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Infuence of Selected Pharmaceuticals on Biogas Production in Mesophilic Anaerobic Fermentation 选定药物对中温厌氧发酵产气的影响
Kristína Šefčovičová, I. Bodík, Veronika Kvorková, J. Michálek, Andrey Korshunov, M. Soldán
Abstract This article deals with pharmaceutical compounds as micropollutants in anaerobic digestion of sludge from waste water treatment plant (WWTP). Part of the work included the research into presence of pharmaceuticals in different types of waters. Description of anaerobic fermentation process is also important in terms of optimal conditions. The practical aim of the investigation was preparation of a model of anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge, where influence of pharmaceuticals on mesophilic anaerobic digestion was monitored. Wash out of micropollutants from sludge in big semicontinuous anaerobic reactors was running since October 2013. The resulting non-adapted sludge from mesophilic reactor was used since March 2014 for pharmaceuticals tests in half-a-litre glass bottles with a septum cap. The compounds of interest were diclofenac, tramadol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and amoxicillin and their concentration in the tested sludge was 10 μg/L and 500 μg/L. The results showed that pharmaceuticals have different influence on the amount of produced biogas even if they are from the same therapeutic group. In the low concentration, the inhibition was present for diclofenac, carbamazepine and amoxicillin, at the high concentration, while diclofenac showed almost no influence. Other compounds caused a stimulative effect on the process. The mixture of all pharmaceuticals of interest in low concentration was stimulative at first, while it was inhibotory since mid-time of the test.
摘要本文研究了药物类化合物作为微污染物在污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化中的作用。部分工作包括研究药物在不同类型的水中的存在。厌氧发酵过程的描述在最佳条件方面也很重要。本研究的实际目的是制备污水污泥厌氧发酵模型,监测药物对中温厌氧消化的影响。大型半连续厌氧反应器自2013年10月开始运行,以去除污泥中的微污染物。自2014年3月起,使用中温反应器产生的未适应污泥在半升带隔盖的玻璃瓶中进行药物试验。感兴趣的化合物为双氯芬酸、曲马多、布洛芬、卡马西平和阿莫西林,其在试验污泥中的浓度为10 μg/L和500 μg/L。结果表明,即使来自同一治疗组的药物对产生的沼气量也有不同的影响。在低浓度条件下,双氯芬酸、卡马西平和阿莫西林均有抑制作用,而在高浓度条件下,双氯芬酸几乎没有影响。其他化合物对这一过程有促进作用。所有感兴趣的药物的混合物在低浓度时,一开始是刺激性的,而从试验中期开始是抑制性的。
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引用次数: 0
Study Into Dynamic Behaviour of the Methylene Blue Adsorption on Activated Carbon 活性炭吸附亚甲基蓝的动态行为研究
Alica Pastierová, Maroš Sirotiak
Abstract This paper presents a study into dynamic behaviour of the methylene blue adsorption (MB) on activated carbon. Effect of four parameters were studied: effect of the adsorbent dosage, effect of contact time, effect of pH, and effect of the initial concentration of methylene blue. The adsorption kinetic data were modelled using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders. Results show that, based on the experimental data, the pseudo-second order could be considered satisfactory. Thermodynamic parameters proved that adsorption of dye was spontaneous owing to increase in temperature and endothermic nature. Taguchi method was applied to determine the optimum conditions for removal of methylene blue by activated carbon. The optimum conditions were found to be pH = 7, contact time 60 min, initial concentration of MB 4 mg/L.
摘要本文研究了活性炭对亚甲基蓝的动态吸附行为。考察了吸附剂投加量、接触时间、pH和亚甲基蓝初始浓度对吸附效果的影响。吸附动力学数据采用拟一级和拟二级模型。结果表明,基于实验数据,伪二阶可以认为是令人满意的。热力学参数表明,由于温度升高和吸热性质,染料的吸附是自发的。采用田口法确定了活性炭去除亚甲基蓝的最佳工艺条件。最佳条件为pH = 7,接触时间60min, MB初始浓度4mg /L。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Bioleaching Experiment of E-Waste 电子垃圾生物浸出初步试验
Alexandra Kucmanová, Zuzana Sanny, K. Gerulová, Matej Pašák, Imrich Czére
Abstract Nowadays, we can hardly imagine our life without the achievements of modern technology, such as refrigerators, televisions, computers, or smartphones. Producers are pushing consumers to buy newer, more modern appliances instead of repairing the original ones. However, all the devices represent a huge amount of waste. E-waste is one of the fastest growing types of waste, and only less than a half of it is recycled. Its disposal poses a great challenge for the population and constitutes a huge burden for the environment. In the research described in this article, we focused on individual techniques for metals recovery from e-waste. In the experimental part, we deal with the recycling of electronic waste by bioleaching, using microorganisms Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Compared to conventional techniques, bioleaching is a more environmentally friendly and economical alternative of metals recovery from e-waste.
如今,我们很难想象我们的生活没有现代科技的成就,如冰箱、电视、电脑或智能手机。生产商正在推动消费者购买更新、更现代化的电器,而不是修理原来的。然而,所有这些设备都代表着巨大的浪费。电子垃圾是增长最快的垃圾之一,其中只有不到一半被回收利用。它的处理对人口构成了巨大的挑战,对环境构成了巨大的负担。在本文中描述的研究中,我们侧重于从电子废物中回收金属的个别技术。在实验部分,我们利用酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌和酸性氧化硫杆菌对电子垃圾进行了生物浸出处理。与传统技术相比,生物浸出是一种更环保、更经济的从电子垃圾中回收金属的方法。
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引用次数: 1
Utilization of Waste-Based Sorbents for Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water: A Review 利用废物基吸附剂去除水中药物的研究进展
L. Blinová, Maroš Sirotiak
Abstract Nowadays, the water contamination which is due to pharmaceuticals is increasing and alarming. The pharmaceuticals in water are very hazardous and toxic not only for the human life but also for environment. One of the promising methods of removing pharmaceuticals from the contaminated water is adsorption. Agricultural and industrial wastes or by-products can be used as low-cost adsorbents for pharmaceuticals removal. Low-cost adsorbents provide particular economic and environmental advantages. This paper presents an overview of utilizing of the waste-based adsorbents (mainly spent coffee grounds) for the removal of pharmaceuticals from water.
目前,由药品引起的水污染日益严重,令人担忧。水中的药物不仅对人的生命有害,而且对环境有害。从污染水中去除药物的一种很有前途的方法是吸附。农业和工业废物或副产品可以作为低成本的吸附剂用于药物的去除。低成本吸附剂具有特殊的经济和环境优势。本文介绍了利用基于废物的吸附剂(主要是废咖啡渣)从水中去除药物的概述。
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引用次数: 4
Degradation of Electrical Wire Sheaths By UV Radiation 紫外线辐射对电线护套的降解
Alica Pastierová, Peter Godovčin
Abstract The objective of this manuscript is to report experimental results concerning the effect of accelerated UV-C ageing on the properties of samples of halogen-free sheaths of power cables. Two samples of halogen free sheaths of power cables of Vuki a.s. CHKE-V E30 and Nexans 273-K3 HERP/CWB/2SZH were studied after exposition on the UV-C radiation in a closed chamber. Degradation was monitored by the change in infrared spectra of the samples, their hardness and colour. Based on the observed changes, it can be argued that exposure to the UVC radiation affects the observed properties on the surface of the studied samples. All the observed changes were due to the rupture of the bonds towing to the absorption of UV-C radiation.
摘要本文报道了UV-C加速老化对电力电缆无卤素护套样品性能影响的实验结果。对Vuki a.s CHKE-V E30和Nexans 273-K3 HERP/CWB/2SZH两种电力电缆的无卤素护套进行了封闭室紫外线辐射暴露研究。通过样品的红外光谱、硬度和颜色的变化来监测降解情况。根据观察到的变化,可以认为暴露于UVC辐射会影响所研究样品表面的观察性质。所有观察到的变化都是由于吸收UV-C辐射导致的键断裂。
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引用次数: 0
The Use of Red Mud and Black Nickel Mud in Sorption of 3,5-Dichlorophenol 红泥和黑镍泥在吸附3,5-二氯苯酚中的应用
Veronika Kvorková, T. Ivanova, J. Michálek, M. Filipova, Kristína Šefčovičová, M. Soldán
Abstract This article discusses the use of alternative inexpensive adsorbents – wastes from the metal production - red mud (RM) and black nickel mud (BNM) and their sorption efficiency in 3,5-dichlorophenol removal. Chlorophenols are organic compounds consisting of a benzene ring, OH groups and chlorine atoms. The effects of adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature on sorption process were monitored. The results showed that the optimal conditions to achieve the highest sorption efficiency of 3,5-dichlorophenol were reached with the use of black nickel mud at the amount (2.0 g), sorption time (1 hour) and at increased temperature (45 °C). The sorption efficiency under these conditions was 87.99 %. With increasing sorption time, the sorption efficiency decreased and desorption occurred. The same behaviour was observed using red mud of the same amount (2.0 g) at the same temperature (45 °C); however, after 1 hour, sorption efficiency was slightly reduced (85.16 %) compared to black nickel mud. Anyway, both of used materials are suitable for the use as alternative sorbents of 3,5-dichlorophenol under suitable conditions.
摘要本文探讨了廉价吸附剂——金属生产废弃物——红泥(RM)和黑镍泥(BNM)在去除3,5-二氯酚中的吸附效果。氯酚是由苯环、羟基和氯原子组成的有机化合物。考察了吸附剂用量、接触时间和温度对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,在添加量为2.0 g、吸附时间为1 h、温度为45℃的条件下,黑镍泥对3,5-二氯苯酚的吸附效率最高。在此条件下吸附效率为87.99%。随着吸附时间的延长,吸附效率降低,出现脱附现象。在相同温度(45℃)下,使用相同量的赤泥(2.0 g)观察到相同的行为;但与黑镍泥相比,1 h后的吸附效率略有下降(85.16%)。总之,在合适的条件下,这两种材料都适合作为3,5-二氯酚的替代吸附剂。
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引用次数: 0
Fire Characteristics of Polyethylene Dust 聚乙烯粉尘的燃烧特性
Marián Škvarka, R. Kuracina, Zuzana Szabová
Abstract Dust is a product or by-product in many industries. To ensure effective measures of explosion prevention, it is necessary to know the fire properties of dispersed and settled dust. These parameters cannot be calculated, but can be determined on the base of measurements in standard equipment. The article deals with the measurement of fire properties of polyethylene. The values of the minimum ignition temperature of settled and dispersed dust (MIT) and the values of explosion characteristics of polyethylene dust cloud lower explosion limit (LEL), maximum pressure Pmax and maximum rate of pressure rise (dp/dt)max were measured. The measurements were performed on the equipment according to the STN EN 80079-20-2: 2016 Standard Explosive atmospheres - Part 20-2: Material characteristics - Combustible dust test methods and according to the STN EN 14034 + A1: 2011 Standard Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds. The MIT of the settled dust was not determined (the sample melted), the MIT of the dispersed dust was 435 °C. The maximum explosion pressure Pmax reached 7.0 bar, and the maximum rate of pressure rise dP/dt was 37.5 bar.s−1.
粉尘是许多工业的产物或副产品。为确保采取有效的防爆措施,有必要了解分散粉尘和沉降粉尘的防火特性。这些参数不能计算,但可以在标准设备的测量基础上确定。本文论述了聚乙烯耐火性能的测定方法。测定了沉降粉尘和分散粉尘的最低着火温度(MIT)和聚乙烯粉尘云的爆炸特性值(LEL)、最大压力Pmax和最大压力上升率(dp/dt)max。根据STN EN 80079-20- 2:20 16标准爆炸性环境-第20-2部分:材料特性-可燃粉尘测试方法,并根据STN EN 14034 + A1: 2011标准粉尘云爆炸特性的测定,在设备上进行了测量。未测定沉降粉尘的MIT(样品熔化),分散粉尘的MIT为435℃。最大爆炸压力Pmax达到7.0 bar,最大升压速率dP/dt为37.5 bar.s−1。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Study Into the Decolorization of Selected Dyes By the Ozone Application 臭氧对某些染料脱色的初步研究
K. Gerulová, Zuzana Sanny, Alexandra Kucmanová, Eva Buranská
Abstract Synthetic dyes widely used in many kinds of industry affect the colour of wastewater when released to environment due to insufficient treatment in typical sewage treatment plants. Only a small dose of those dyes may significantly affect colour of water and, according to the chemical composition, may pose risks to wildlife and humans. In the research described in this study, decolorization of three various dyes was investigated. Since colour removal of Congo Red such as Methylene blue using ozone have been reported by several authors, and the literature on Naphthol Green B is rather limited, in the present study we compare the decolorization rate of CR, MB and NGB. The colour removal occurred quickly and more than 90% of colour reduction was achieved within 3-6 minutes throughout all tested pH of the solution.
摘要合成染料广泛应用于各行各业,在典型的污水处理厂,由于处理不充分,会影响废水排放到环境中的颜色。只要少量的这些染料就会显著影响水的颜色,并且根据化学成分,可能对野生动物和人类构成威胁。在本研究中,研究了三种不同染料的脱色。由于臭氧对刚果红如亚甲基蓝的脱色已有几位作者的报道,而关于萘酚绿B的文献相当有限,在本研究中,我们比较了CR、MB和NGB的脱色率。在所有测试pH值的溶液中,颜色去除发生得很快,90%以上的颜色减少在3-6分钟内实现。
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引用次数: 2
Importance of Recycling the Waste-Cables Containing Copper and PVC 含铜、聚氯乙烯废电缆回收的重要性
L. Blinová, Peter Godovčin
Abstract Urbanization, development of economy, increasing population and improved living standards and lifestyle have caused a sharp growth in waste. Inappropriate or inefficient waste disposal techniques can cause serious air, soil, and groundwater pollution, which subsequently can negatively affect the urban environment and threaten the health of residents. The goal of waste management is to move to a circular economy in which waste does not exist. If there is no possible way to reduce or reuse waste, the best solution is recycling it. Recycling brings abundant benefits on the economic and ecological levels levels, and helps reduce overall human health risk of adverse impacts. Recycling of the waste-cables which contain PVC and copper replaces the production of virgin PVC and mining of copper from copper ore, it reduces landfill solid waste pressures, saves energy and water sources, reduces emissions to environment, and also reduces negative impacts from improperly dispose of waste, etc. This paper presents an overview of recycling techniques for the waste-cables containing copper as a core and polyvinyl chloride as an insulating layer or sheath. It also lists advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and importance of recycling this type of waste.
城市化、经济的发展、人口的增加以及生活水平和生活方式的提高导致了垃圾的急剧增长。不当或低效的废物处理技术会造成严重的空气、土壤和地下水污染,从而对城市环境产生负面影响,威胁居民的健康。废物管理的目标是迈向没有废物的循环经济。如果没有办法减少或再利用废物,最好的解决办法就是回收利用。回收利用在经济和生态两个层面上都带来了丰厚的效益,并有助于减少对人类健康的整体不利影响。含聚氯乙烯和铜的废电缆的回收利用取代了原聚氯乙烯的生产和铜矿的开采,减少了填埋固体废物的压力,节约了能源和水资源,减少了对环境的排放,也减少了废物处理不当带来的负面影响等。本文综述了以铜为芯、聚氯乙烯为绝缘层或护套的废电缆的回收利用技术。它还列出了这些技术的优点和缺点以及回收这类废物的重要性。
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引用次数: 3
Comparison of Foundry Industry in Slovakia and Hungary 斯洛伐克与匈牙利铸造工业比较
R. Šuba, M. Bajčičák, I. Bajčičáková, Š. Podhorský, J. Liska
Abstract Foundry industry is an important supplier of complex shape parts for other industrial branches. It depends on the development of customer demand in other industries. The following paper compares the structure and sales of foundry industry in Slovakia and Hungary.
铸造行业是其他工业部门复杂形状零件的重要供应商。这取决于其他行业客户需求的发展。本文比较了斯洛伐克和匈牙利两国铸造产业的结构和销售情况。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology
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