Reviews in Medical Virology最新文献

The central nervous system is a potential target of the COVID-19 virus, and one of the devastating neurological consequences of this infection is cerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Cerebral haemorrhage is a leading cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to systematically review and analyse the existing literature on this topic and provide insights into the potential neurological consequences of COVID-19. A comprehensive search was conducted across the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases to extract relevant published data up to February 2025. This meta-analysis included 11 studies involving a total of 197,060 individuals. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the year of publication, hospital sampling wards, and study design. A critical appraisal was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) score. Risk was utilised as a measure of pooled effect size based on a random-effects model. In this analysis, we identified 11 articles that directly assessed the risk of cerebral haemorrhage. The reported risk of cerebral haemorrhage was five cases per 10,000 COVID-19 patients [0.005 (95% CI: 0.002-0.009), p < 0.001]. Notably, studies published in 2022 and 2023 indicated a significantly higher risk of cerebral haemorrhage compared to earlier years. COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) faced an increased risk of cerebral haemorrhage compared to those admitted to general wards. Meta-regression analysis revealed a statistically significant association between the risk of cerebral haemorrhage and the type of wards in a hospital [0.0089 (95% CI: 0.0067-0.0112), p < 0.001], as well as the year of publication [0.0004 (95% CI: 0.0003-0.0008), p = 0.048]. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU in recent years for the potential occurrence of cerebral haemorrhage.

With the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine safety remains a priority. Emerging concerns have raised the potential risk of a long COVID-like syndrome following vaccination, informally called long Vax and provisionally termed post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS). Our narrative review describes the putative manifestation, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches of PCVS based on the available evidence, mostly from case reports/series and observational studies. Our review noted that PCVS typically manifests within days to weeks post-vaccination, with symptoms lasting months to years. PCVS may present as recognized diagnoses such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), small-fibre neuropathy (SFN), myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), or as long-term sequelae of myocarditis, vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopaenia (VITT), or immune thrombocytopaenia purpura (ITP). Symptomatically, PCVS overlaps with long COVID, such as fatigue and brain fog, but PCVS may involve more frequent paraesthesia and less dyspnoea. We also review pathophysiological hypotheses of PCVS, focussing on the vaccine-derived spike protein and related immune responses. Finally, we discuss potential therapies used to treat patients with PCVS or related conditions, primarily documented in case reports/series, which could guide future clinical research. Overall, PCVS remains a poorly understood condition that requires more research to elucidate its prevalence, prognosis, risk factors, and treatments.

Rotavirus (RV) is a major aetiology of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. It is crucial to understand the hospital-based RV disease prevalence and its spatio-temporal genotype distribution during the period pre-and post-introduction of RV vaccines in India. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to extract information on literature related to the impact of vaccination on rotavirus disease prevalence and the distribution of genotypes from 1986 to 2022. A search for relevant articles was carried out in public databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect) to extract specific information on RV prevalence among children less than 5 years of age and the genotype distribution from 1986 to 2022. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model was employed to account for the heterogeneity of included studies analysed using meta-analysis and publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger linear regression test. Of the 1939 records identified through screening and after removing duplicate records, the full texts of 1609 records were assessed for eligibility. After the full-text assessment, 49 records were found eligible and included in the study. The estimated pooled prevalence of RV-associated gastroenteritis during the pre-vaccine period was 33% {(95% confidence interval (CI), 28%-38%)} while the prevalence was 23% (95% CI, 18%-29%) in the post-vaccine period. Rotaviruses are classified into genotypes by their G-(glycoprotein VP7) and P-(protease-sensitive VP4) proteins. Combination of genotype G1 and P[8] that is G1P[8] predominated during the pre- and post-vaccine period, while the prevalence of G3P[8] increased after immunisation. The dominant genotypes in pre-vaccine era were G1 and G2 while G1 and G3 after vaccine inclusion, with a constant circulation of P[8] during the entire period from 1986 to 2022. Occurence of G2 increased post-vaccination in western zone of India. As observed from the meta-regression analysis, rotavirus vaccination has significantly reduced gastroenteritis associated hospitalizations and death. The spatio-temporal change in the genotype distribution in the post-vaccination era warrants the need for further surveillance studies to provide information on RV-associated hospital visits. Additionally, this will also provide information on detection of emerging strains that can assist in designing future policies for the implementation and development of new-generation vaccines against rotavirus disease.

Infections caused by emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens are currently known as a significant global public health issue, affecting various human organ systems such as the ocular system. Several emerging and re-emerging viral infections, such as those caused by Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and monkeypox virus (MPXV), have been involved in the development of various ophthalmic disorders including uveitis, conjunctivitis, retinitis, optic neuritis, and more severe vision-threatening complications. The present review comprehensively describes the ophthalmic manifestations linked to these viruses, with a primary focus on their underlying pathogenesis, diverse clinical presentations, and the intricate potential mechanisms of viral invasion into ocular tissues. Describing the ocular involvement of emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens, particularly how they target and affect the ocular system, is critical for early diagnosis, appropriate management, and reducing long-term visual manifestations in affected patients. This review aims to address existing gaps in clinical knowledge and support timely ophthalmological management during emerging viral outbreaks.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), like all herpes viruses, can establish lifelong infections of the host. This is due to the capacity to establish latency-a defining characteristic of herpes virus infection. In healthy individuals, pathology associated with HCMV infection is rare due, in part, to a robust immune response that controls replication. Consequently, in patients with impaired immune responses substantial pathogenesis is observed due to a failure of immunological control. In this review, I discuss the biology of latency and reactivation with an emphasis on aspects important for our understanding of pathogenesis and treatment. In particular, I will represent how fundamental understanding of the cellular and molecular details of viral latency have, and will continue to be, pivotal for attempts to therapeutically target latent HCMV with a view to reducing the burden of disease. This will include pharmacological and immunological therapies that utilise the modulation of both host and viral functions important for latency and reactivation as well as strategies to harness the very well characterised and prodigious immune response directed against replicating HCMV to target latent infections as well.

Post-COVID-19 condition, or Long COVID, is characterised by symptoms persisting or emerging beyond 12 weeks after acute infection. Among over 200 reported symptoms, oral manifestations such as taste loss and dry mouth have been identified. This systematic review reports the frequency and characteristics of these symptoms. Registered in PROSPERO and following PRISMA guidelines, the review included observational studies on COVID-19-positive adults presenting oral symptoms in the post-COVID-19 condition. A search in six databases (Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, SCOPUS, and LILACS) was conducted in January 2024. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools, and certainty of evidence via GRADE. A meta-analysis using the inverse variance method estimated oral symptom prevalence. Of 4552 articles, 107 were included. Taste dysfunction persisted in 8% (95% CI 6%-10%) of patients beyond 12 weeks. Combined taste and smell alterations had a prevalence of 17% (95% CI 13%-21%). Less frequent symptoms included hyposalivation, periodontitis, mouth ulcers, tongue mucosal changes, facial tingling, sensitivity in the trigeminal nerve, difficulty swallowing, and lesions in the hard palate. Taste alterations were the most commonly reported symptom, underscoring the need for clinical recognition and appropriate management by oral health professionals. Additionally, the wide range of other oral manifestations highlights the necessity for further research to better understand their prevalence, underlying mechanisms, and clinical implications in post-COVID-19 patients.

Emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses represent a persistent and evolving global health threat. While primarily recognized for their acute systemic or respiratory illnesses, a growing body of evidence implicates several of these pathogens in the development or exacerbation of bone-related diseases. This review critically describes the multifaceted roles of selected major RNA viruses-Dengue Virus (DENV), Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)- in bone-related diseases. It discusses the current understanding of the clinical manifestations, ranging from arthralgia and arthritis to more severe outcomes such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, and bone erosions. The review describes the potential pathogenic mechanisms, including direct viral infection of bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), as well as virus-induced dysregulation of host immune responses that lead to pro-inflammatory cytokine storms and altered signalling pathways, collectively driving aberrant bone remodelling. By discussing current knowledge, this review aims to highlight the significant, yet often underappreciated, impact of these RNA viruses on bone health, identify existing knowledge gaps, and underscore the need for further mechanistic research to inform targeted therapeutic and preventive strategies that reduce bone morbidity in affected populations.

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Dengue virus (DENV), represent significant global health threats. Beyond their acute systemic illnesses, many arboviral infections are characterized by debilitating and often chronic musculoskeletal complications, including arthralgia, arthritis, myalgia, and bone pain. Evidence suggests that these pathologies may stem, at least in part, from the viruses' direct or indirect interference with fundamental cellular processes governing skeletal homoeostasis, particularly osteogenesis (bone formation) and bone remodelling. Key signalling pathways critical for osteoblast differentiation and function, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP), Notch, and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) pathways, are potential targets for viral manipulation or dysregulation by the host inflammatory response. This article reviews the current understanding of how arboviruses might interact with osteogenesis-associated signalling pathways, explores the link between this interaction and musculoskeletal disease, and proposes that targeting these pathways could represent a novel therapeutic strategy to mitigate the long-term skeletal sequelae of arboviral infections.

Arboviruses have become endemic worldwide in the recent years. Growing evidence have shown that diabetes increases the risk of severe complications these virus infections, but previous results is conflicting. This systematic review and meta-analysis reassessed the data associated with this correlation to response to the question of whether patients with diabetes have an elevated susceptibility to virus. Four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Embase were searched as systematic to evoke relevant data to the risk of virus infection in individuals with diabetes up to January 31, 2025. A random-effects model was used to estimate the summary odds ratio (OR). Subgroup analyses depending on the geographic area, clinical symptoms of virus, study design and the diagnostic techniques of virus were conducted. Quality appraisal for primary outcome and quality assessment was preformed by the Grading of recommendation, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) and Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), respectively. This study was registered with PROSPERO, code (CRD42025638835). In total, 33 studies were identified based on different in virus type and phenotype of diabetes. The summary OR between virus infection and the risk of diabetes was (0.81, [95% CI 0.51-1.12], p < 0.05). The separate analysis for each of virus showed an increased risk of severe clinical symptoms of both DENV (OR = 1.04, [95% CI 0.53-1.55], p = 0.00) and WNV (OR = 1.94, [95% CI 1.02-2.87], p = 0.00) except CHIKV (OR = 0.24, [95% CI -0.28-0.76], p = 0.36). No publication bias was observed using Begg's (p = 0.54) and Egger's (P = 0.38) tests. Subgroups of geographic area and severe clinical symptoms of viruses such as dengue fever and West Nile fever had higher risk in diabetic patients. Our results provide strong evidence suggesting the association between diabetes and higher risk of DENV and WNV. These findings will help to physicians to early detection and appropriate management for reducing the morbidity and mortality rates in diabetes patients with DENV and WNV. As a result, diabetes involvement in Arboviruses is usual, especially in DENV and WNV patients.