Abstract The aim of the research described in this article was to optimize the basic sulphur process of lignin removal from the raw radially cut basswood (Tilia Cordata) pieces of various thicknesses. Lignin removal took place chemically in several consecutive steps in which the influence of individual parameters was investigated (solutions of NaOH + Na2SO3, KOH + Na2SO3, its concentrations, time of leaching, efficacy of whitening agents, effect of sample washing between individual baths, etc.). Through experiments, it was found that the change of fresh NaOH + Na2SO3 solution during the experiment had no significant effect. In contrast, skipping the washing of the samples with boiling distilled water after the hydroxide bath had a significant effect on the rate and efficiency of lignin removal with H2O2 in the following step. When comparing the lignin removal efficiency of NaOH + Na2SO3 and KOH + Na2SO3, the delignification process was clearly demonstrated to be more effective using the KOH + Na2SO3 solution. Application of the above-mentioned procedures has helped to streamline the lignin removal process from solid basswood.
{"title":"Optimization of Two-Step Alkali Process of Lignin Removal from Basswood","authors":"Igor Wachter, Tomáš Štefko, Marek Rolinec","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the research described in this article was to optimize the basic sulphur process of lignin removal from the raw radially cut basswood (Tilia Cordata) pieces of various thicknesses. Lignin removal took place chemically in several consecutive steps in which the influence of individual parameters was investigated (solutions of NaOH + Na2SO3, KOH + Na2SO3, its concentrations, time of leaching, efficacy of whitening agents, effect of sample washing between individual baths, etc.). Through experiments, it was found that the change of fresh NaOH + Na2SO3 solution during the experiment had no significant effect. In contrast, skipping the washing of the samples with boiling distilled water after the hydroxide bath had a significant effect on the rate and efficiency of lignin removal with H2O2 in the following step. When comparing the lignin removal efficiency of NaOH + Na2SO3 and KOH + Na2SO3, the delignification process was clearly demonstrated to be more effective using the KOH + Na2SO3 solution. Application of the above-mentioned procedures has helped to streamline the lignin removal process from solid basswood.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89823248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Open-plan office is a distraction to employee performance. According to a study by Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, working in a noisy office with ringtones, business conversations and office equipment sounds can lead to heart disease, because workplace noise causes stress. The paper focuses on noise analysis in an open-office work environment, the effect of noise on the selected operational position, as determined by standardized noise exposure LEX, 8h. Based on the results obtained, appropriate measures were proposed.
{"title":"Elimination of Excessive Noise at the Open Office Workplace","authors":"P. Čekan, M. Rusko, Ján Iľko, Dieter Pietrucha","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Open-plan office is a distraction to employee performance. According to a study by Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, working in a noisy office with ringtones, business conversations and office equipment sounds can lead to heart disease, because workplace noise causes stress. The paper focuses on noise analysis in an open-office work environment, the effect of noise on the selected operational position, as determined by standardized noise exposure LEX, 8h. Based on the results obtained, appropriate measures were proposed.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89040894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva Buranská, I. Buranský, L. Morovič, Katarína Líška
Abstract The paper is focused on additive manufacturing (AM) which is the process of producing objects from a three-dimensional (3D) model by joining materials layer by layer, as opposed to the subtractive manufacturing methodologies [1], directly from raw material in powder, liquid, sheet, or a filament form without the need for moulds, tools, or dies. The article demonstrates potential environmental implications of additive manufacturing related to the key issues including energy use, occupational health, waste and lifecycle impact. AM provides a cost-effective and time-efficient way to fabricating products with complicated geometries, advanced material properties and functionality. Based on this review, we identified that additive manufacturing will have a significant societal impact in the near future. A critical technical review of the promises and potential issues of AM is beneficial for advancing its further development.
{"title":"Environment and Safety Impacts of Additive Manufacturing: A Review","authors":"Eva Buranská, I. Buranský, L. Morovič, Katarína Líška","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper is focused on additive manufacturing (AM) which is the process of producing objects from a three-dimensional (3D) model by joining materials layer by layer, as opposed to the subtractive manufacturing methodologies [1], directly from raw material in powder, liquid, sheet, or a filament form without the need for moulds, tools, or dies. The article demonstrates potential environmental implications of additive manufacturing related to the key issues including energy use, occupational health, waste and lifecycle impact. AM provides a cost-effective and time-efficient way to fabricating products with complicated geometries, advanced material properties and functionality. Based on this review, we identified that additive manufacturing will have a significant societal impact in the near future. A critical technical review of the promises and potential issues of AM is beneficial for advancing its further development.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90894600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fire protection is an important part of the industry where flammable and explosive dusts are found. Production, storage and transport of food powders such as flour can be very dangerous in terms of explosiveness. The article deals with the measurement of explosion characteristics of wheat flour dust. The measurements were carried out according to EN 14034-1+A1:2011 Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds. Part 1: Determination of the maximum explosion pressure pmax of dust clouds and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise according to EN 14034-2+A1:2012 Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 2: Determination of the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)max of dust clouds. A sample of wheat flour with a median particle size 84 μm exhibits the maximum explosion pressure 7.00 bar at the concentration of 600 g.m−3 and then explosion constant is 16.9 bar.s−1.m. A sample of wheat flour with a median particle size 50 μm exhibits the maximum explosion pressure 7.97 bar at the concentration of 1000 g.m−3 and the explosion constant 54.9 bar.s−1.m.Based on the results of the measurements, we found that the particle size distribution has a significant influence on the explosion parameters of the wheat flour samples.
{"title":"Study of Explosion Characteristics of the Wheat Flour Dust Clouds in Dependence of the Particle Size Distribution","authors":"R. Kuracina, Zuzana Szabová, Eva Buranská","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fire protection is an important part of the industry where flammable and explosive dusts are found. Production, storage and transport of food powders such as flour can be very dangerous in terms of explosiveness. The article deals with the measurement of explosion characteristics of wheat flour dust. The measurements were carried out according to EN 14034-1+A1:2011 Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds. Part 1: Determination of the maximum explosion pressure pmax of dust clouds and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise according to EN 14034-2+A1:2012 Determination of explosion characteristics of dust clouds - Part 2: Determination of the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)max of dust clouds. A sample of wheat flour with a median particle size 84 μm exhibits the maximum explosion pressure 7.00 bar at the concentration of 600 g.m−3 and then explosion constant is 16.9 bar.s−1.m. A sample of wheat flour with a median particle size 50 μm exhibits the maximum explosion pressure 7.97 bar at the concentration of 1000 g.m−3 and the explosion constant 54.9 bar.s−1.m.Based on the results of the measurements, we found that the particle size distribution has a significant influence on the explosion parameters of the wheat flour samples.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78382463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Martinka, P. Rantuch, Martina Hladová, Janka Sulová, A. Nečas, Denis Benko, K. Balog
Abstract This scientific study deals with investigation of the heat of combustion and effective heat of combustion of selected electrical cables. Two different electrical cables for rated voltage of 0.6/1 kV were investigated. Both cables were power three-core with cross-section area of each core of 1.5 mm2. The cores of both cables were made of a bar cooper wire. Insulations of conductors of both cables were made of silane cross-linked polyethylene without any inorganic filler, while the bedding and outer sheath were made of polyethylene-based copolymer (the beddings were filled with two fillers - aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate, while the outer sheath were filled only with aluminium hydroxide). Reaction to fire class of both cables was B2ca, s1, d0, a1. The main difference in the investigated cables was that the core of one of them was wrapped in a glass mica tape (this cable showed circuit integrity maintenance under fire conditions during 180 minutes). The heat of combustion and effective heat of combustion were determined by the oxygen bomb calorimeter according to the ISO 1716:2018 standard. The highest effective heat of combustion showed the insulation of wires (for both cables 42.47 ± 0.03 MJ/kg), lower value showed outer sheath (interval form13.61 to 15.26 MJ/kg) and the lowest value was determined for bedding (interval from 4.69 to 6.39 MJ/kg). The effective heath of combustion per unit of length of both investigated cables lies in the interval from 1.37 to 1.38 MJ/m. Therefore, there is no significant difference in effective heats of combustion of the electrical cables investigated.
{"title":"Heat of Combustion as the Key Fire Characteristics of Electrical Cables","authors":"J. Martinka, P. Rantuch, Martina Hladová, Janka Sulová, A. Nečas, Denis Benko, K. Balog","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This scientific study deals with investigation of the heat of combustion and effective heat of combustion of selected electrical cables. Two different electrical cables for rated voltage of 0.6/1 kV were investigated. Both cables were power three-core with cross-section area of each core of 1.5 mm2. The cores of both cables were made of a bar cooper wire. Insulations of conductors of both cables were made of silane cross-linked polyethylene without any inorganic filler, while the bedding and outer sheath were made of polyethylene-based copolymer (the beddings were filled with two fillers - aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate, while the outer sheath were filled only with aluminium hydroxide). Reaction to fire class of both cables was B2ca, s1, d0, a1. The main difference in the investigated cables was that the core of one of them was wrapped in a glass mica tape (this cable showed circuit integrity maintenance under fire conditions during 180 minutes). The heat of combustion and effective heat of combustion were determined by the oxygen bomb calorimeter according to the ISO 1716:2018 standard. The highest effective heat of combustion showed the insulation of wires (for both cables 42.47 ± 0.03 MJ/kg), lower value showed outer sheath (interval form13.61 to 15.26 MJ/kg) and the lowest value was determined for bedding (interval from 4.69 to 6.39 MJ/kg). The effective heath of combustion per unit of length of both investigated cables lies in the interval from 1.37 to 1.38 MJ/m. Therefore, there is no significant difference in effective heats of combustion of the electrical cables investigated.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74288806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Denis Benko, J. Martinka, Tomáš Štefko, Igor Wachter, P. Rantuch
Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the fire risk of selected flammable liquids (alcohols). Four alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol, were chosen for the research. Flammable liquids were examined in a cone calorimeter at 0 and 5 kW.m−2 heat fluxes. Both, the cone calorimeter and test procedure, were in accordance with ISO 5660-1:2015. The fire risk was evaluated mainly on the basis of heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and carbon monoxide yield. Comparison of the achieved parameters of selected alcohols shows that the fire risk of the investigated alcohols increases with increasing the molar mass of alcohol and applied heat flow.
{"title":"Determination of Fire Risk of Selected Alcohols","authors":"Denis Benko, J. Martinka, Tomáš Štefko, Igor Wachter, P. Rantuch","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the fire risk of selected flammable liquids (alcohols). Four alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol, were chosen for the research. Flammable liquids were examined in a cone calorimeter at 0 and 5 kW.m−2 heat fluxes. Both, the cone calorimeter and test procedure, were in accordance with ISO 5660-1:2015. The fire risk was evaluated mainly on the basis of heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and carbon monoxide yield. Comparison of the achieved parameters of selected alcohols shows that the fire risk of the investigated alcohols increases with increasing the molar mass of alcohol and applied heat flow.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75159028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Chemical igniters are used in the study of dispersed dusts. Energy released during their use is defined by EN 14034 at 2 x 5 kJ. The Standard does not define the exact composition of the pyrotechnic mixture. The condition of using the igniter is to release energy according to the Standard. This article is focused on pyrotechnic composition with magnesium powder. It deals with various ways of activating, preparing and sealing the pyrotechnic mixture in the igniter. These values are important for setting up a device for studying the explosive properties of dispersed dusts.
摘要化学点火器应用于粉尘的研究。在使用过程中释放的能量由EN 14034定义为2 x 5 kJ。本标准没有规定烟火混合物的确切成分。使用点火器的条件是按标准释放能量。本文主要研究了含镁粉的烟火药成分。介绍了在点火器中激活、制备和密封烟火混合物的各种方法。这些数值对于建立研究分散粉尘爆炸特性的装置具有重要意义。
{"title":"Timing Parameters of Pyrotechnic Igniter Based on Magnesium Powder","authors":"V. Pelikan, R. Kuracina, Zuzana Szabová","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Chemical igniters are used in the study of dispersed dusts. Energy released during their use is defined by EN 14034 at 2 x 5 kJ. The Standard does not define the exact composition of the pyrotechnic mixture. The condition of using the igniter is to release energy according to the Standard. This article is focused on pyrotechnic composition with magnesium powder. It deals with various ways of activating, preparing and sealing the pyrotechnic mixture in the igniter. These values are important for setting up a device for studying the explosive properties of dispersed dusts.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77541980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Microalgae are photosynthetic autotrophic microscopic organisms growing in a range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They produce a huge complex of compounds in their surroundings which are of important use to humans. Their commercial use lies in human nutrition, animal and aquatic feed, in cosmetics products, natural pigments, pharmaceutical industry, bio-fertilizer for extracting high-value molecules, stable isotope biochemicals, and for the synthesis of antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple, effective and economically advantageous method for harvesting the algal products. Magnetic separation is a simple separation process. Different synthesis methods have been used by researchers to obtain magnetic particles of varying size and shapes according to the algae to be studied. Chemical co-precipitation method has been the most commonly used method, which helps in synthesizing magnetic particles of the micro to nano range. Naked, coated and surface modified are the general types of magnetic particles used for algal harvesting with its own advantages and disadvantages.
{"title":"Microalgae Harvesting: A Review","authors":"Alexandra Kucmanová, K. Gerulová","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Microalgae are photosynthetic autotrophic microscopic organisms growing in a range of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They produce a huge complex of compounds in their surroundings which are of important use to humans. Their commercial use lies in human nutrition, animal and aquatic feed, in cosmetics products, natural pigments, pharmaceutical industry, bio-fertilizer for extracting high-value molecules, stable isotope biochemicals, and for the synthesis of antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple, effective and economically advantageous method for harvesting the algal products. Magnetic separation is a simple separation process. Different synthesis methods have been used by researchers to obtain magnetic particles of varying size and shapes according to the algae to be studied. Chemical co-precipitation method has been the most commonly used method, which helps in synthesizing magnetic particles of the micro to nano range. Naked, coated and surface modified are the general types of magnetic particles used for algal harvesting with its own advantages and disadvantages.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77660743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article deals with the determination of fire characteristics of industrial dust samples. Particle size granulometry and determination of explosion parameters according to EN 14034 (Lower Explosion Limit LEL, Pmax, Kst) are presented. The minimum ignition temperatures of the dust layer and dispersed dust from the hot surface according to EN ISO / IEC 80079-20-2: 2016 were measured. It was found that LEL is 60 g.m−3, Pmax is 8.61 bar, and Kst is 89 bar.s−1.m. The minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of dust layer is 280 ° C and the minimum ignition temperature of dispersed dust is 400 ° C.
摘要本文论述了工业粉尘样品的燃烧特性的测定。根据en14034(爆炸下限LEL, Pmax, Kst)介绍了粒度、粒度测定和爆炸参数的测定。根据EN ISO / IEC 80079-20- 2:20 16的要求，测量了粉尘层和热表面分散粉尘的最低着火温度。LEL为60 g m−3,Pmax为8.61 bar, Kst为89 bar.s−1.1 m。粉尘层的最低着火温度为280℃，分散粉尘的最低着火温度为400℃。
{"title":"Study of Fire Characteristics of Industrial Dust","authors":"Zuzana Szabová, R. Kuracina","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article deals with the determination of fire characteristics of industrial dust samples. Particle size granulometry and determination of explosion parameters according to EN 14034 (Lower Explosion Limit LEL, Pmax, Kst) are presented. The minimum ignition temperatures of the dust layer and dispersed dust from the hot surface according to EN ISO / IEC 80079-20-2: 2016 were measured. It was found that LEL is 60 g.m−3, Pmax is 8.61 bar, and Kst is 89 bar.s−1.m. The minimum ignition temperature (MIT) of dust layer is 280 ° C and the minimum ignition temperature of dispersed dust is 400 ° C.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85976618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In general, the probability of an undesirable event occurring and its consequence is the gist of the risk characteristics. Thus, risk is part of all the activities that a person performs. The use of weapons and possession of weapons is a great risk. It makes difference who owns them, where they are used and under what circumstances. At present, the great risk is also associated with the possession and use of expansion weapons, also called acoustic weapons. This issue is still very sensitive; the aim of this article is to highlight the risks of reverse modification of such weapons. Publication of this contribution does not support or otherwise supports the use and sale of any type of weapons.
{"title":"Risks Resulting from Reverse of Modification of Expansion Weapons","authors":"P. Čekan, E. Belica, D. R. D. Sobrino","doi":"10.2478/rput-2019-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In general, the probability of an undesirable event occurring and its consequence is the gist of the risk characteristics. Thus, risk is part of all the activities that a person performs. The use of weapons and possession of weapons is a great risk. It makes difference who owns them, where they are used and under what circumstances. At present, the great risk is also associated with the possession and use of expansion weapons, also called acoustic weapons. This issue is still very sensitive; the aim of this article is to highlight the risks of reverse modification of such weapons. Publication of this contribution does not support or otherwise supports the use and sale of any type of weapons.","PeriodicalId":21013,"journal":{"name":"Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74618698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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