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Infectious viruses and neurodegenerative diseases: The mitochondrial defect hypothesis 传染性病毒与神经退行性疾病:线粒体缺陷假说
IF 11.1 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2565
Tianshi Jiang, Kaili Zhu, Guangli Kang, Guojun Wu, Lili Wang, Yurong Tan
Global attention is riveted on neurodegenerative diseases due to their unresolved aetiologies and lack of efficacious therapies. Two key factors implicated include mitochondrial impairment and microglial ageing. Several viral infections, including Herpes simplex virus‐1 (HSV‐1), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Epstein‐Barr virus, are linked to heightened risk of these disorders. Surprisingly, numerous studies indicate viruses induce these aforementioned precipitating events. Epstein‐Barr virus, Hepatitis C Virus, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus, HSV‐1, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Zika virus and Enterovirus 71 specifically impact mitochondrial function, leading to mitochondrial malfunction. These vital organelles govern various cell activities and, under specific circumstances, trigger microglial ageing. This article explores the role of viral infections in elucidating the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative ailments. Various viruses instigate microglial ageing via mitochondrial destruction, causing senescent microglia to exhibit activated behaviour, thereby inducing neuroinflammation and contributing to neurodegeneration.
由于神经退行性疾病的病因未明,且缺乏有效的治疗方法,全球都在关注这些疾病。其中涉及的两个关键因素包括线粒体损伤和小胶质细胞老化。包括单纯疱疹病毒-1(HSV-1)、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和 Epstein-Barr 病毒在内的几种病毒感染与这些疾病的高发风险有关。令人惊讶的是,大量研究表明病毒会诱发上述诱发事件。爱泼斯坦-巴氏病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、艾滋病病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、HSV-1、日本脑炎病毒、寨卡病毒和肠道病毒 71 特别影响线粒体功能,导致线粒体功能失调。这些重要的细胞器控制着细胞的各种活动,并在特定情况下引发小胶质细胞老化。本文探讨了病毒感染在阐明神经退行性疾病发病机制中的作用。各种病毒通过破坏线粒体促使小胶质细胞老化,使衰老的小胶质细胞表现出活化行为,从而诱发神经炎症并导致神经退行性病变。
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引用次数: 0
Transmission dynamics, complications and mitigation strategies of the current mpox outbreak: A comprehensive review with bibliometric study. 当前麻疹疫情的传播动态、并发症和缓解策略:全面回顾与文献计量学研究。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2541
Ranjan K Mohapatra, Puneet K Singh, Francesco Branda, Snehasish Mishra, L V Simhachalam Kutikuppala, Tarun K Suvvari, Venkataramana Kandi, Azaj Ansari, Dhruv N Desai, Mubarak Alfaresi, Nawal A Al Kaabi, Mona A Al Fares, Mohammed Garout, Muhammad A Halwani, Mohammed Alissa, Ali A Rabaan

As the mankind counters the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), it simultaneously witnesses the emergence of mpox virus (MPXV) that signals at global spread and could potentially lead to another pandemic. Although MPXV has existed for more than 50 years now with most of the human cases being reported from the endemic West and Central African regions, the disease is recently being reported in non-endemic regions too that affect more than 50 countries. Controlling the spread of MPXV is important due to its potential danger of a global spread, causing severe morbidity and mortality. The article highlights the transmission dynamics, zoonosis potential, complication and mitigation strategies for MPXV infection, and concludes with suggested 'one health' approach for better management, control and prevention. Bibliometric analyses of the data extend the understanding and provide leads on the research trends, the global spread, and the need to revamp the critical research and healthcare interventions. Globally published mpox-related literature does not align well with endemic areas/regions of occurrence which should ideally have been the scenario. Such demographic and geographic gaps between the location of the research work and the endemic epicentres of the disease need to be bridged for greater and effective translation of the research outputs to pubic healthcare systems, it is suggested.

人类在应对新型严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒-2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的 COVID-19 大流行的同时,也目睹了 mpox 病毒(MPXV)的出现,它预示着该病毒将在全球蔓延,并有可能导致另一场大流行。虽然 MPXV 已经存在了 50 多年,大多数人类病例都是在西非和中非流行地区报告的,但最近在非流行地区也有报告,影响到 50 多个国家。控制 MPXV 的传播非常重要,因为它有可能在全球蔓延,造成严重的发病率和死亡率。文章重点介绍了 MPXV 感染的传播动态、人畜共患可能性、并发症和缓解策略,最后提出了更好地管理、控制和预防的 "统一健康 "方法。对数据进行的文献计量学分析扩展了对研究趋势、全球传播以及关键研究和医疗保健干预措施改革必要性的认识,并提供了相关线索。全球发表的麻疹相关文献与流行地区/发生区域并不一致,而理想的情况应该是这样。建议弥合研究工作所在地与该疾病流行中心之间的人口和地理差距,以便将研究成果更多、更有效地转化为公共医疗保健系统。
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引用次数: 0
Global seroprevalence and prevalence of infection of influenza in dogs (Canis familiaris): A systematic review and meta-analysis. 全球犬类流感血清流行率和感染率:系统回顾与荟萃分析。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2542
Char Leung, Amy Nishio King, Phoebe Rosemary Alice Barker, Abdulwahab Dhari Alshallal, Jia Yi Lee, Li Su

Influenza in dogs holds considerable public health significance due to their close companionship with humans, yet several facets of this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. This study undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to gauge the global seroprevalence of influenza in dogs. We also assessed whether pet dogs exhibited a higher seroprevalence of influenza compared to non-pet dogs, explored seasonal variations in seroprevalence, scrutinised the design and reporting standards of existing studies, and elucidated the geographical distribution of canine influenza virus (cIV). A comprehensive analysis of 97 studies spanning 27 countries revealed that seroprevalence of various influenza strains in dogs consistently registered below 10% and exhibited relative stability over the past decade. Significantly, we noted that seroprevalence of human influenza virus was notably higher in pet dogs compared to their non-pet counterparts, whereas seroprevalence of other influenza strains remained relatively uniform among both categories of dogs. Seasonal variations in seroprevalence of cIV were not observed. In summary, our findings indicated the global circulation of cIV strains H3N2 and H3N8, with other strains primarily confined to China. Given the lack of reported cases of the transmission of cIV from dogs to humans, our findings suggest a higher risk of reverse zoonosis than zoonosis. Finally, we strongly advocate for standardised reporting guidelines to underpin future canine influenza research endeavours.

由于狗与人类亲密相伴,因此狗患流感对公共卫生具有重要意义,但这一现象的几个方面在很大程度上仍未得到探讨。本研究对观察性研究进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析,以了解全球狗的流感血清流行率。我们还评估了宠物狗与非宠物狗相比是否表现出更高的流感血清流行率,探讨了血清流行率的季节性变化,仔细审查了现有研究的设计和报告标准,并阐明了犬流感病毒(cIV)的地理分布。对横跨 27 个国家的 97 项研究进行的综合分析表明,各种流感病毒株在犬中的血清流行率一直低于 10%,并且在过去十年中表现出相对稳定的状态。值得注意的是,与非宠物狗相比,宠物狗的人流感病毒血清阳性反应率明显较高,而其他流感病毒株的血清阳性反应率在这两类狗中保持相对一致。没有观察到 cIV 血清流行率的季节性变化。总之,我们的研究结果表明,cIV菌株H3N2和H3N8在全球范围内流行,其他菌株主要局限于中国。鉴于没有关于 cIV 从狗传染给人的病例报道,我们的研究结果表明反向人畜共患病的风险高于人畜共患病的风险。最后,我们强烈建议制定标准化的报告指南,以支持未来的犬流感研究工作。
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引用次数: 0
Association between cytomegalovirus infection and neurological disorders: A systematic review. 巨细胞病毒感染与神经系统疾病之间的关系:系统综述。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2532
Samira Sanami, Shahnam Shamsabadi, Amir Dayhimi, Mohammad Pirhayati, Sajjad Ahmad, Ahmadreza Pirhayati, Marjan Ajami, Sara Hemati, Masoud Shirvani, Ahmad Alagha, Davood Abbarin, Akram Alizadeh, Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is also known as human herpesvirus type 5. It is a common virus that usually doesn't cause any symptoms in healthy individuals. However, once infected, the virus remains in the host's body for life and can reactivate when the host's immune system weakens. This virus has been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease (HD), ataxia, Bell's palsy (BP), and brain tumours, which can cause a wide range of symptoms and challenges for those affected. CMV may influence inflammation, contribute to brain tissue damage, and elevate the risk of moderate-to-severe dementia. Multiple studies suggest a potential association between CMV and ataxia in various conditions, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute cerebellitis, etc. On the other hand, the evidence regarding CMV involvement in BP is conflicting, and also early indications of a link between CMV and HD were challenged by subsequent research disproving CMV's presence. This systematic review aims to comprehensively investigate any link between the pathogenesis of CMV and its potential role in neurological disorders and follows the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis checklist. Despite significant research into the potential links between CMV infection and various neurological disorders, the direct cause-effect relationship is not fully understood and several gaps in knowledge persist. Therefore, continued research is necessary to gain a better understanding of the role of CMV in neurological disorders and potential treatment avenues.

巨细胞病毒(CMV)属于疱疹病毒科,又称人类疱疹病毒 5 型。它是一种常见的病毒,通常不会对健康人造成任何症状。但是,一旦感染,病毒就会终生留在宿主体内,当宿主的免疫系统变弱时,病毒就会重新激活。这种病毒与多种神经系统疾病有关,包括阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、自闭症谱系障碍、亨廷顿氏病(HD)、共济失调、贝尔氏麻痹(BP)和脑肿瘤,会给患者带来各种症状和挑战。CMV 可能会影响炎症反应,导致脑组织损伤,并增加中度至重度痴呆症的风险。多项研究表明,在吉兰-巴雷综合征、慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病、急性小脑炎等多种疾病中,CMV 与共济失调之间存在潜在联系。另一方面,有关 CMV 与 BP 有关的证据却相互矛盾,而且早期关于 CMV 与 HD 之间存在联系的说法也受到了后来证明 CMV 不存在的研究的质疑。本系统综述旨在全面研究 CMV 的发病机制与其在神经系统疾病中的潜在作用之间的任何联系,并遵循系统综述和荟萃分析清单的首选报告项目。尽管对 CMV 感染与各种神经系统疾病之间的潜在联系进行了大量研究,但直接的因果关系尚未完全明了,而且仍存在一些知识空白。因此,有必要继续开展研究,以便更好地了解 CMV 在神经系统疾病中的作用以及潜在的治疗途径。
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引用次数: 0
SARS-CoV-2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2、牙周病原体和宿主因素:COVID-19 三位一体的口腔急性后遗症。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2543
Joel Schwartz, Kristelle J Capistrano, Joseph Gluck, Armita Hezarkhani, Afsar R Naqvi

COVID-19 as a pan-epidemic is waning but there it is imperative to understand virus interaction with oral tissues and oral inflammatory diseases. We review periodontal disease (PD), a common inflammatory oral disease, as a driver of COVID-19 and oral post-acute-sequelae conditions (PASC). Oral PASC identifies with PD, loss of teeth, dysgeusia, xerostomia, sialolitis-sialolith, and mucositis. We contend that PD-associated oral microbial dysbiosis involving higher burden of periodontopathic bacteria provide an optimal microenvironment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These pathogens interact with oral epithelial cells activate molecular or biochemical pathways that promote viral adherence, entry, and persistence in the oral cavity. A repertoire of diverse molecules identifies this relationship including lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor and is activated by protease activity of host furin or TRMPSS2 that cleave S protein subunits to promote viral entry. However, PD pathogens provide additional enzymatic assistance mimicking furin and augment SARS-CoV-2 adherence by inducing viral entry receptors ACE2/TRMPSS, which are poorly expressed on oral epithelial cells. We discuss the mechanisms involving periodontopathogens and host factors that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune resistance resulting in incomplete clearance and risk for 'long-haul' oral health issues characterising PASC. Finally, we suggest potential diagnostic markers and treatment avenues to mitigate oral PASC.

COVID-19 作为一种泛流行病正在减弱,但了解病毒与口腔组织和口腔炎症性疾病的相互作用仍是当务之急。我们回顾了牙周病(PD)这种常见的口腔炎症性疾病,它是 COVID-19 和口腔急性后遗症(PASC)的驱动因素。口腔后遗症与牙周病、牙齿脱落、口臭、口腔干燥症、牙龈炎-牙石症和粘膜炎相鉴别。我们认为,与帕金森病相关的口腔微生物菌群失调,包括牙周病细菌的较高负担,为严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)感染提供了最佳微环境。这些病原体与口腔上皮细胞相互作用,激活分子或生化途径,促进病毒在口腔中的粘附、进入和持续存在。确定这种关系的分子多种多样,包括脂质、碳水化合物和酶。SARS-CoV-2 的 S 蛋白与 ACE2 受体结合,并被宿主呋喃蛋白或 TRMPSS2 的蛋白酶活性激活,后者可裂解 S 蛋白亚基,促进病毒进入。然而,PD 病原体通过诱导病毒进入受体 ACE2/TRMPSS(这些受体在口腔上皮细胞上的表达很差),模仿呋喃蛋白提供额外的酶协助并增强 SARS-CoV-2 的粘附性。我们讨论了涉及牙周病原体和宿主因素的机制,这些机制促进了 SARS-CoV-2 的感染和免疫抵抗,导致清除不彻底以及 PASC 所特有的 "长期 "口腔健康问题的风险。最后,我们提出了缓解口腔 PASC 的潜在诊断标记和治疗途径。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence and factors associated with viral non-suppression in people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 撒哈拉以南非洲地区接受抗逆转录病毒疗法的艾滋病毒感染者中病毒抑制的发生率和相关因素:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2540
Idda H Mosha, Goodluck G Nyondo, Castory G Munishi, Belinda J Njiro, George M Bwire

Despite advances in HIV treatment, the burden of viral non-suppression (VNS) remains a treatment success concern, particularly in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with VNS for people living with HIV (PLHIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review, registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023470234), conducted an extensive search for evidence, focusing on PLHIV living in SSA on ART from the year 2000 to 19th October 2023, across databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 2357 articles were screened, from which 32 studies met the criteria for the final analysis, involving 756,620 PLHIV of all ages. The pooled prevalance for VNS was found to be 20.0% (95% CI: 15.43%-25.52%, I2 = 100%, p-value <0.01) Children and adolescents demonstrated the highest prevalence of VNS (viral load ≥1000 copies/mL) at 27.98% (95% CI: 21.91%-34.97%, I2 = 94%, p-value <0.01). The study revealed various factors associated with increased odds (risk) of VNS, p-value <0.05. These factors encompassed socio-demographics such as sex, age, education level, and marital status. Additionally, aspects related to HIV care, such as the facility attended, HIV status disclosure and adherence exhibited higher odds of VNS. Suboptimal ART adherence, longer duration on ART, socio-economic factors, lack of family and social support, presence of co-morbidities, advanced WHO HIV clinical stage, ART regimens, lower CD4+ count, abnormal body mass index, history of treatment interruptions, and progression of HIV illness were associated with VNS. Furthermore, behavioural/psychological factors including depression, substance use, negative perceptions towards ART, experiences of abuse, alcohol use, stigma, and certain patterns of sexual behaviour were also identified as factors for VNS. The occurrence of two VNS to every ten PLHIV on ART poses a threat to the progress made towards reaching the third 95% UNAIDS target in SSA. Additionally, these findings highlight the intricate interplay of various factors, encompassing patient characteristics, behavioural patterns, sociocultural influences, and pharmacological factors, all impacting VNS among PLHIV. Recognising its multifaceted nature, we recommend designing and implementing high impact interventions to effectively address VNS in SSA.

尽管艾滋病治疗取得了进展,但病毒无抑制(VNS)的负担仍然是治疗成功与否的一个问题,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)国家。我们确定了接受抗逆转录病毒疗法(ART)的艾滋病病毒感染者(PLHIV)的病毒不抑制(VNS)发生率及其相关因素。本综述已在 PROSPERO(CRD42023470234)上注册,对证据进行了广泛的检索,重点是 2000 年至 2023 年 10 月 19 日期间在撒哈拉以南非洲地区接受抗逆转录病毒疗法的艾滋病毒感染者,检索数据库包括 PubMed/MEDLINE、Embase、Web of Science 和 Scopus。共筛选出 2357 篇文章,其中 32 项研究符合最终分析的标准,涉及 756620 名各年龄段的艾滋病毒感染者。研究发现,VNS 的汇总流行率为 20.0%(95% CI:15.43%-25.52%,I2 = 100%,P 值 2 = 94%,P 值
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引用次数: 0
Potential therapeutic strategies to halt viral neuroinvasion. 阻止病毒入侵神经的潜在治疗策略。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2539
Luping Zhang, Usama Ashraf, Huanchun Chen, Shengbo Cao, Jing Ye

The viral infection of the central nervous system is a significant public health concern. So far, most clinical cases of viral neuroinvasion are dealt with supportive and/or symptomatic treatments due to the unavailability of specific treatments. Thus, developing specific therapies is required to alleviate neurological symptoms and disorders. In this review, we shed light on molecular aspects of viruses' entry into the brain which upon targeting with specific drugs have shown promising efficacy in vitro and in preclinical in vivo model systems. Further assessing the therapeutic potential of these drugs in clinical trials may offer opportunities to halt viral neuroinvasion in humans.

中枢神经系统病毒感染是一个重大的公共卫生问题。迄今为止,由于缺乏特效疗法,大多数神经病毒感染的临床病例都是通过支持性治疗和/或对症治疗来解决的。因此,需要开发特异性疗法来缓解神经系统症状和疾病。在这篇综述中,我们阐述了病毒进入大脑的分子方面,在体外和临床前体内模型系统中,使用特异性药物靶向治疗后显示出了良好的疗效。在临床试验中进一步评估这些药物的治疗潜力可能会为阻止病毒对人类神经系统的入侵提供机会。
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引用次数: 0
Alzheimer's disease and herpes viruses: Current events and perspectives. 阿尔茨海默病与疱疹病毒:当前事件与展望。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2550
Pinchera Biagio, Di Filippo Isabella, Cuccurullo Federica, Salvatore Elena, Gentile Ivan

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a real and current scientific and societal challenge. Alzheimer's disease is characterised by a neurodegenerative neuroinflammatory process, but the etiopathogenetic mechanisms are still unclear. The possible infectious aetiology and potential involvement of Herpes viruses as triggers for the formation of extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide (amyloid plaques) and intraneuronal aggregates of hyperphosphorylated and misfold could be a possible explanation. In fact, the possible genetic interference of Herpes viruses with the genome of the host neuronal cell or the stimulation of the infection to a continuous immune response with a consequent chronic inflammation could constitute those mechanisms underlying the development of AD, with possible implications in the understanding and management of the disease. Herpes viruses could be significantly involved in the pathogenesis of AD and in particular, their ability to reactivate in particular conditions such as immunocompromise and immunosenescence, could explain the neurological damage characteristic of AD. Our review aims to evaluate the state of the art of knowledge and perspectives regarding the potential relationship between Herpes viruses and AD, in order to be able to identify the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms and the possible therapeutic implications.

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是当前科学和社会面临的一项现实挑战。阿尔茨海默病的特征是神经退行性神经炎症过程,但其病因机制仍不清楚。疱疹病毒作为淀粉样 beta(Aβ)肽细胞外沉积物(淀粉样斑块)和高磷酸化及错误折叠的神经元内聚集物形成的诱因,可能是一种感染性病因和潜在的参与。事实上,疱疹病毒对宿主神经细胞基因组可能存在的遗传干扰,或感染刺激产生的持续免疫反应以及随之而来的慢性炎症,都可能构成 AD 的发病机制,并可能对该疾病的理解和治疗产生影响。疱疹病毒可能在很大程度上参与了 AD 的发病机制,尤其是在免疫力低下和免疫衰老等特殊情况下重新激活的能力,可以解释 AD 所特有的神经损伤。我们的综述旨在评估有关疱疹病毒与 AD 之间潜在关系的最新知识和观点,以便能够确定可能的病因机制和可能的治疗意义。
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引用次数: 0
Human papillomavirus infection: Epidemiology, biology, host interactions, cancer development, prevention, and therapeutics 人类乳头瘤病毒感染:流行病学、生物学、宿主相互作用、癌症发展、预防和治疗
IF 11.1 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2537
Jonas Wolf, Lucas Felipe Kist, Samanta Brangel Pereira, Marilze Alves Quessada, Helena Petek, Arthur Pille, Juçara Gasparetto Maccari, Mohamed Parrini Mutlaq, Luiz Antonio Nasi
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. It is caused by the HPV, a DNA virus that infects epithelial cells in various mucous membranes and skin surfaces. HPV can be categorised into high‐risk and low‐risk types based on their association with the development of certain cancers. High‐risk HPV types, such as HPV‐16 and HPV‐18, are known to be oncogenic and are strongly associated with the development of cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. These types of HPV can persist in the body for an extended period and, in some cases, lead to the formation of precancerous lesions that may progress to cancer if left untreated. Low‐risk HPV types, such as HPV‐6 and HPV‐11, are not typically associated with cancer but can cause benign conditions like genital warts. Genital warts are characterised by the growth of small, cauliflower‐like bumps on the genital and anal areas. Although not life‐threatening, they can cause discomfort and psychological distress. HPV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. It can also be transmitted through non‐penetrative sexual activities that involve skin‐to‐skin contact. In addition to sexual transmission, vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth is possible but relatively rare. Prevention of HPV infection includes vaccination and safe sexual practices. HPV vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, are highly effective in preventing infection with the most common high‐risk HPV types. These vaccines are typically administered to adolescents and young adults before they become sexually active. Safe sexual practices, such as consistent and correct condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners, can also reduce the risk of HPV transmission. Diagnosis of HPV infection can be challenging because the infection is often asymptomatic, especially in men. In women, HPV testing can be done through cervical screening programs, which involve the collection of cervical cells for analysis. Abnormal results may lead to further diagnostic procedures, such as colposcopy or biopsy, to detect precancerous or cancerous changes. Overall, HPV infection is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection with significant implications for public health. Vaccination, regular screening, and early treatment of precancerous lesions are key strategies to reduce the burden of HPV‐related diseases and their associated complications. Education and awareness about HPV and its prevention are crucial in promoting optimal sexual health. This study aimed to carry out a literature review considering several aspects involving HPV infection: Global distribution, prevalence, biology, host interactions, cancer development, prevention, therapeutics, coinfection with other viruses, coinfection with bacteria, association with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, and association with anal cancer.
人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染是全球最常见的性传播感染之一。它是由 HPV 引起的,HPV 是一种 DNA 病毒,可感染各种粘膜和皮肤表面的上皮细胞。根据与某些癌症发病的相关性,HPV 可分为高危型和低危型。已知高危 HPV 类型(如 HPV-16 和 HPV-18)具有致癌作用,与宫颈癌、肛门癌、阴道癌、外阴癌、阴茎癌和口咽癌的发生密切相关。这些类型的人乳头瘤病毒会在体内长期存在,在某些情况下会导致癌前病变的形成,如果不及时治疗,可能会发展为癌症。HPV-6和HPV-11等低危HPV类型通常与癌症无关,但可导致生殖器疣等良性病症。生殖器疣的特征是在生殖器和肛门部位长出菜花状的小疙瘩。虽然不会危及生命,但会造成不适和心理困扰。HPV 主要通过性接触传播,包括阴道性交、肛交和口交。它也可以通过涉及皮肤接触的非性接触传播。除性传播外,分娩时母婴垂直传播也是可能的,但相对罕见。预防 HPV 感染的方法包括接种疫苗和安全性行为。加卫苗(Gardasil)和宫颈癌疫苗(Cervarix)等 HPV 疫苗对预防最常见的高危型 HPV 感染非常有效。这些疫苗通常在青少年和年轻人性活跃之前接种。安全的性行为方式,如坚持正确使用安全套和限制性伴侣的数量,也可以降低人乳头瘤病毒传播的风险。HPV感染的诊断具有挑战性,因为这种感染通常没有症状,尤其是在男性中。对于女性来说,HPV 检测可以通过宫颈筛查计划来进行,即收集宫颈细胞进行分析。异常结果可能导致进一步的诊断程序,如阴道镜检查或活检,以检测癌前病变或癌症。总之,HPV 感染是一种普遍的性传播感染,对公共卫生有重大影响。接种疫苗、定期筛查和早期治疗癌前病变是减轻 HPV 相关疾病及其相关并发症负担的关键策略。关于 HPV 及其预防的教育和宣传对于促进最佳性健康至关重要。本研究旨在对涉及 HPV 感染的几个方面进行文献综述:全球分布、流行率、生物学、宿主相互作用、癌症发展、预防、治疗、与其他病毒的合并感染、与细菌的合并感染、与头颈部鳞状细胞癌的关系以及与肛门癌的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Serious neurological adverse events in immunocompetent children and adolescents caused by viral reactivation in the years following varicella vaccination. 免疫功能正常的儿童和青少年在接种水痘疫苗后数年内因病毒再活化引起的严重神经系统不良事件。
IF 11.1 2区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2538
Prashanth Ramachandran, Charles Grose
Serious adverse events following vaccination include medical complications that require hospitalisation. The live varicella vaccine that was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States in 1995 has an excellent safety record. Since the vaccine is a live virus, adverse events are more common in immunocompromised children who are vaccinated inadvertently. This review includes only serious adverse events in children considered to be immunocompetent. The serious adverse event called varicella vaccine meningitis was first reported in a hospitalised immunocompetent child in 2008. When we carried out a literature search, we found 15 cases of immunocompetent children and adolescents with varicella vaccine meningitis; the median age was 11 years. Eight of the children had received two varicella vaccinations. Most of the children also had a concomitant herpes zoster rash, although three did not. The children lived in the United States, Greece, Germany, Switzerland, and Japan. During our literature search, we found five additional cases of serious neurological events in immunocompetent children; these included 4 cases of progressive herpes zoster and one case of acute retinitis. Pulses of enteral corticosteroids as well as a lack of herpes simplex virus antibody may be risk factors for reactivation in immunocompetent children. All 20 children with adverse events were treated with acyclovir and recovered; 19 were hospitalised and one child was managed as an outpatient. Even though the number of neurological adverse events remains exceedingly low following varicella vaccination, we recommend documentation of those caused by the vaccine virus.
接种疫苗后出现的严重不良反应包括需要住院治疗的医疗并发症。美国食品和药物管理局于 1995 年批准的水痘活疫苗具有良好的安全记录。由于疫苗是一种活病毒,免疫力低下的儿童在无意中接种疫苗后更容易发生不良反应。本综述仅包括免疫功能正常儿童的严重不良事件。水痘疫苗脑膜炎这一严重不良事件于 2008 年首次在一名住院的免疫功能正常儿童中出现。在进行文献检索时,我们发现有15例免疫功能正常的儿童和青少年患有水痘疫苗脑膜炎;中位年龄为11岁。其中 8 名儿童接种过两次水痘疫苗。大多数患儿还伴有带状疱疹皮疹,但有三名患儿没有伴有带状疱疹皮疹。这些儿童分别居住在美国、希腊、德国、瑞士和日本。在文献检索过程中,我们又发现了五例免疫功能正常的儿童发生严重神经系统事件的病例,其中包括四例进展性带状疱疹和一例急性视网膜炎。肠道注射皮质类固醇以及缺乏单纯疱疹病毒抗体可能是免疫力低下儿童再次感染的风险因素。所有 20 名出现不良反应的患儿都接受了阿昔洛韦治疗并痊愈;其中 19 名患儿住院治疗,1 名患儿门诊治疗。尽管接种水痘疫苗后发生神经系统不良反应的人数仍然极少,但我们建议记录由疫苗病毒引起的不良反应。
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Reviews in Medical Virology
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