Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.36019/9780813554280-002
{"title":"Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.36019/9780813554280-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813554280-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89559220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.36019/9780813554280-006
{"title":"Chapter 3. Public Participation: The Federal Bureaucracy Starts a Public Dialogue","authors":"","doi":"10.36019/9780813554280-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813554280-006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74467676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-16DOI: 10.1177/1529100620974613
Anastasia Kozyreva is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC) at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. She is a philosopher and a cognitive scientist working on cognitive and ethical implications of digital technologies and artificial intelligence on society. After completing her Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in 2016, she joined ARC to study rationality and decision-making under uncertainty. Her conceptual research focuses on foundations of risk and uncertainty, bounded rationality, and the challenges that modern digital environments pose to human autonomy and decision making. Her empirical research focuses on public attitudes toward digital technologies and cognitive interventions that could help counteract rising challenges of false information and online manipulation.
{"title":"About the Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1529100620974613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620974613","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Anastasia Kozyreva</b> is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Center for Adaptive Rationality (ARC) at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. She is a philosopher and a cognitive scientist working on cognitive and ethical implications of digital technologies and artificial intelligence on society. After completing her Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in 2016, she joined ARC to study rationality and decision-making under uncertainty. Her conceptual research focuses on foundations of risk and uncertainty, bounded rationality, and the challenges that modern digital environments pose to human autonomy and decision making. Her empirical research focuses on public attitudes toward digital technologies and cognitive interventions that could help counteract rising challenges of false information and online manipulation.","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138530268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1529100620933847
C. Shawn Green
In his 1955 address to the National Academy of Sciences, Richard Feynman delineated three key ways in which he saw science as having value (Feynman, 1955). One of these ways was the simple “intellectual enjoyment which some people get from reading and learning and thinking” (p. 13). For many scientists, there is intrinsic value in simply coming to understand how things work. They feel a certain joy when aspects of the world that previously seemed completely mysterious or idiosyncratic become less so. And this is true regardless of how the knowledge is eventually put to use. Yet it is inarguably the case that those eventual uses represent the greatest long-term value of science to our broader society. As Feynman said in discussing this second way that science has value, science is important because it “enables us to do all kinds of things and to make all kinds of things” (p. 13). In other words, increasing scientific understanding of a domain provides for the increasing possibility that we can apply some degree of control in the domain. Science offers the promise that we can manipulate, and thus potentially master, our circumstances. This core notion certainly permeates the behavioral sciences. Throughout the literature, one consistently sees manifestations of the idea that if we come to truly understand the mechanics by which human abilities, skills, knowledge, and other life outcomes emerge, then we might be able to purposefully intervene so as to alter those outcomes for the better. And although we are absolutely (very, very) far from mastering our circumstances in this domain, there are at least many reasons to be hopeful that such goals will eventually be within our reach. Such reasons for optimism include, for example, promising and ever-growing bodies of research on behavioral interventions meant to increase mental health and well-being (Creswell, 2017; Davidson & Dahl, 2018), interventions meant to decrease bias and prejudicial actions (Lemmer & Wager, 2015; Paluck & Green, 2009), interventions meant to increase cognitive and perceptual functioning (Au et al., 2015; Bediou et al., 2018; Deveau, Jaeggi, Zordan, Phung, & Seitz, 2014), and interventions in the educational sphere, such as those to promote reading abilities (Bus & van IJzendoorn, 1999; Kim & Quinn, 2013). Yet in considering previous work, as well as in evaluating the potential of future work, it is critical to recognize that in most cases of human behavior, truly “doing good” necessitates that the effects of interventions meet at least two key criteria: (a) The impact of the given intervention needs to generalize reasonably broadly and (b) the impact of the given intervention needs to be enduring. If the impact of an intervention is exceedingly narrow, or if the positive impact lasts for only a short period of time, this will obviously reduce the real-world good that will be realized from the intervention. It is therefore somewhat unfortunate that the field of human learning ha
{"title":"Interventions to Do Real-World Good: Generalization and Persistence","authors":"C. Shawn Green","doi":"10.1177/1529100620933847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620933847","url":null,"abstract":"In his 1955 address to the National Academy of Sciences, Richard Feynman delineated three key ways in which he saw science as having value (Feynman, 1955). One of these ways was the simple “intellectual enjoyment which some people get from reading and learning and thinking” (p. 13). For many scientists, there is intrinsic value in simply coming to understand how things work. They feel a certain joy when aspects of the world that previously seemed completely mysterious or idiosyncratic become less so. And this is true regardless of how the knowledge is eventually put to use. Yet it is inarguably the case that those eventual uses represent the greatest long-term value of science to our broader society. As Feynman said in discussing this second way that science has value, science is important because it “enables us to do all kinds of things and to make all kinds of things” (p. 13). In other words, increasing scientific understanding of a domain provides for the increasing possibility that we can apply some degree of control in the domain. Science offers the promise that we can manipulate, and thus potentially master, our circumstances. This core notion certainly permeates the behavioral sciences. Throughout the literature, one consistently sees manifestations of the idea that if we come to truly understand the mechanics by which human abilities, skills, knowledge, and other life outcomes emerge, then we might be able to purposefully intervene so as to alter those outcomes for the better. And although we are absolutely (very, very) far from mastering our circumstances in this domain, there are at least many reasons to be hopeful that such goals will eventually be within our reach. Such reasons for optimism include, for example, promising and ever-growing bodies of research on behavioral interventions meant to increase mental health and well-being (Creswell, 2017; Davidson & Dahl, 2018), interventions meant to decrease bias and prejudicial actions (Lemmer & Wager, 2015; Paluck & Green, 2009), interventions meant to increase cognitive and perceptual functioning (Au et al., 2015; Bediou et al., 2018; Deveau, Jaeggi, Zordan, Phung, & Seitz, 2014), and interventions in the educational sphere, such as those to promote reading abilities (Bus & van IJzendoorn, 1999; Kim & Quinn, 2013). Yet in considering previous work, as well as in evaluating the potential of future work, it is critical to recognize that in most cases of human behavior, truly “doing good” necessitates that the effects of interventions meet at least two key criteria: (a) The impact of the given intervention needs to generalize reasonably broadly and (b) the impact of the given intervention needs to be enduring. If the impact of an intervention is exceedingly narrow, or if the positive impact lasts for only a short period of time, this will obviously reduce the real-world good that will be realized from the intervention. It is therefore somewhat unfortunate that the field of human learning ha","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"21 1","pages":"43 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100620933847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42908843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1529100620935793
B. Schneider, Lydia Bradford
When designing intervention research that has a longterm goal, fade-out is an important consideration. Bailey, Duncan, Cunha, Foorman, and Yeager (2020; this issue) offer several important takeaways for such interventions, beginning from the initial plan to later longitudinal analyses of treatment effects. For example, researchers would be well advised to consider the contextual influences, such as whether the treatment is in a low-income urban school district undergoing pending gentrification plans at the onset of the intervention, which could change the demographic characteristics of the targeted student population. Gentrification of a neighborhood may have profound implications for the initial sample selection, instrumentation, and measurement. The authors also suggest that intervention designers with long-term goals need to request additional support for subsequent data-collection efforts. We assume this would include such factors as obtaining overpowered initial treatment and control samples, identifying stable contextual conditions (e.g., neighborhood, student and teacher mobility), and a clear temporal vision of subsequent treatment outcomes, all of which are likely to affect the sample balance necessary for evaluating the impact of the intervention over time. Although Bailey and colleagues are comprehensive in their focus on fade-out and possible remediation of its effect, we argue that the dominance of the psychological perspective on education interventions and their purposes tend to overlook other research designs in which problems of fade-out can more easily be adjusted (e.g., quasiexperiments with generalizable longitudinal samples that include nested interventions) or other naturally occurring treatment effects (e.g., use of online instruction during a pandemic). The authors focus on interventions designed to enhance psychological traits or skill-based tools and bring in other research in economics and sociology that they perceive as complementary to their perspective. Our review highlights some additional problems of designing interventions involving randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that specifically focus on avoiding fade-out and recognize the complexity of measures required to understand persisting effects of an intervention on either psychological traits or skill-based tools. In addition, we put forward several measurement issues that arise when considering postintervention analyses for RCTs or quasiexperiments.
{"title":"What We Are Learning About Fade-Out of Intervention Effects: A Commentary","authors":"B. Schneider, Lydia Bradford","doi":"10.1177/1529100620935793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620935793","url":null,"abstract":"When designing intervention research that has a longterm goal, fade-out is an important consideration. Bailey, Duncan, Cunha, Foorman, and Yeager (2020; this issue) offer several important takeaways for such interventions, beginning from the initial plan to later longitudinal analyses of treatment effects. For example, researchers would be well advised to consider the contextual influences, such as whether the treatment is in a low-income urban school district undergoing pending gentrification plans at the onset of the intervention, which could change the demographic characteristics of the targeted student population. Gentrification of a neighborhood may have profound implications for the initial sample selection, instrumentation, and measurement. The authors also suggest that intervention designers with long-term goals need to request additional support for subsequent data-collection efforts. We assume this would include such factors as obtaining overpowered initial treatment and control samples, identifying stable contextual conditions (e.g., neighborhood, student and teacher mobility), and a clear temporal vision of subsequent treatment outcomes, all of which are likely to affect the sample balance necessary for evaluating the impact of the intervention over time. Although Bailey and colleagues are comprehensive in their focus on fade-out and possible remediation of its effect, we argue that the dominance of the psychological perspective on education interventions and their purposes tend to overlook other research designs in which problems of fade-out can more easily be adjusted (e.g., quasiexperiments with generalizable longitudinal samples that include nested interventions) or other naturally occurring treatment effects (e.g., use of online instruction during a pandemic). The authors focus on interventions designed to enhance psychological traits or skill-based tools and bring in other research in economics and sociology that they perceive as complementary to their perspective. Our review highlights some additional problems of designing interventions involving randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that specifically focus on avoiding fade-out and recognize the complexity of measures required to understand persisting effects of an intervention on either psychological traits or skill-based tools. In addition, we put forward several measurement issues that arise when considering postintervention analyses for RCTs or quasiexperiments.","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"21 1","pages":"50 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100620935793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45199924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-10DOI: 10.1177/1529100617743455
A. Gangopadhyay
A 55-year-old man with a history of multiple gunshot wounds complicated by dense adhesions from several previous episodes of abdominal surgery presented with persistent nausea/vomiting. His past medical history included a chronic enterocutaneous fistula, which had been closed with an atrial septal occluder. Additionally, he had had vomiting due to a duodenal stricture secondary to adhesions and he had undergone endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gastrojejunostomy with a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS). This had been complicated by stent misdeployment that required placement of a second tandem LAMS. The patient had reported improvement in his quality of life after closure of the enterocutaneous fistula and weight gain after undergoing the gastrojejunostomy. However, 6 months later, he developed recurrent nausea/vomiting. During endoscopy, the previously placed 15-mm LAMS had evidence of tissue ingrowth through the eroded plastic covering, which was causing there to be a smaller gastrojejunostomy lumen. The stent was dilated with a 15-mm controlled radial expansion balloon, which permitted the endoscope to be advanced into the small intestine. However, the LAMS could not be removed because of tissue ingrowth. Therefore, argon plasma coagulation (APC) was used to break the mesh of the stent (▶Fig. 1). A 20-mm LAMSwas then deployed across the previous stent under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance (▶Video1). The new stent was anchored with a 7-Fr ×15-cm plastic double-pigtail stent. Following placement of the 20-mm LAMS, the patient’s symptoms of nausea and vomiting improved considerably. EUS-guided gastrojejunostomy has previously been shown to be successful for the management of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to benign and malignant disease [1, 2]. Previous studies have utilized LAMS of 10mm and 15mm in diameter. Nonetheless, the smaller diameter can lead to stent obstruction, either by tissue ingrowth or food. With the advent of the 20-mm LAMS, patients can now undergo successful larger diameter gastrojejunostomy. Future studies will be needed to determine whether the larger lumen will improve the overall nutrition and health of these patients. E-Videos
{"title":"About the Authors.","authors":"A. Gangopadhyay","doi":"10.1177/1529100617743455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100617743455","url":null,"abstract":"A 55-year-old man with a history of multiple gunshot wounds complicated by dense adhesions from several previous episodes of abdominal surgery presented with persistent nausea/vomiting. His past medical history included a chronic enterocutaneous fistula, which had been closed with an atrial septal occluder. Additionally, he had had vomiting due to a duodenal stricture secondary to adhesions and he had undergone endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided gastrojejunostomy with a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS). This had been complicated by stent misdeployment that required placement of a second tandem LAMS. The patient had reported improvement in his quality of life after closure of the enterocutaneous fistula and weight gain after undergoing the gastrojejunostomy. However, 6 months later, he developed recurrent nausea/vomiting. During endoscopy, the previously placed 15-mm LAMS had evidence of tissue ingrowth through the eroded plastic covering, which was causing there to be a smaller gastrojejunostomy lumen. The stent was dilated with a 15-mm controlled radial expansion balloon, which permitted the endoscope to be advanced into the small intestine. However, the LAMS could not be removed because of tissue ingrowth. Therefore, argon plasma coagulation (APC) was used to break the mesh of the stent (▶Fig. 1). A 20-mm LAMSwas then deployed across the previous stent under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance (▶Video1). The new stent was anchored with a 7-Fr ×15-cm plastic double-pigtail stent. Following placement of the 20-mm LAMS, the patient’s symptoms of nausea and vomiting improved considerably. EUS-guided gastrojejunostomy has previously been shown to be successful for the management of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to benign and malignant disease [1, 2]. Previous studies have utilized LAMS of 10mm and 15mm in diameter. Nonetheless, the smaller diameter can lead to stent obstruction, either by tissue ingrowth or food. With the advent of the 20-mm LAMS, patients can now undergo successful larger diameter gastrojejunostomy. Future studies will be needed to determine whether the larger lumen will improve the overall nutrition and health of these patients. E-Videos","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"18 2 1","pages":"iii-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100617743455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65439701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-01DOI: 10.1177/1529100619899888
Jadranka Švarc
Jadranka Švarc, PhD, is a scientific advisor at the Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences, Zagreb. She holds an MA in information sciences and a PhD in sociology from the University of Zagreb. Her research interest and expertise focus on the role of scientific, technological and innovation system in the socio-economic progress and on the socio-cultural and political aspects of the knowledge-based society. She has worked as an innovation expert in various national, FP7 and Horizon EU projects (SIS, RIO, ERAWATCH, WBC-INCO.NET, METRIS, MASIS, MoRRi). She is evaluator for several internationally refereed journals, national scientific projects and, recently, for European project reports. Švarc has published two books, over 50 scientific papers, and close to 40 expert studies. She has participated in over 40 scientific conferences.
{"title":"About the Authors","authors":"Jadranka Švarc","doi":"10.1177/1529100619899888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100619899888","url":null,"abstract":"Jadranka Švarc, PhD, is a scientific advisor at the Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences, Zagreb. She holds an MA in information sciences and a PhD in sociology from the University of Zagreb. Her research interest and expertise focus on the role of scientific, technological and innovation system in the socio-economic progress and on the socio-cultural and political aspects of the knowledge-based society. She has worked as an innovation expert in various national, FP7 and Horizon EU projects (SIS, RIO, ERAWATCH, WBC-INCO.NET, METRIS, MASIS, MoRRi). She is evaluator for several internationally refereed journals, national scientific projects and, recently, for European project reports. Švarc has published two books, over 50 scientific papers, and close to 40 expert studies. She has participated in over 40 scientific conferences.","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"20 1","pages":"iii - iv"},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100619899888","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42233475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.1177/1529100619889954
{"title":"Corrigendum: Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1529100619889954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100619889954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"20 1","pages":"165 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":25.4,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100619889954","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42814655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1529100619860513
Antoine Bechara, Kent C Berridge, Warren K Bickel, Jose A Morón, Sidney B Williams, Jeffrey S Stein
Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become "addicted"? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive "wanting" to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.
{"title":"A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction.","authors":"Antoine Bechara, Kent C Berridge, Warren K Bickel, Jose A Morón, Sidney B Williams, Jeffrey S Stein","doi":"10.1177/1529100619860513","DOIUrl":"10.1177/1529100619860513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become \"addicted\"? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive \"wanting\" to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":20879,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest","volume":"20 1","pages":"96-127"},"PeriodicalIF":18.2,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7001788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47442335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1177/1529100619862034
T. Robbins
The article by Bechara et al. (2019; p. 96) rightly brings to prominence the importance of neurobehavioral research in the investigation of the underlying mechanisms of drug abuse and is particularly timely in the context of the U.S opioid epidemic. They refer to a number of theories of addiction that focus on different aspects of the phenomena associated with chronic drug misuse before a detailed account of the special properties of opioids in processing pain as well as reward and a survey of the role of “willpower” and related cognitive control mechanisms in the understanding and possible treatment of drug abuse. Bechara et al.’s emphasis on theoretical mechanisms is much needed to make progress in reducing initiation, maintenance, and relapse in opioid addiction. In this spirit, I offer a few observations. To begin, the opponent-motivational-processing perspective is rejected by Bechara et al. in its simple form as an account of opioid addiction because it appears to predict that “cold turkey” should eventually cure heroin addiction, whereas in fact it is a chronic, relapsing disorder. However, there is evidence that withdrawal symptoms can readily be classically conditioned (e.g., Goldberg & Schuster, 1967; Kenny, Chen, Kitamura, Markou, & Koob, 2006), which is consistent with the retrieval of such symptoms as aversive memories that sustain addictive behavior. Thus, it seems premature to discard this theory. There is also an important instrumental (voluntary behavior) component to the opponent theory, in that it is based on the negative-reinforcement principle that heroin-seeking occurs in anticipation of the withdrawal state, which can be postponed or escaped from by taking the drug. In that sense, heroin seeking is analogous to avoidance behavior, which is well known to be highly resistant to extinction, and exhibits the normal phenomena of extinction, such as spontaneous recovery, which again would readily promote relapse. Instrumental appetitive behavior also plays an important role in drug seeking, as well as in drug use itself, which is most directly studied in animals in terms of schedules in which the drug is administered intravenously (or via other routes) consequent on instrumental responding, often in the presence of drug-related cues (discriminative stimuli and conditioned reinforcers). Such instrumental behavior has been demonstrated for virtually all drugs of abuse but has been most studied for stimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine. A modern cognitive account of such behavior (e.g., Balleine & O’Doherty, 2010) refers to “goal-directed behavior,” which is governed by specific neural circuits in the corticostriatal system; in the rat, this probably implicates the prelimbic cortex and dorsomedial striatum, equivalent to the caudate nucleus in primates. However, with training, instrumental behavior can become relatively autonomous of the goal and is then referred to as being habitual. This transition is associated with a
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