Reviews in Medical Virology最新文献

Both health and economic burdens of dengue virus (DENV), as an increasingly prevalent pathogen and global threat, exist in endemic regions. Vaccination is a key strategy in decreasing dengue morbidity and mortality. This systematic review assesses the efficacy, immune response and safety of dengue vaccines (Qdenga (TAK-003) and Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV)) in adolescents against the need for evidence-based data for dengue vaccination strategies. We performed a systematic search of six databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, clinical trials. gov, and MEDLINE) for studies published until October 2024. A total of 482 articles were identified, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria after removing duplicates and title and abstract screening. Immunogenicity and safety profiles for both vaccines. TAK-003 showed high seropositivity rates with all of the four DENV serotypes, especially for DENV-2, with sustained antibody responses 3 years after vaccination. CYD-TDV induced neutralising antibodies with balanced activity, but such an immune response was most efficient in individuals with baseline seropositivity, for whom greater efficacy was observed. Most adverse events were mild to moderate, such as transitory pain at the injection site and headache, while serious adverse events were rare and did not correlate with vaccination. Nonetheless, specific issues regarding serotype-unique efficacy variations and the threat of vaccine-induced immune enhancement in seronegative groups contribute to worry. These findings highlighted the importance of TAK-003 and CYD-TDV in reducing the impact of dengue, especially in endemic regions. Ongoing research is essential to refine vaccine deployment strategies, optimise protection across diverse populations, and address outstanding concerns regarding long-term immunity and safety in seronegative individuals.

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus in the family Togaviridae, transmitted by a mosquito bite and is highly infectious in aerosol form. Inflammation plays a role of antiviral response as well as development of lethal encephalitis. Infection through a mosquito bite is biphasic, beginning with an inflammatory process and viral replication in different organs with subsequent infiltration to the central nervous system (CNS), inducing encephalitis. The direct route is through inhalation of aerosols containing the virus with direct brain infection through the olfactory nerve. Significant damage is due to exacerbated inflammation in the host. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with high pro-inflammatory capacity, which has been found to be upregulated in the brain of VEEV-infected rats, suggesting its role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Limited information regarding the association of Ang II expression with VEEV brain infection has been reported. The aim of this review is to highlight published reports indicating a possible association between Ang II expression and VEEV-induced encephalitis. Several studies reflect a possible expression and function of Ang II during VEEV infection. Factors such as the relationship of Ang II with proteins involved in viral replication and entry into the cell (furin, Rab5, Rab7), activation of protein kinase C (necessary for the phosphorylation of VEEV), presence of microRNAs related to viral biology, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and use of transcription pathways common to Ang II and VEEV, may conceivable an association of Ang II with the pathogenesis of VEEV encephalitis.

Emerging viral pathogens, newly reported or rapidly evolving viruses, are a significant public health concern worldwide. Beyond their characteristic clinical presentations, emerging viruses, such as monkeypox virus (MPXV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been increasingly implicated in the development of various neuropsychiatric complications including depression, mainly due to their ability to induce neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and neurotransmitter imbalances. Depression is a common mental health condition characterised by continuous low mood or sadness, pessimism, anxiety, and even a tendency to suicide as the main symptoms. Post viral depression commonly shows significant challenges, as traditional antidepressant agents exhibit suboptimal efficacy and prolonged onset of action. Regarding this, ketamine and its enantiomers, S-ketamine and R-ketamine, have recently received increasing attention as potential options in light of their potent and effective antidepressant properties. The present review describes the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of depression associated with emerging viruses, highlighting the role of neuroinflammation and disturbances inneurotransmitter systems. It also discusses the antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine and its enantiomers, the current clinical evidence demonstrating their effectiveness and safety, especially in the case of treatment-resistant depression, and their growing relevance for mood complications linked to emerging viral infections, including depression. Although preliminary reports propose effectiveness, additional studies are needed to present optimal treatment strategies, long-term safety, and incorporation into clinical practice. Addressing these challenges will be critical for optimising the effectiveness of ketamine- and (S, R)-ketamine-containing therapeutic protocols in treating depression linked to emerging viral infections.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) stand as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide, contributing substantially to paediatric hospitalisation rates. ARIs stem from various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, among others. With the advent of novel diagnostic techniques like molecular detection methods, the identification rate of multiple pathogens in paediatric ARIs is steadily rising. However, there is currently no consensus on the impact of mixed infections on the severity of respiratory infections in children. This narrative review summarises existing research indicating that the co-detection rate of multiple viruses among paediatric patients with ARIs ranged from 0.07% to 55%. Multi-virus coinfections did not appear to increase the severity of the disease in children because of viral interference, immune modulation, etc. Conversely, mixed infection of virus and bacteria may exacerbate disease severity through many mechanisms, such as synergistic activation of inflammation, diminished repair efficiency, increased transmission and release and so on. The insights provide aim to improve diagnostic precision and treatment strategies for paediatric ARIs, ultimately reducing complications and mortality rates associated with ARIs in children.

We performed an update (last search: 24 July 2023) of a systematic review on relative efficacy/effectiveness (rVE) and safety of newer/enhanced seasonal influenza vaccines in comparison with standard influenza vaccine or in head-to-head comparison. Eligible studies investigated adults aged ≥ 18 years, analysed the MF59-adjuvanted or high-dose or cell-based or recombinant or mRNA-based influenza vaccine and reported rVE or safety in randomised controlled trials (RCT) or non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSI). Of 1561 new entries identified, 17 studies were included. Together with 42 studies identified in the previous primary review they added up to 59 studies, all comparing newer/enhanced with standard seasonal influenza vaccines. Relative VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza was -30% (95%CI: -146% to 31%) to 88% (51%-100%; 7 NRSI) for the MF59-adjuvanted vaccine (low certainty of evidence, CoE); 24.2% (9.7%-36.5%; 1 RCT) and -9% (-158% to 54%) to 19% (-27% to 48%; 1 NRSI) for the high-dose vaccine (moderate CoE); -5.8% (-36.1% to 17.7%) to 21.4% (-7.3% to 42.4%; 2 NRSI) for the cell-based vaccine (low CoE); 30% (10%-47%; 1 RCT) and 3% (-31% to 28%) to 19% (-27% to 48%; 1 NRSI) for the recombinant vaccine (moderate CoE), respectively. Relative VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalisation was 59.2% (14.6%-80.5%; 1 NRSI) for the MF59-adjuvanted (moderate CoE); 27% (-1 to 48%; 1 NRSI) for the high-dose (low CoE); 8.5% (-75.9% to 52.3%; 1 NRSI) for the cell-based (low CoE); -7.3% (-52.1% to 24.4%) to 16.3% (-8.7% to 35.5%; 1 RCT) for the recombinant vaccine. No increased risk of serious adverse events was detected for any vaccine (12 RCT, 7 NRSI; low CoE). While all have a favourable safety profile, evidence on rVE of newer/enhanced vaccines is still limited, warranting further studies.

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus of the family Rhabdoviridae. CHPV is transmitted mainly through infected sandflies. CHPV paediatric encephalitis reported in 2003-2004 in central and south-western parts of India had a case fatality rate of ∼70%. CHPV infection leads to high-grade fever, vomiting, altered sensorium, generalised convulsions, decerebrate posture and coma. Neuroinflammation is the hallmark of CHPV infection and has a pronounced effect on cerebral and brainstem regions. Currently, there are no vaccines or treatments available for CHPV infection. Although previous studies have provided insights into the virus's pathology and host-pathogen interactions, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying CHPV pathogenesis are poorly understood. Understanding molecular pathogenesis is crucial for developing efficacious therapies and preventive measures. The review summarises CHPV epidemiology, transmission, genome structure, replication, pathogenesis and the latest antiviral therapies and vaccine developments.

Dengue, a widespread arthropod-borne viral disease, remains endemic in more than 100 nations, affecting over 40% of the world's population, with millions of cases reported annually, and has a major burden on global public health systems. The causative agent of this infection is the dengue virus which belongs to the Flaviviridae family of RNA viruses. The DENV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from mild to severe, and even fatal in the cases of secondary infection. In the absence of promising antiviral therapies or vaccines to effectively combat the infection, understanding the interaction between the host and pathogen, along with the associated molecular mechanisms, is crucial. In this review, we focused on the specialised functions of various RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their roles at various stages of the viral life cycle. This review examines the intricate interplay between viral and host cellular factors. Notably, numerous host RBPs, including La, eIF2, PTBP1, YBX1, and other hnRNPs, interact with viral components, such as NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5, and most importantly, the viral UTRs (untranslated regions), to facilitate critical stages of the viral life cycle. We comprehensively compiled the specific roles of RBPs in the dengue virus life cycle, including viral entry, translation, transcription, and assembly, and further explored the therapeutic possibilities.

Studies with strong scientific evidence have demonstrated that comorbidities are associated with fatal outcomes in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. To aggregate the findings of these studies and assess the magnitude of the effect of different chronic diseases on COVID-19 mortality, we conducted a systematic review of reviews and meta-analysis. Six databases were searched to retrieve systematic reviews with meta-analysis published during the early years of the pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v.12.0 software, and the risk ratio (RR) and odds ratio (OR), with a confidence interval of 95% (95% CI), were calculated. We selected 15 publications with 476 original articles and 2,135,888 patients. Our results indicated the following risk factors for COVID-19 mortality: diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.95; 95% CI:1.41-2.49); hypertension (RR = 1.88; 95% CI:1.51-2.26); cancer (RR = 1.84; 95% CI:1.24-2.43); cardiovascular (RR = 2.14; 95% CI:1.66-2.63), cerebrovascular (RR = 2.43; 95% CI:2.15-2.72), kidney (RR = 2.39; 95% CI:1.36-3.42), pulmonary (RR = 1.98; 95% CI:1.48-2.47) and liver diseases (OR = 1.56; 95% CI:1.18-1.94); obesity (OR = 1.15; 95% CI:1.04-1.26); smoking habits (OR = 1.18; 95% CI:1.13-1.22); and the male sex (OR = 1.69; 95% CI:1.65-1.73). Evidence has confirmed that underlying chronic conditions, which involve an imbalance in the immune response, significantly increase the risk of COVID-19 deaths.

In 2024, a novel recombinant of the Oropouche virus emerged as a potential threat. This virus has caused a significant outbreak in Brazil and Cuba, with imported cases subsequently reported in the USA and Europe. This review summarises the existing knowledge on the Oropouche virus, and discusses potential risk mitigation strategies for the transfusion community.