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Enterovirus Antibodies: Friends and Foes. 肠病毒抗体:朋友与敌人
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.70004
Chaldam Jespère Mbani, Corentin Morvan, Magloire Pandoua Nekoua, Cyril Debuysschere, Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou, Donatien Moukassa, Didier Hober

Enteroviruses (EV) initiate replication by binding to their cellular receptors, leading to the uncoating and release of the viral genome into the cytosol of the host cell. Neutralising antibodies (NAbs) binding to epitopes on enteroviral capsid proteins can inhibit this infectious process through several mechanisms of neutralisation in vitro. Fc-mediated antibody effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis have also been described for some EV. However, antibody binding to virions does not always result in viral neutralisation. Non-neutralising antibodies, or sub-neutralising concentrations of antibodies, can enhance infection of viruses, leading to more severe pathologies. This phenomenon, known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, has been described in vitro and/or in vivo for EV including poliovirus, coxsackievirus B and EV-A71. It has been shown that ADE of EV infection is mediated by FcγRs expressed by monocytes, macrophages, B lymphocytes and granulocytes. Antibodies play a crucial role in the diagnosis and monitoring of infections. They are valuable markers that have been used to establish a link between enteroviral infection and chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies targeting enteroviral proteins have been developed and shown to be effective to prevent or combat EV infections in vitro and in vivo. In addition, vaccines are under development, and clinical trials of vaccines are underway or have been completed, providing hope for the prevention of diseases due to EV. However, the ADE of the infection should be considered in the development of anti-EV antibodies or safe vaccines.

肠道病毒(EV)通过与其细胞受体结合开始复制,导致病毒基因组脱壳并释放到宿主细胞的细胞质中。与肠道病毒外壳蛋白上的表位结合的中和抗体(NAbs)可通过多种体外中和机制抑制这一感染过程。某些 EV 还具有 Fc 介导的抗体效应功能,如抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性和抗体依赖性细胞吞噬作用。然而,抗体与病毒结合并不总能导致病毒中和。非中和抗体或亚中和浓度的抗体会增强病毒感染,导致更严重的病症。这种现象被称为抗体依赖性感染增强(ADE),已在体外和/或体内对包括脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇病毒 B 和 EV-A71 在内的 EV 进行了描述。研究表明,EV 感染的 ADE 是由单核细胞、巨噬细胞、B 淋巴细胞和粒细胞表达的 FcγRs 介导的。抗体在诊断和监测感染中起着至关重要的作用。它们是宝贵的标记物,已被用于确定肠道病毒感染与 1 型糖尿病等慢性疾病之间的联系。针对肠道病毒蛋白的单克隆和多克隆抗体已经开发出来,并被证明能有效预防或抗击体外和体内的肠道病毒感染。此外,疫苗也在开发之中,疫苗的临床试验正在进行或已经完成,这为预防由 EV 引起的疾病带来了希望。然而,在开发抗 EV 抗体或安全疫苗时,应考虑感染的 ADE。
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引用次数: 0
Interplays Between Matrix Metalloproteinases and Neurotropic Viruses: An Overview. 基质金属蛋白酶与神经病毒之间的相互作用:综述。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2585
Suad A Alghamdi, Mohammed Alissa, Abdullah Alghamdi, Mohammed A Alshehri, Abdullah Albelasi, Khalid J Alzahrani, Awaji Y Safhi

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a diverse group of proteases involved in various physiological and pathological processes through modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cytokines, and growth factors. In the central nervous system (CNS), MMPs play a major role in CNS development, plasticity, repair, and reorganisation contributing to learning, memory, and neuroimmune response to injury. MMPs are also linked to various neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral aneurysm, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and brain cancer suggesting these proteases as key regulatory factors in the nervous system. Moreover, MMPs have been involved in the pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections via dysregulation of various cellular processes, which may highlight these factors as potential targets for the treatment and control of neurological complications associated with viral pathogens. This review provides an overview of the roles of MMPs in various physiological processes of the CNS and their interactions with neurotropic viral pathogens.

基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是一组多样化的蛋白酶,通过调节细胞外基质(ECM)成分、细胞因子和生长因子参与各种生理和病理过程。在中枢神经系统(CNS)中,MMPs 在中枢神经系统的发育、可塑性、修复和重组过程中发挥着重要作用,有助于学习、记忆和神经免疫损伤反应。MMPs 还与各种神经系统疾病有关,如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、脑动脉瘤、中风、癫痫、多发性硬化症和脑癌,这表明这些蛋白酶是神经系统的关键调节因子。此外,MMPs 还通过对各种细胞过程的失调参与了神经病毒感染的发病机制,这可能会使这些因子成为治疗和控制与病毒病原体相关的神经系统并发症的潜在靶点。本综述概述了 MMPs 在中枢神经系统各种生理过程中的作用及其与神经毒性病毒病原体的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Assessment of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Different Vaccine Platforms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Clinical Trial Studies. 不同疫苗平台中抗 SARS-CoV-2 抗体的评估:COVID-19疫苗临床试验研究的系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2579
Mohammad Mirzakhani, Maryam Bayat, Mohammadreza Dashti, Safa Tahmasebi, Maryam Rostamtabar, Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh, Jafar Amani

Background and objective: The COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly throughout the world and caused millions of deaths globally. Several vaccines have been developed to control the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the burden it placed on public health. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of different vaccine platforms in inducing potent antibody responses. Moreover, the seroconversion rate and common side effects of vaccine platforms were evaluated.

Methods: This meta-analysis included clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines that met the eligibility criteria. Electronic databases (including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Google Scholar search engine were searched for eligible studies. Regarding the methodological heterogeneity between the included studies, we selected a random-effects model. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) was chosen as the effect size for this meta-analysis.

Results: Of the 1838 records identified through screening and after removing duplicate records, the full texts of 1076 records were assessed for eligibility. After the full-text assessment, 56 records were eligible and included in the study. Overall, vaccinated participants had a 150.8-fold increased rate of anti-spike IgG titres compared with the placebo group (GMR = 150.8; 95% CI, 95.9-237.1; I2 = 100%). Moreover, vaccinated participants had a 37.3-fold increased rate of neutralising antibody titres compared with the placebo group (GMR = 37.3; 95% CI, 28.5-48.7; I2 = 99%). The mRNA platform showed a higher rate of anti-spike IgG (GMR = 1263.5; 95% CI, 431.1-3702.8; I2 = 99%), while neutralising antibody titres were higher in the subunit platform (GMR = 53.4; 95% CI, 32.8-87.1; I2 = 99%) than in other platforms. Different vaccine platforms showed different rates of both anti-spike IgG and neutralising antibody titres with interesting results. The seroconversion rate of anti-spike IgG and neutralising antibody titres was more than 98% in the vaccinated participants.

Conclusion: Inactivated and subunit vaccines produced a high percentage of neutralising antibodies and had a low common adverse reaction rate compared to other platforms. In this regard, subunit and inactivated vaccines can still be used as the main vaccine platforms for effectively controlling infections with high transmission rates.

背景和目的:COVID-19 大流行迅速蔓延全球,造成全球数百万人死亡。为控制 COVID-19 大流行并减轻其对公共卫生造成的负担,已开发出多种疫苗。本研究旨在评估不同疫苗平台在诱导强效抗体反应方面的功效。此外,还评估了疫苗平台的血清转换率和常见副作用:这项荟萃分析包括符合资格标准的 COVID-19 疫苗临床试验。我们在电子数据库(包括PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science)和谷歌学术搜索引擎中搜索了符合条件的研究。考虑到纳入研究在方法上的异质性,我们选择了随机效应模型。几何平均比(GMR)被选为本次荟萃分析的效应大小:在通过筛选确定的 1838 条记录中,去除重复记录后,对 1076 条记录的全文进行了资格评估。经过全文评估,56 条记录符合条件并被纳入研究。总体而言,与安慰剂组相比,接种疫苗者的抗尖峰蛋白 IgG 滴度增加了 150.8 倍(GMR = 150.8;95% CI,95.9-237.1;I2 = 100%)。此外,与安慰剂组相比,接种者的中和抗体滴度增加了 37.3 倍(GMR = 37.3;95% CI,28.5-48.7;I2 = 99%)。mRNA 平台显示出更高的抗尖峰蛋白 IgG 比率(GMR = 1263.5;95% CI,431.1-3702.8;I2 = 99%),而亚基平台的中和抗体滴度(GMR = 53.4;95% CI,32.8-87.1;I2 = 99%)高于其他平台。不同的疫苗平台显示出不同的抗尖峰蛋白 IgG 和中和抗体滴度,结果令人感兴趣。在接种疫苗的参与者中,抗穗IgG和中和抗体滴度的血清转换率超过98%:结论:与其他平台相比,灭活疫苗和亚单位疫苗产生的中和抗体比例高,常见不良反应率低。因此,亚单位疫苗和灭活疫苗仍可作为有效控制高传播率感染的主要疫苗平台。
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引用次数: 0
Acute Post-Measles Encephalitis in a Returning Traveller: Highlighting the Need for MMR Vaccination. 一名回国旅行者的急性麻疹后脑炎:强调接种麻腮风疫苗的必要性。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2588
Sarah May Johnson, Jane Hassell, Gerard Leslie Peter Manning, Sniya Sudhakar, Joe Brierley, Louis Grandjean, Judith Breuer, Seilesh Kadambari
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引用次数: 0
Immune Evasion Mechanism of Neurotropic Viruses. 神经性病毒的免疫逃避机制
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2589
Yayun Yan, Yu Sun, Xinyuan Guo, Yuanchao An, Ying Chang

The persistent challenge posed by viruses that infect the central nervous system lies in their sophisticated ability to evade the host immune system. This review explores into the complex mechanisms of immune evasion employed by these neurotropic viruses, focussing on their modulation of host immune responses, evasion of adaptive immunity, and the cellular and molecular strategies that enable their persistence. Key areas explored include viral latency and reactivation, the inhibition of apoptosis, and antigenic variation, with a detailed examination of viral proteins and their interactions with host cellular processes.

感染中枢神经系统的病毒所带来的持续挑战在于它们躲避宿主免疫系统的复杂能力。这篇综述探讨了这些神经性病毒所采用的复杂的免疫逃避机制,重点是它们对宿主免疫反应的调节、对适应性免疫的逃避,以及使其能够持续存在的细胞和分子策略。探讨的主要领域包括病毒潜伏期和再活化、抑制细胞凋亡和抗原变异,并详细研究了病毒蛋白及其与宿主细胞过程的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods for Near-Real-Time Molecular Epidemiology of HIV and HCV. 用于近实时 HIV 和 HCV 分子流行病学的下一代测序方法。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.70001
Bethany A Horsburgh, Gregory J Walker, Anthony Kelleher, Andrew R Lloyd, Rowena A Bull, Francesca Di Giallonardo

The World Health Organisation has set targets of reducing the transmission of new hepatitis C (HCV) infections by 90%, and ending human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) as a public health threat, by 2030. To achieve this, efficient and timely viral surveillance, and effective public health interventions, are required. Traditional epidemiological methods are largely dependent on the recognition of incident cases with symptomatic illness; acute HIV and HCV infections are commonly asymptomatic, which may lead to delays in the recognition of such new infections. Instead, for these viruses, molecular epidemiology may improve the detection of, and response to, clusters of viral transmission. Molecular epidemiology using historical datasets has highlighted key populations that may have benefitted from a timely intervention. Similar analyses performed on contemporary samples are needed to underpin the 2030 targets, but this requires the generation of a cohesive dataset of viral genome sequences in near-real-time. To generate such data, methodologies harnessing next-generation sequencing (NGS) should be utilised. Here we discuss the opportunity presented by NGS for public health surveillance of HIV and HCV, and discuss three methods that can generate sequences for such analysis. These include full-length genome amplification, utilised for analysis of HCV in the research space; tiling PCR, which was the method of choice for many diagnostic laboratories in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; and bait-capture hybridisation, which has been utilised in local HIV outbreaks. These techniques could be applied for near-real-time HIV and HCV surveillance, informing public health strategies that will be key to achieving 2030 targets.

世界卫生组织制定了到 2030 年将丙型肝炎(HCV)新感染传播率降低 90%,并终结人类免疫缺陷病毒-1(HIV)对公共卫生的威胁的目标。要实现这一目标,需要高效及时的病毒监测和有效的公共卫生干预措施。传统的流行病学方法在很大程度上依赖于对有症状病例的识别;HIV 和 HCV 急性感染通常无症状,这可能导致对此类新感染的识别延迟。相反,对于这些病毒,分子流行病学可提高对病毒传播群的检测和应对能力。利用历史数据集进行的分子流行病学分析突出了可能受益于及时干预的关键人群。要实现 2030 年的目标,还需要对当代样本进行类似的分析,但这需要近乎实时地生成一个完整的病毒基因组序列数据集。要生成这样的数据,应利用下一代测序(NGS)方法。在此,我们讨论了 NGS 为 HIV 和 HCV 的公共卫生监测带来的机遇,并讨论了可生成用于此类分析的序列的三种方法。这些方法包括全长基因组扩增法(用于研究领域的 HCV 分析)、平铺 PCR 法(SARS-CoV-2 大流行时许多诊断实验室选择的方法)和诱饵捕获杂交法(已用于当地 HIV 疫情爆发)。这些技术可用于近实时艾滋病病毒和丙型肝炎病毒监测,为公共卫生战略提供信息,这将是实现 2030 年目标的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Crosstalk Between Innate Immunity and Autophagy in Viral Myocarditis Leading to Dilated Cardiomyopathy. 病毒性心肌炎导致扩张型心肌病的先天性免疫与自噬之间的相互关系
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2586
Chen Wang, Honglin Luo

Viral myocarditis, characterised by inflammation of the heart muscle, presents a significant challenge to global public health, particularly affecting younger individuals and often progressing to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a leading cause of heart failure. Despite ongoing research efforts, viable treatments for this condition remain elusive. Recent studies have shed light on the complex interplay between the innate immune response and autophagy mechanisms, revealing their pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis and subsequent DCM development. This review aims to delve into the recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms and pathways that intersect innate immunity and autophagy in the context of viral myocarditis. Furthermore, it explores the potential therapeutic implications of these findings, offering insights into promising avenues for the management and treatment of this debilitating condition.

病毒性心肌炎以心肌发炎为特征,是全球公共卫生面临的一项重大挑战,尤其影响年轻人,并经常发展为扩张型心肌病(DCM),这是心力衰竭的主要原因。尽管研究工作一直在进行,但针对这一病症的可行治疗方法仍然遥遥无期。最近的研究揭示了先天性免疫反应和自噬机制之间复杂的相互作用,揭示了它们在病毒性心肌炎的发病机制和随后的扩张性心肌病发展中的关键作用。本综述旨在深入探讨最近在了解病毒性心肌炎中先天性免疫和自噬相互交织的分子机制和途径方面取得的进展。此外,它还探讨了这些发现的潜在治疗意义,为管理和治疗这种使人衰弱的疾病提供了有希望的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Next Generation RNA/Protein-Carrying Vector With Pleiotropic Activity. 具有多基因活性的下一代 RNA/Protein Carrying Vector。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.70008
Tetsuya Nosaka, Junpei Ohtsuka, Tomomi Ohtsuka, Masayuki Fukumura

Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2), one of the causative agents of infantile common cold, is a non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus with a robust gene expression system. It infects recurrently throughout human life without causing severe disease. Because hPIV2 has a viral envelope that can carry ectopic proteins, we developed a non-propagative RNA/protein-carrying vector BC-PIV by deleting the F gene from hPIV2. BC-PIV can be vigorously proliferated in the stable packaging cell line Vero/BC-F cells expressing the hPIV2 F gene but not in other cells. BC-PIV can deliver exogenous gene(s) on a multigenic RNA genome as an inserted gene fragment(s) and simultaneously deliver exogenous protein(s) on its envelope in a membrane-anchored form. For example, influenza virus M2e protein, Ebola virus GP protein, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein were shown to be highly expressed in packaging cells and incorporated into the virion. The Ebola virus GP protein and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, each delivered via BC-PIV, efficiently induced neutralising antibodies against each virus, even after prior treatment with recombinant BC-PIV in mice and hamsters, respectively. In this review, we describe the properties of BC-PIV as a promising vaccine vector, and also demonstrate its application as an anti-tumour virus.

人副流感病毒 2 型(hPIV2)是婴幼儿普通感冒的病原体之一,它是一种非片段负义 RNA 病毒,具有强大的基因表达系统。它在人的一生中反复感染,但不会引起严重疾病。由于 hPIV2 的病毒包膜可携带异位蛋白,我们通过删除 hPIV2 中的 F 基因,开发出了一种非繁殖型 RNA/ 蛋白携带载体 BC-PIV。BC-PIV能在表达hPIV2 F基因的稳定包装细胞系Vero/BC-F细胞中旺盛增殖,但不能在其他细胞中增殖。BC-PIV 能以插入基因片段的形式在多基因 RNA 基因组上传递外源基因,同时以膜锚定形式在其包膜上传递外源蛋白质。例如,流感病毒 M2e 蛋白、埃博拉病毒 GP 蛋白和严重急性呼吸系统综合征-冠状病毒-2(SARS-CoV-2)尖峰蛋白在包装细胞中高度表达,并与病毒结合。埃博拉病毒 GP 蛋白和 SARS-CoV-2 尖峰蛋白分别通过 BC-PIV 传播,即使事先分别用重组 BC-PIV 处理小鼠和仓鼠,也能有效诱导针对每种病毒的中和抗体。在这篇综述中,我们描述了 BC-PIV 作为一种有前途的疫苗载体的特性,并展示了它作为抗肿瘤病毒的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Underlying Factors Predisposing to Viral-Induced Neurological Diseases. 病毒诱发神经系统疾病的潜在因素。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2587
Zahra Heydarifard, Paul Shapshak, Milad Zandi
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引用次数: 0
Autoantibodies in COVID‐19 and Other Viral Diseases: Molecular, Cellular, and Clinical Perspectives COVID-19 和其他病毒性疾病中的自身抗体:分子、细胞和临床视角
IF 11.1 2区 医学 Q1 VIROLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2583
Srijan Chatterjee, Manojit Bhattacharya, Sanskriti Saxena, Sang‐Soo Lee, Chiranjib Chakraborty
Autoantibodies are immune system‐produced antibodies that wrongly target the body's cells and tissues for attack. The COVID‐19 pandemic has made it possible to link autoantibodies to both the severity of pathogenic infection and the emergence of several autoimmune diseases after recovery from the infection. An overview of autoimmune disorders and the function of autoantibodies in COVID‐19 and other infectious diseases are discussed in this review article. We also investigated the different categories of autoantibodies found in COVID‐19 and other infectious diseases including the potential pathways by which they contribute to the severity of the illness. Additionally, it also highlights the probable connection between vaccine‐induced autoantibodies and their adverse outcomes. The review also discusses the therapeutic perspectives of autoantibodies. This paper advances our knowledge about the intricate interaction between autoantibodies and COVID‐19 by thoroughly assessing the most recent findings.
自身抗体是免疫系统产生的抗体,会错误地攻击人体细胞和组织。COVID-19 大流行使得自身抗体与病原体感染的严重程度以及感染痊愈后多种自身免疫性疾病的出现联系起来。本综述文章概述了自身免疫性疾病以及自身抗体在 COVID-19 和其他传染病中的功能。我们还研究了在 COVID-19 和其他感染性疾病中发现的不同类别的自身抗体,包括它们导致疾病严重程度的潜在途径。此外,文章还强调了疫苗诱导的自身抗体与不良后果之间可能存在的联系。综述还讨论了自身抗体的治疗前景。本文通过全面评估最新研究成果,增进了我们对自身抗体与 COVID-19 之间错综复杂的相互作用的了解。
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引用次数: 0
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