process condition was achieved on adsorption time of 33 hours, 150 gr of bio-adsorbent and 411.75gr of adsorbed (neat VCO), that produced odorless and colorless VCO, density of 0.91630gr/mL and FFA concentration of 0,0602 %, which. were fulfil the standard of SNI-3741-2013 and APCC.Keywords: CCD, adsorption; fixed bed column; bio-adsorbent; Dendrocalamus asper
印尼椰子产业发展前景良好，特别是初榨椰子油(VCO)作为一种保健营养补充剂。为了生产高质量的VCO，本研究在竹材间开发了活性炭作为吸附过程中的生物吸附剂。采用中心复合设计(CCD)对色谱柱中生物吸附剂的组成进行了优化。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对生物吸附剂进行了表征，利用方程计算出平均孔径为1.59 μm。吸附等温线数据用Freundlich和Langmuir模型描述，得到吸附平衡常数kf为80.68 mg-1, kL为0.056 L mg-1。拟二级动力学模型得到吸附速率常数k为0.004 g mg-1 min-1，拟合R2为0.997。最佳工艺条件为:吸附时间为33 h，生物吸附剂用量为150 g，吸附量为411.75g(纯VCO)，可制得无味无色的VCO，密度为0.91630g /mL, FFA浓度为0.0602%。符合SNI-3741-2013和APCC标准。关键词:CCD;吸附;固定床柱;bio-adsorbent;麻阿斯皮尔
{"title":"Optimisation using Central Composite Design for Adsorption of Virgin Coconut Oil","authors":"E. Yuliwati, Nurlailah Nurlailah, D. Kharismadewi","doi":"10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.192-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.192-202","url":null,"abstract":"Development of coconut-based industries in Indonesia has excellent prospects, especially Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a nutritional supplement for health. In order to produce high quality of VCO, this research developed activated carbon betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) as bio-adsorbent in adsorption process. The composition of bio-adsorbent in chromatographic column has been optimized using central composite design (CCD). Bio-adsorbent were characterised by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the average poresize of 1.59 μm was calculated using equation. Adsorption isotherm data have been described by Freundlich and Langmuir models and resulted the adsorption equilibrium constant of kf of 80.68 mg g-1and kL of 0.056 L mg-1. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model resulted adsorption rate constant, k of 0.004 g mg-1 min-1 with a good fitting R2 of 0.997. This optimum process condition was achieved on adsorption time of 33 hours, 150 gr of bio-adsorbent and 411.75gr of adsorbed (neat VCO), that produced odorless and colorless VCO, density of 0.91630gr/mL and FFA concentration of 0,0602 %, which. were fulfil the standard of SNI-3741-2013 and APCC.Keywords: CCD, adsorption; fixed bed column; bio-adsorbent; Dendrocalamus asper","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76033479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.203-209
D. H. Wardhani, Lucia Hermawati Rahayu, H. Cahyono, Hana L Ulya
Porang tuber is rich of glucomannan content but contained irritable compounds to be consumed. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using isoprophyl alcohol (IPA) was developed as a purification method for glucomannan. This study aimed to determine the effects of UAE conditions (IPA concentrations, ratios of solvent-solid, and number of extraction stages) on the characteristics of purified glucomannan (PG) from porang flour (PF). Single-stage UAE using 80% IPA concentration and ratio of solvent-solid of 8:1 (ml/g) for 10 min gave the highest glucomannan content (76.10%). At this condition, the PG viscosity and yield were 12,800 cP and 96.10%, respectively. Furthermore, the three-stage UAE using 80% IPA concentration in each stage improved the glucomannan content to 83.26% with 15,960 cP and 90.02% of yield. The morphology showed that the purified glucomannan powders had smoother surface and less crump after the purification. Both carbonyl and acetyl groups were observed on PF and PG in different intensities. Keywords: glucomannan, isopropanol, Amorphophallus oncophyllus, ultrasound-assisted extraction
{"title":"Purification of Glucomannan of Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Flour using Combination of Isopropyl Alcohol and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction","authors":"D. H. Wardhani, Lucia Hermawati Rahayu, H. Cahyono, Hana L Ulya","doi":"10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.203-209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.203-209","url":null,"abstract":"Porang tuber is rich of glucomannan content but contained irritable compounds to be consumed. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using isoprophyl alcohol (IPA) was developed as a purification method for glucomannan. This study aimed to determine the effects of UAE conditions (IPA concentrations, ratios of solvent-solid, and number of extraction stages) on the characteristics of purified glucomannan (PG) from porang flour (PF). Single-stage UAE using 80% IPA concentration and ratio of solvent-solid of 8:1 (ml/g) for 10 min gave the highest glucomannan content (76.10%). At this condition, the PG viscosity and yield were 12,800 cP and 96.10%, respectively. Furthermore, the three-stage UAE using 80% IPA concentration in each stage improved the glucomannan content to 83.26% with 15,960 cP and 90.02% of yield. The morphology showed that the purified glucomannan powders had smoother surface and less crump after the purification. Both carbonyl and acetyl groups were observed on PF and PG in different intensities. Keywords: glucomannan, isopropanol, Amorphophallus oncophyllus, ultrasound-assisted extraction","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75361399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.166-173
C. Tamzysi, M. Adnan, F. Rahma, A. Hidayat
Microalgae is known as the future bioenergy resources due to its unlimited potential and availability. One of the numerous paths to acquire an energy source is gasification, which produce syngas and methane as a hydrocarbon fuel or feedstock product. To set up an efficient gasification plant, several essential information is needed including the effect of oxidizing agent and steam to carbon (S/C) ratio to energy efficiency on certain biomass properties. This paper aims to study the highest exergy possibility on microalgae gasification process by examining the effect of steam and air flowrate independently via ASPEN Plus simulation. The result was validated with experimental data to verify the simulation reliability. It was found that the thermodynamic based simulation is suitable to predict the reactor behavior and acquire an optimum operating condition.Keywords: microalgae; gasification; exergy; simulation
{"title":"Exergy Analysis of Microalgae Thermochemical Conversion using Aspen Plus Simulation","authors":"C. Tamzysi, M. Adnan, F. Rahma, A. Hidayat","doi":"10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.166-173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14710/REAKTOR.20.4.166-173","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae is known as the future bioenergy resources due to its unlimited potential and availability. One of the numerous paths to acquire an energy source is gasification, which produce syngas and methane as a hydrocarbon fuel or feedstock product. To set up an efficient gasification plant, several essential information is needed including the effect of oxidizing agent and steam to carbon (S/C) ratio to energy efficiency on certain biomass properties. This paper aims to study the highest exergy possibility on microalgae gasification process by examining the effect of steam and air flowrate independently via ASPEN Plus simulation. The result was validated with experimental data to verify the simulation reliability. It was found that the thermodynamic based simulation is suitable to predict the reactor behavior and acquire an optimum operating condition.Keywords: microalgae; gasification; exergy; simulation","PeriodicalId":20874,"journal":{"name":"Reaktor","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76797622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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