This research paper delves into the aesthetics of town planning and architecture during colonial rule in India, with a focus on the city of Madras. The paper explores how the British colonial project enforced segregation based on race, resulting in the creation of the ‘White Town’ and the ‘Black Town’ that fit into the scheme of ‘divide and rule.’ Examining the implications of such spaces and architecture on the treatment of the native population and the postcolonial legacy that persists to this day, the paper highlights how town planning and architectural practices in Madras were used as tools of colonial power-play, enforcing racial divides and socio-political hierarchies. The research also delves into the creation of distinct European spaces, exclusive native neighbourhoods, and caste-specific localities defining the trade of each community with its distinct aesthetic. It also discusses the appropriation of Indian architectural elements in the Indo-Saracenic style by the British, aimed at legitimizing their rule and showcasing their cultural superiority while hypocritically introducing fortifications as a means to reinforce their differences. By analyzing historical accounts, architectural features, and urban planning in Madras, the paper offers insights into how the aesthetics of segregation and appropriation shaped the colonial landscape and continue to influence contemporary perceptions and spaces. It emphasizes the resilience of native aesthetics despite colonization and highlights the complex interplay between the colonizers' control and the colonized's agency in shaping their own spaces and identities. The research concludes with reflections on the lasting impact of colonial aesthetics and the evolving narratives of postcolonial India.
{"title":"Aesthetics of Postcoloniality: An Insight into Town Planning and Architectural Practices of Madras Under the Colonial Rule","authors":"Kaninika Singh","doi":"10.22161/ijeel.2.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeel.2.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper delves into the aesthetics of town planning and architecture during colonial rule in India, with a focus on the city of Madras. The paper explores how the British colonial project enforced segregation based on race, resulting in the creation of the ‘White Town’ and the ‘Black Town’ that fit into the scheme of ‘divide and rule.’ Examining the implications of such spaces and architecture on the treatment of the native population and the postcolonial legacy that persists to this day, the paper highlights how town planning and architectural practices in Madras were used as tools of colonial power-play, enforcing racial divides and socio-political hierarchies. The research also delves into the creation of distinct European spaces, exclusive native neighbourhoods, and caste-specific localities defining the trade of each community with its distinct aesthetic. It also discusses the appropriation of Indian architectural elements in the Indo-Saracenic style by the British, aimed at legitimizing their rule and showcasing their cultural superiority while hypocritically introducing fortifications as a means to reinforce their differences. By analyzing historical accounts, architectural features, and urban planning in Madras, the paper offers insights into how the aesthetics of segregation and appropriation shaped the colonial landscape and continue to influence contemporary perceptions and spaces. It emphasizes the resilience of native aesthetics despite colonization and highlights the complex interplay between the colonizers' control and the colonized's agency in shaping their own spaces and identities. The research concludes with reflections on the lasting impact of colonial aesthetics and the evolving narratives of postcolonial India.","PeriodicalId":211404,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of English Language, Education and Literature Studies (IJEEL)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121268165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study sought to investigate the various mediating impacts of social skills in the form of political acumen and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition on perceived entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship of university students. This was accomplished through the use of a survey research design. The study used primary qualitative data that was converted into quantitative data using 5-point Likert scaling. The questionnaire used for the study was tested for its reliability and validity using confirmatory factor analysis and was found to be adequate for the study. Data was gotten from 269 Bingham University student entrepreneurs in Nigeria and was analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between perceptions of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship; political acumen and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition each play a mediating role between perceived entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship; and social skills work together to mediate perceived entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship. The study, therefore, recommends that student entrepreneurs should construct a learning network through their engagement in the classroom and develop professional entrepreneurial and social skills.
{"title":"Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurship: The Mediating Role of Social Skills in University Students","authors":"Pureheart Ogheneogaga Irikefe","doi":"10.22161/ijeel.2.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeel.2.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The study sought to investigate the various mediating impacts of social skills in the form of political acumen and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition on perceived entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship of university students. This was accomplished through the use of a survey research design. The study used primary qualitative data that was converted into quantitative data using 5-point Likert scaling. The questionnaire used for the study was tested for its reliability and validity using confirmatory factor analysis and was found to be adequate for the study. Data was gotten from 269 Bingham University student entrepreneurs in Nigeria and was analysed using structural equation modelling. The findings revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between perceptions of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship; political acumen and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition each play a mediating role between perceived entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship; and social skills work together to mediate perceived entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurship. The study, therefore, recommends that student entrepreneurs should construct a learning network through their engagement in the classroom and develop professional entrepreneurial and social skills.","PeriodicalId":211404,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of English Language, Education and Literature Studies (IJEEL)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122851365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nino Ricci, a Canadian writer of Italian heritage wrote a trilogy, starting with a book entitled Lives of the Saints (2015), which drew comparisons to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, prompting scholars to analyze the similarities between the two works. Both the two heroines, Christina in Lives of the Saints and Hester in The Scarlet Letter, engage in extramarital affairs, are pregnant with a baby, challenge the strict social norms of their villages, and are isolated from the community. Although Lives of the Saints is regarded as “Canadian The Scarlet Letter” [1], few scholars have compared the two novels with proofs and details. In particular, apart from the massive resemblances, the differences between the two novels have been neglected by most researchers. This paper aims to analyze the two novels from the process and results of the two heroines’ rebellion, comparing their silence and argument, reconciliation and rebellion, return and departure, and attempting to find the reasons behind those differences.
意大利裔加拿大作家尼诺·里奇(Nino Ricci)写了三部曲，以《圣徒的生活》(life of the Saints, 2015)为开端，将其与纳撒尼尔·霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne)的《红字》(the Scarlet Letter)进行比较，促使学者们分析这两部作品的相似之处。《圣徒的生活》中的克里斯蒂娜和《红字》中的赫斯特都有婚外情，怀孕，挑战村庄严格的社会规范，与社区隔绝。虽然《圣徒的生活》被认为是“加拿大的红字”[1]，但很少有学者将两部小说从证据和细节上进行比较。特别是，除了大量的相似之处外，这两部小说之间的差异被大多数研究者所忽视。本文旨在从两位女主人公反叛的过程和结果来分析两部小说，比较她们的沉默与争论、和解与反叛、回归与离开，并试图找出这些差异背后的原因。
{"title":"Rebellion or Reconciliation— A Study of Lives of the Saints and The Scarlet Letter","authors":"Honghui Yang, Lin Qin","doi":"10.22161/ijeel.2.3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeel.2.3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Nino Ricci, a Canadian writer of Italian heritage wrote a trilogy, starting with a book entitled Lives of the Saints (2015), which drew comparisons to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, prompting scholars to analyze the similarities between the two works. Both the two heroines, Christina in Lives of the Saints and Hester in The Scarlet Letter, engage in extramarital affairs, are pregnant with a baby, challenge the strict social norms of their villages, and are isolated from the community. Although Lives of the Saints is regarded as “Canadian The Scarlet Letter” [1], few scholars have compared the two novels with proofs and details. In particular, apart from the massive resemblances, the differences between the two novels have been neglected by most researchers. This paper aims to analyze the two novels from the process and results of the two heroines’ rebellion, comparing their silence and argument, reconciliation and rebellion, return and departure, and attempting to find the reasons behind those differences.","PeriodicalId":211404,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of English Language, Education and Literature Studies (IJEEL)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128051623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dominance of patriarchy as a cultural mainstay of the people and Islam as a religious philosophy and practice in northern Nigeria did not prioritise the education of the girl child until recently. The result of these is the diminished contribution of the woman to the welfare of northern Nigerian. This paper examines the plight of northern Nigerian woman and how education as a tool brings social development, empowers the woman to be an agent of change. The feminist critical approach to literature and Marxist literary theory are used as a tool for the textual assessment of Zaynab Alkali’s The Descendants and Abubakar Gimba’s Sacred Apples in this paper. Besides, many females do not have access to education in their community; this lack of access to educate the woman is the result of cultural, religious and economic factors. Furthermore, the paper reveals the importance of education to the woman, since no society progresses by the efforts of a segment of its population. The paper concludes that the emancipator power of education is a tool for social liberation, self-actualisation and development for the individual in particular and the society in general. It is the most important tool in addressing women problem in Nigeria, especially in the northern part.
{"title":"Education as a Tool for Women Empowerment in Zaynab Alkali and Abubakar Gimba’s Selected Novels","authors":"Ngalari Mbutakto, John Tikikus","doi":"10.22161/ijeel.2.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeel.2.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"The dominance of patriarchy as a cultural mainstay of the people and Islam as a religious philosophy and practice in northern Nigeria did not prioritise the education of the girl child until recently. The result of these is the diminished contribution of the woman to the welfare of northern Nigerian. This paper examines the plight of northern Nigerian woman and how education as a tool brings social development, empowers the woman to be an agent of change. The feminist critical approach to literature and Marxist literary theory are used as a tool for the textual assessment of Zaynab Alkali’s The Descendants and Abubakar Gimba’s Sacred Apples in this paper. Besides, many females do not have access to education in their community; this lack of access to educate the woman is the result of cultural, religious and economic factors. Furthermore, the paper reveals the importance of education to the woman, since no society progresses by the efforts of a segment of its population. The paper concludes that the emancipator power of education is a tool for social liberation, self-actualisation and development for the individual in particular and the society in general. It is the most important tool in addressing women problem in Nigeria, especially in the northern part.","PeriodicalId":211404,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of English Language, Education and Literature Studies (IJEEL)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131878571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indian English fiction writing shows the development of Indian literature which takes a dive deep into the colonial past of India along with the detail observation of the history of deviation of social strata and its psychological effects on common masses of India. Social realism was checked through the early independence period of English writing. In Indian English fiction writing, partition trauma was glorified, celebrated as the main theme and Gandhian age is also described by most of the prominent novelist like Raja Rao, Chaman Nahal, and Khushwant Singh. The women novelists took the initiative after the independent period and Kamala Markandeya, Ruth P. Jabhawala, Shashi Deshpande, Geeta Hariharan, Anita Nair and Namita Gokhale have shown the rebellious feminism though their postcolonial sensibilities. If we want to write historical, social and cultural literature of India, we do not have escapism from the history of adivasi victimization and several adivasi harassments of centuries in India.
{"title":"Literary Representation of Natives in Indian Regional Literature-A Vast Panorama of Indigenous Culture, Imperialism and Resistance","authors":"Dr. Manoj Shankarrao Madavi","doi":"10.22161/ijeel.2.5.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeel.2.5.1","url":null,"abstract":"Indian English fiction writing shows the development of Indian literature which takes a dive deep into the colonial past of India along with the detail observation of the history of deviation of social strata and its psychological effects on common masses of India. Social realism was checked through the early independence period of English writing. In Indian English fiction writing, partition trauma was glorified, celebrated as the main theme and Gandhian age is also described by most of the prominent novelist like Raja Rao, Chaman Nahal, and Khushwant Singh. The women novelists took the initiative after the independent period and Kamala Markandeya, Ruth P. Jabhawala, Shashi Deshpande, Geeta Hariharan, Anita Nair and Namita Gokhale have shown the rebellious feminism though their postcolonial sensibilities. If we want to write historical, social and cultural literature of India, we do not have escapism from the history of adivasi victimization and several adivasi harassments of centuries in India.","PeriodicalId":211404,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of English Language, Education and Literature Studies (IJEEL)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134382437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work seeks to constitute the unexplored area in Shrilal Shukla's Raag Darbari, which is the lack of representation and absent female voices in the novel, by looking at the liminality of their participation in the larger rubric of politics, education and economics etc. The research examines the ‘subjectivity and positioning of women’, which is in contrast to the delineation of the male voices in the novel. The work diverges from the current readings of the text, which focuses on the satirical aspect of the novel. The paper accentuates on the autonomy of women and their indulgence in the role play of the novel by locating them within the corpus of Anchalik Literature. The paper is doing textual analysis by aid of feminist reading of the novel. The task is accomplished, keeping in mind the Feminist Mystique theory of Betty Friedan and Patricia Collins and Dorothy Smith’s Feminist Standpoint Theory. The main findings of the research demonstrate the urgency of issue where feminine ideals of women are completely out of the picture. The larger concern of this paper not only focuses on the objectivity of women but also their subjectivity. As a result, the research shifts the lens of looking at it from satirical framework to inherent gender struggles in the narrative.
{"title":"“She is Present in Offstage, Absent in Mainstream”- Unheard Voices of Women in Shrilal Shukla's Raag Darbari","authors":"Keshav Goyal","doi":"10.22161/ijeel.2.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeel.2.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"This work seeks to constitute the unexplored area in Shrilal Shukla's Raag Darbari, which is the lack of representation and absent female voices in the novel, by looking at the liminality of their participation in the larger rubric of politics, education and economics etc. The research examines the ‘subjectivity and positioning of women’, which is in contrast to the delineation of the male voices in the novel. The work diverges from the current readings of the text, which focuses on the satirical aspect of the novel. The paper accentuates on the autonomy of women and their indulgence in the role play of the novel by locating them within the corpus of Anchalik Literature. The paper is doing textual analysis by aid of feminist reading of the novel. The task is accomplished, keeping in mind the Feminist Mystique theory of Betty Friedan and Patricia Collins and Dorothy Smith’s Feminist Standpoint Theory. The main findings of the research demonstrate the urgency of issue where feminine ideals of women are completely out of the picture. The larger concern of this paper not only focuses on the objectivity of women but also their subjectivity. As a result, the research shifts the lens of looking at it from satirical framework to inherent gender struggles in the narrative.","PeriodicalId":211404,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of English Language, Education and Literature Studies (IJEEL)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130016535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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