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Monetary Policy Spillovers under Intermediate Exchange Rate Regimes 中等汇率制度下的货币政策溢出效应
Pub Date : 2020-02-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3545521
Rashad Ahmed
I investigate monetary policy transmission under the Trilemma across Advanced and Emerging Market Economies, paying particular attention on the extent of spillovers under intermediate exchange rate regimes (i.e. managed floats). The extent of monetary pass-through: 1) is broadly significant, but more incomplete in Emerging Markets than Advanced Economies, 2) varies within intermediate exchange rate regimes, 3) appears to be diversifiable under a basket peg, and 4) is non-linear in exchange rate flexibility, especially across Emerging Markets. The latter three points suggest that near-corner exchange rate policies can carry starkly different implications from corner policies themselves: Countries can face almost the same monetary autonomy as under a float without resorting to a pure float. Countries under a fixed regime appear to gain disproportionate monetary independence by giving up relatively little exchange rate stability. The use of international reserves as an additional policy instrument appears to play a role in explaining these non-linearities, particularly for Emerging Markets. Such gains in monetary autonomy are allocated towards domestic objectives differently across Advanced Economies and Emerging Markets. Advanced Economies tend to put greater emphasis on output stabilization while Emerging Markets focus on inflation.
我研究了发达经济体和新兴市场经济体在三难困境下的货币政策传导,特别关注中间汇率制度(即有管理的浮动)下溢出效应的程度。货币传递的程度:1)广泛意义重大,但新兴市场比发达经济体更不完整;2)在中间汇率制度中各不相同;3)在一篮子挂钩制度下似乎是可多样化的;4)汇率灵活性是非线性的,尤其是在新兴市场。后三点表明,近乎绝境的汇率政策可能与绝境政策本身产生截然不同的影响:在不诉诸纯粹的浮动汇率的情况下,各国可以面临与浮动汇率下几乎相同的货币自主权。实行固定汇率制度的国家似乎通过放弃相对较少的汇率稳定,获得了不成比例的货币独立性。使用国际储备作为一种额外的政策工具,似乎在解释这些非线性方面发挥了作用,尤其是对新兴市场而言。在发达经济体和新兴市场,这种货币自主权的收益用于实现国内目标的方式不同。发达经济体往往更强调稳定产出,而新兴市场则关注通胀。
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引用次数: 8
Malaysia: 'Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon' 马来西亚:《卧虎藏龙》
Pub Date : 2020-01-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3522206
John Taskinsoy
This paper metaphorically suggests that Malaysia could have been the 5th Asian Tiger if it were able to discover its special hidden talents as the idiom from the Chinese mythology “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon” infers. Malaysia’s astounding economic track record (1985-96) underpinned by tamed inflation and high future prospects fell short of expectations in the late 1990s. Malaysia’s autocratic leaders and their instability-inflicting policies augmented uncertainty and undermined any potential recovery efforts in the aftermath of the homegrown Asian crisis of 1997-98. As a result, Malaysia’s promising outlook had abruptly shifted from being a model for the future to Asian myth. Malaysia’s GDP contracted mindboggling -7.4% in 1998 after averaging 9.2% in the period of 1992-96. The unthinkable shrinkage in the steady state output amounted to a loss of about $30 billion, the country’s GDP declined from $101 billion in 1996 to $72.2 billion in 1998. Malaysian people become a lot poorer after the crisis; the per capita income was $4,797 in 1996 as opposed to $3,264 in 1998, a decline of $1,533 in per capita income. Malaysia managed to escape the severe impacts of the near global financial meltdown with a minor dent; unlike the contraction observed in 1998 (-7.4%), Malaysia’s GDP dropped from 6.3% to 4.83% (2007-08) before contracting -1.51% in 2009. Despite the transparent and open economy (ranked 16th place in 2008 GCI) plus fast rise in the Human Development Index ranking (61st out of 190 countries in 2018), Malaysia’s heavy reliance on exports and its elongated addiction to the U.S. dollar made it become more prone to financial, currency, trade, and economic crises. The propagation of contemporaneous crises since the late 1990s have distinctly proved that Malaysia is hardly immune to shocks resulting from the slower economic growth in China and monetary normalizations in Europe and the U.S. which are causing interest rates to rise and exchange rate pressures to increase. Although the remarkable transition of Malaysia into a middle-income country was rather easy fostered by unusually favorable macroeconomic environment, but it seems to have been stuck in the middle-income trap and the next major economic leap to achieve a high-income status will require so much more than cheap labor and “mobilization of resources” based on “perspiration rather than inspiration”. Malaysia is struggling to figure out how to develop comprehensive skills which are essential to support future economic growth. Another problem is that educational institutions in Malaysia are not well aligned with industries to meet their demands; furthermore, a seamless coordination as well as collaboration between them is missing. Accordingly, a decade after the 2008 global financial crisis, Malaysia ranks 44th in pillar 4 (Health and Primary Education) and 41st in pillar 5 (Higher Education and Training). Malaysia also ranks 43rd in pillar 9 (Technological Readiness) due to a lack of l
本文以比喻的方式提出,如果马来西亚能够像中国神话“卧虎藏龙”中的成语那样,发现自己的特殊才能,那么它就可以成为亚洲第五虎。马来西亚令人震惊的经济记录(1985年至1996年)得到了温和通胀和美好未来前景的支撑,但在上世纪90年代末未能达到预期。马来西亚的独裁领导人及其造成不稳定的政策增加了不确定性,并破坏了1997-98年亚洲本土金融危机后任何潜在的复苏努力。结果,马来西亚原本充满希望的前景突然从未来的典范变成了亚洲神话。马来西亚的国内生产总值在1992-96年平均下降9.2%后,在1998年下降了7.4%,令人难以置信。稳定状态下产出的不可思议的缩水相当于损失了大约300亿美元,该国的GDP从1996年的1010亿美元下降到1998年的722亿美元。危机过后,马来西亚人变得更穷了;1996年人均收入为4 797美元,而1998年为3 264美元,人均收入减少了1 533美元。马来西亚成功地躲过了几近全球金融崩溃的严重影响,只受到轻微冲击;与1998年的收缩(-7.4%)不同,马来西亚的国内生产总值从6.3%下降到4.83%(2007-08),然后在2009年收缩-1.51%。尽管拥有透明开放的经济(2008年全球竞争力指数排名第16位),加上人类发展指数排名迅速上升(2018年在190个国家中排名第61位),马来西亚对出口的严重依赖和对美元的长期依赖使其更容易发生金融、货币、贸易和经济危机。自20世纪90年代末以来,同时期危机的蔓延清楚地证明,马来西亚很难不受中国经济增长放缓和欧洲和美国货币正常化所带来的冲击的影响,这些冲击导致利率上升和汇率压力增加。虽然在异常有利的宏观经济环境的推动下,马来西亚向中等收入国家的显著转型相当容易,但它似乎已经陷入了中等收入陷阱,而实现高收入地位的下一次重大经济飞跃将远远超出廉价劳动力和基于“汗水而不是灵感”的“调动资源”。马来西亚正在努力找出如何发展对支持未来经济增长至关重要的综合技能。另一个问题是,马来西亚的教育机构没有很好地与行业保持一致,以满足他们的需求;此外,他们之间缺乏无缝的协调和协作。因此,在2008年全球金融危机十年后,马来西亚在第四支柱(卫生和初等教育)中排名第44位,在第五支柱(高等教育和培训)中排名第41位。由于缺乏终身学习计划,技术和职业教育与培训(TVET)薄弱,以及没有为颠覆性技术做好准备,马来西亚在第9支柱(技术就绪度)中排名第43位。如果这些方面没有显著改善,马来西亚将继续陷入中等收入陷阱。
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引用次数: 14
The Supply-Side Effects of India’s Demonetization 印度废钞运动的供给侧效应
Pub Date : 2020-01-06 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3472758
G. Subramaniam
I study the supply-side effects of a unique monetary shock – the 2016 Indian demonetization – that made 86% of currency in circulation illegal overnight. Exploiting cross-sectional variation in firm and industry characteristics that correlate with cash usage and exposure to the informal sector, I find that firms that use cash more and obtain larger shares of labor or material inputs from the informal sector, experienced declines in their labor and material shares after demonetization. I also show that casual laborers were more likely to report being unemployed in the months following demonetization. These findings document a supply channel for demonetization and also show that cash plays an essential role in India’s informal sector. Crucially, given that India’s formal sector is highly dependent on the informal sector for labor and materials, any shock to the supply of cash is likely to have affected the economy as a whole.
我研究了一场独特的货币冲击的供给侧影响——2016年印度的废钞运动——它在一夜之间使86%的流通货币成为非法货币。利用与现金使用和对非正规部门的敞口相关的企业和行业特征的横截面变化,我发现使用现金更多并从非正规部门获得更大份额的劳动力或材料投入的企业,在废除纸币后其劳动力和材料份额下降。我还指出,在废除纸币后的几个月里,临时工更有可能报告失业。这些发现记录了废钞运动的供应渠道,也表明现金在印度的非正式部门中发挥着至关重要的作用。至关重要的是,鉴于印度的正规部门在劳动力和原材料方面高度依赖非正规部门,任何对现金供应的冲击都可能影响到整个经济。
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引用次数: 2
Currency Carry, Momentum, and Global Interest Rate Uncertainty 货币套利、动量和全球利率不确定性
Pub Date : 2019-12-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3190657
M. Zeng
Returns to currency carry and momentum are compensations for the risk of global interest rate uncertainty (IRU), with risk exposures explaining 92% of their cross-sectional return variations. The unified explanation stems from its impact on financial constraints of FX intermediaries. Higher global IRU tightens constraints and triggers losses from carry trade, it also makes FX intermediary reluctant to accommodate gradual cross-country asset flows, leading to losses of momentum in currency and other asset markets. Using data of bilateral asset flows, I provide evidence supporting the mechanism. The explanatory power is not driven by existing measures of uncertainty or intermediary constraints.
货币利差和动量的回报是对全球利率不确定性(IRU)风险的补偿,风险敞口解释了92%的横截面回报变化。统一的解释源于其对外汇中介机构财务约束的影响。较高的全球IRU收紧了约束,引发了套利交易的损失,也使外汇中介机构不愿适应逐渐的跨国资产流动,导致货币和其他资产市场失去动力。利用双边资产流动的数据,我提供了支持这一机制的证据。解释力不是由现有的不确定性或中介约束措施驱动的。
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引用次数: 1
Predicting United Arab Emirates' Real Effective Exchange Rates Using Oil Prices 利用油价预测阿联酋实际有效汇率
Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1111/opec.12166
Hamid Baghestani, Bassam M. AbuAl-Foul
We examine whether oil prices help produce accurate forecasts of the real broad effective exchange rate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Using monthly data for 1994–1999, we formulate a univariate moving average (MA) and an augmented moving average (A‐MA) model to generate multi‐period forecasts of UAE real exchange rates for 2000–2019. The MA model utilises past information in real exchange rates, while the A‐MA model utilises past information in both real exchange rates and oil prices. Our results indicate that oil prices help produce accurate forecasts of UAE real exchange rates only for 2000–2009; that is, for this period, the A‐MA forecasts are unbiased, outperform the MA forecasts and are directionally accurate. As for 2009–2019, we take a non‐parametric approach and show that oil price changes accurately predict directional change in UAE real effective exchange rates.
我们研究石油价格是否有助于对阿拉伯联合酋长国(UAE)的实际广泛有效汇率做出准确预测。使用1994年至1999年的月度数据,我们制定了一个单变量移动平均线(MA)和一个增强移动平均线(a ‐MA)模型,以生成2000年至2019年阿联酋实际汇率的多期预测。MA模型利用实际汇率中的过去信息,而MA模型同时利用实际汇率和油价中的过去信息。我们的研究结果表明,油价仅有助于对2000年和2009年的阿联酋实际汇率做出准确预测。也就是说,在这一时期,A‐MA预测是无偏的,优于MA预测,并且方向准确。对于2009 - 2019年,我们采用非参数方法,并表明油价变化准确地预测了阿联酋实际有效汇率的方向性变化。
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引用次数: 3
VCRIX - A Volatility Index for Crypto-Currencies VCRIX -加密货币波动指数
Pub Date : 2019-11-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3480348
Alisa Kim, Simon Trimborn, W. Härdle
Public interest, explosive returns, and diversification opportunities gave stimulus to the adoption of traditional financial tools to crypto-currencies. While the CRIX index offered the first scientifically-backed proxy to the cryptomarket (analogous to S&P 500), the introduction of Bitcoin futures by Cboe became the milestone in the creation of the derivatives market for cryptocurrencies. Following the intuition of the "fear index" VIX for the American stock market, the VCRIX volatility index was created to capture the investor expectations about the crypto-currency ecosystem. VCRIX is built based on CRIX and offers a forecast for the mean annualized volatility of the next 30 days, re-estimated daily. The model was back-tested for its forecasting power, resulting in low MSE performance and further examined by the simulation of VIX (resulting in a correlation of 78% between the actual VIX and VIX estimated with the VCRIX model). VCRIX provides forecasting functionality and serves as a proxy for the investors’ expectations in the absence of the developed derivatives market. These features provide enhanced decision making capacities for market monitoring, trading strategies, and potentially option pricing.
公共利益、爆炸性回报和多样化机会刺激了传统金融工具对加密货币的采用。虽然CRIX指数为加密市场提供了第一个有科学依据的代理(类似于标准普尔500指数),但芝加哥期权交易所(Cboe)推出的比特币期货成为创建加密货币衍生品市场的里程碑。根据美国股市“恐惧指数”VIX的直觉,VCRIX波动率指数的创建是为了捕捉投资者对加密货币生态系统的期望。VCRIX是在CRIX的基础上建立的,提供了对未来30天的平均年化波动率的预测,每天重新估计。我们对模型的预测能力进行了回测,结果显示该模型的MSE表现较低,并通过对VIX的模拟进行了进一步检验(实际VIX与使用VCRIX模型估计的VIX之间的相关性为78%)。VCRIX提供预测功能,并在缺乏发达衍生品市场的情况下作为投资者预期的代理。这些特性为市场监测、交易策略和潜在的期权定价提供了增强的决策能力。
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引用次数: 24
Blockchain: An Unorthodox Solution to Reduce Global Warming 区块链:减少全球变暖的非正统解决方案
Pub Date : 2019-10-24 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3475144
John Taskinsoy
Global warming is likely to have unimaginable disruptions in every aspect of human life by 2050 if some actions are not taken immediately to reduce its fast acceleration. Since the Industrial Revolution (1900s), the global mean surface temperature has warmed up approximately +0.8 °C (1.4 °F) due to past and ongoing human-induced emissions of greenhouse gasses as a result of burning of fossil fuels. Scientists and environmentalists warn that if nothing is done in the next decade to deal with climate changes, the global warming may accelerate to around 1.5 °C by 2050, which may lead to climate changes with catastrophic consequences. Blockchain is not confined to cryptocurrencies and can help reduce current levels of human-produced carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide resulting from activities involving factory farming, livestock farming, and deforestation which are releasing huge amounts of greenhouse gases that suffocate the atmosphere. This paper looks at blockchain and the planet by examining how a wide range of opportunities offered by this revolutionary technology could be harnessed to address global warming challenges.
如果不立即采取行动减缓全球变暖的快速加速,到2050年,全球变暖可能会对人类生活的各个方面造成难以想象的破坏。自工业革命(1900年代)以来,由于过去和现在人类燃烧化石燃料而排放的温室气体,全球平均地表温度上升了大约+0.8°C(1.4°F)。科学家和环保人士警告说,如果在未来十年内不采取任何措施应对气候变化,到2050年,全球变暖可能会加速到1.5°C左右,这可能导致气候变化带来灾难性后果。区块链并不局限于加密货币,它可以帮助降低目前人类产生的二氧化碳、甲烷和一氧化二氮的水平,这些二氧化碳、甲烷和一氧化二氮是由工厂化农业、畜牧业和森林砍伐等活动产生的,这些活动释放出大量的温室气体,使大气窒息。本文通过研究如何利用这项革命性技术提供的广泛机会来应对全球变暖挑战,来研究区块链和地球。
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引用次数: 20
Paradigms of De-Dollarization, Challenges and Analysis of Expected Results in Georgia 格鲁吉亚去美元化的范式、挑战和预期结果分析
Pub Date : 2019-03-27 DOI: 10.35774/ECONA2019.01.063
G. Abuselidze
In terms of the efficiency of monetary policy and economic stability, de-dollarization and its analysis, its impact on the economy are the topical issues. The purpose of this paper is to describe the dollarization and de-dollarization process, which reflects in the economic and economic processes. It also reflects the problems that impede the growth of de-dollarization and the events that make a positive effect on it.The purpose of the work is to determine the place and role of de-dollarization and to identify ways to improve its regulation. This work refers to the study of foreign experience and its prospects in Georgia.
在货币政策效率和经济稳定方面,去美元化及其分析、对经济的影响是人们关注的热点问题。本文的目的是描述美元化和去美元化的过程,这反映在经济和经济的过程中。它也反映了阻碍去美元化发展的问题和对去美元化产生积极影响的事件。这项工作的目的是确定去美元化的地位和作用,并确定改进其监管的方法。本工作是对国外经验的研究和对格鲁吉亚的展望。
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引用次数: 1
Russian Industry Needs Higher Demand for Its Products and Stronger Rouble 俄罗斯工业需要更高的产品需求和更强的卢布
Pub Date : 2018-10-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3271663
S. Tsukhlo
The IET Industrial Confidence Indicator, an indicator calculated by the Gaidar Institute, hit a 6-month low in Q3 2018, refl ecting distribution-related problems facing the Russian industry and its attempts to arrest them amid protracting stagnation and rouble devaluation.
盖达尔研究所(Gaidar Institute)计算的工业信心指数(IET Industrial Confidence Indicator)在2018年第三季度创下6个月来的新低,反映出俄罗斯工业面临的与分销相关的问题,以及在长期停滞和卢布贬值的情况下,俄罗斯政府试图解决这些问题的努力。
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引用次数: 0
UK Policy Uncertainty, Monetary Policy Stance and Exchange Rates in Light of Brexit 英国脱欧背景下的政策不确定性、货币政策立场和汇率
Pub Date : 2018-09-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3244481
M. Ellington, C. Milas
This paper assesses the impact of economic policy uncertainty to UK monetary policy stance and exchange rate movements in light of the UK’s decision to leave the European Union. Our results show that the economic significance of exchange rate movements heightens during the Referendum period. We document statistical differences in the economic importance of policy uncertainty shocks to the interest rate differential in June 2016 relative to other dates thereby providing evidence in favour of time-variation in the influence that policy uncertainty has on UK monetary policy stance.
本文根据英国脱欧的决定,评估了经济政策的不确定性对英国货币政策立场和汇率变动的影响。我们的研究结果表明,在公投期间,汇率变动的经济意义增强。我们记录了2016年6月相对于其他日期政策不确定性冲击对利率差异的经济重要性的统计差异,从而提供了支持政策不确定性对英国货币政策立场影响的时间变化的证据。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
PSN: Exchange Rates & Currency (Comparative) (Topic)
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