Pub Date : 2019-05-30DOI: 10.1186/s40693-019-0082-4
R. Jara, R. Crego, F. J. Arellano, Tomás A. Altamirano, J. Ibarra, R. Rozzi, J. Jiménez
{"title":"Breeding strategies of open-cup-nesting birds in sub-Antarctic forests of Navarino Island, Chile","authors":"R. Jara, R. Crego, F. J. Arellano, Tomás A. Altamirano, J. Ibarra, R. Rozzi, J. Jiménez","doi":"10.1186/s40693-019-0082-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-019-0082-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40693-019-0082-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46570255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-16DOI: 10.1186/s40693-019-0081-5
Gustavo Díaz, Pedro Arriagada, Konrad Górski, Oscar Link, Bruno Karelovic, Jorge Gonzalez, Evelyn Habit
BackgroundFragmentation (establishment of barriers e.g., hydropower dams, reservoirs for irrigation) is considered one of the greatest threats to conservation of river systems worldwide. In this paper we determine the fragmentation status of central Chilean river networks using two indices, namely Fragmentation Index (FI) and Longest Fragment (LF). These are based on the number of barriers and their placement as well as river length available for fish movement. FI and LF were applied to eight Andean river basins of central Chile in order to assess their natural, current (2018) and future (2050) fragmentation at the doorstep of a hydropower boom. Subsequently, we exemplify the use of these indices to evaluate different placement scenarios of new hydropower dams in order to maximize hydropower use and at the same time minimize impact on fish communities.ResultsIn the natural scenario 4 barriers (waterfalls) were present. To these 4 barriers, 80 new ones of anthropogenic origin were added in the current (2018) scenario, whereas 377 new barriers are expected in near future (2050). Therefore, compared to the ‘natural’ scenario, in 2050 we expect 115-fold increase in fragmentation in analysed river systems, which is clearly reflected by the increase of the FI values in time. At the same time, the LF diminished by 12% on average in the future scenario. The fastest increase of fragmentation will occur in small and medium rivers that correspond to 1st, 2nd and 3rd Strahler orders. Finally, case study on configuration of potential hydropower plants in the Biobío basin showed that hydropower output would be maximized and negative effects on fish communities minimised if new hydropower plants would be located in tributaries of the upper basin.ConclusionsFragmentation of Chilean Andean river systems is expected to severely increase in near future, affecting their connectivity and ecological function as well as resilience to other anthropogenic stressors. Indices proposed here allowed quantification of this fragmentation and evaluation of different planning scenarios. Our results suggest that in order to minimise their environmental impact, new barriers should be placed in tributaries in the upper basin and river reaches above existing barriers.
{"title":"Fragmentation of Chilean Andean rivers: expected effects of hydropower development","authors":"Gustavo Díaz, Pedro Arriagada, Konrad Górski, Oscar Link, Bruno Karelovic, Jorge Gonzalez, Evelyn Habit","doi":"10.1186/s40693-019-0081-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-019-0081-5","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundFragmentation (establishment of barriers e.g., hydropower dams, reservoirs for irrigation) is considered one of the greatest threats to conservation of river systems worldwide. In this paper we determine the fragmentation status of central Chilean river networks using two indices, namely Fragmentation Index (FI) and Longest Fragment (LF). These are based on the number of barriers and their placement as well as river length available for fish movement. FI and LF were applied to eight Andean river basins of central Chile in order to assess their natural, current (2018) and future (2050) fragmentation at the doorstep of a hydropower boom. Subsequently, we exemplify the use of these indices to evaluate different placement scenarios of new hydropower dams in order to maximize hydropower use and at the same time minimize impact on fish communities.ResultsIn the natural scenario 4 barriers (waterfalls) were present. To these 4 barriers, 80 new ones of anthropogenic origin were added in the current (2018) scenario, whereas 377 new barriers are expected in near future (2050). Therefore, compared to the ‘natural’ scenario, in 2050 we expect 115-fold increase in fragmentation in analysed river systems, which is clearly reflected by the increase of the FI values in time. At the same time, the LF diminished by 12% on average in the future scenario. The fastest increase of fragmentation will occur in small and medium rivers that correspond to 1st, 2nd and 3rd Strahler orders. Finally, case study on configuration of potential hydropower plants in the Biobío basin showed that hydropower output would be maximized and negative effects on fish communities minimised if new hydropower plants would be located in tributaries of the upper basin.ConclusionsFragmentation of Chilean Andean river systems is expected to severely increase in near future, affecting their connectivity and ecological function as well as resilience to other anthropogenic stressors. Indices proposed here allowed quantification of this fragmentation and evaluation of different planning scenarios. Our results suggest that in order to minimise their environmental impact, new barriers should be placed in tributaries in the upper basin and river reaches above existing barriers.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 4","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-25DOI: 10.4067/s0716-078x2002000300005
J. Betancourt, Bárbara Saavedra
Las zonas aridas y semiaridas de Sudamerica carecen de registros historicos exhaustivos de vegetacion y clima, a pesar de la utilidad que ellos representan para el establecimiento de condiciones basales y tasas naturales de variabilidad en procesos abioticos y bioticos. Fuentes comunmente utilizadas en el estudio de paleovegetacion como el polen, son escasas en zonas aridas y semiaridas en Sudamerica, lo que se refleja en el limitado numero de estudios vegetacionales durante el Cuaternario Tardio. El vacio existente en el conocimiento de la historia vegetacional de esta zona podria ser remediado gracias al descubrimiento y analisis de paleomadrigueras de roedores en ambientes rocosos. Estos depositos, producidos por roedores de los generos Lagidium, Phyllotis, Abrocoma y Octodontomys y posiblemente otros, son ricos en restos vegetales como ramas, hojas, polen o cuticulas; y restos animales como fecas, huesos o insectos. Las paleomadrigueras de roedores han sido extensamente utilizadas en el estudio de zonas aridas en Norteamerica, donde mas de 2.500 registros producidos por roedores del genero Neotoma han sido analizadas desde 1960, permitiendo reconstruir una detallada historia de cambios vegetacionales y climaticos de los ultimos 40.000 anos en el suroeste de Norteamerica. Investigaciones recientes han revelado la presencia de paleomadrigueras en la pre-puna, los desiertos del Monte y Patagonia del oeste argentino, el desierto de Atacama al norte de Chile y sur del Peru, el matorral Mediterraneo de Chile central, y la Puna del Altiplano Andino. Estos hallazgos fortalecen el gran potencial que dichos depositos tienen para reconstruir la vegetacion y el clima en Sudamerica. Con el fin de aportar elementos para la deteccion, uso y analisis de paleomadrigueras de roedores, entregamos una sintesis de los depositos registrados hasta la fecha en Sudamerica, asi como una descripcion de sus probables agentes formadores. Basados en la experiencia Norteamericana entregamos ademas, un resumen de los metodos existentes para la deteccion y analisis de dichos depositos, los sesgos asociados, asi como el aporte potencial que su analisis podria representar en futuros estudios paleoecologicos en las zonas aridas y semiaridas de Sudamerica
{"title":"Paleomadrigueras de roedores, un nuevo método para el estudio del Cuaternario en zonas áridas de Sudamérica","authors":"J. Betancourt, Bárbara Saavedra","doi":"10.4067/s0716-078x2002000300005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/s0716-078x2002000300005","url":null,"abstract":"Las zonas aridas y semiaridas de Sudamerica carecen de registros historicos exhaustivos de vegetacion y clima, a pesar de la utilidad que ellos representan para el establecimiento de condiciones basales y tasas naturales de variabilidad en procesos abioticos y bioticos. Fuentes comunmente utilizadas en el estudio de paleovegetacion como el polen, son escasas en zonas aridas y semiaridas en Sudamerica, lo que se refleja en el limitado numero de estudios vegetacionales durante el Cuaternario Tardio. El vacio existente en el conocimiento de la historia vegetacional de esta zona podria ser remediado gracias al descubrimiento y analisis de paleomadrigueras de roedores en ambientes rocosos. Estos depositos, producidos por roedores de los generos Lagidium, Phyllotis, Abrocoma y Octodontomys y posiblemente otros, son ricos en restos vegetales como ramas, hojas, polen o cuticulas; y restos animales como fecas, huesos o insectos. Las paleomadrigueras de roedores han sido extensamente utilizadas en el estudio de zonas aridas en Norteamerica, donde mas de 2.500 registros producidos por roedores del genero Neotoma han sido analizadas desde 1960, permitiendo reconstruir una detallada historia de cambios vegetacionales y climaticos de los ultimos 40.000 anos en el suroeste de Norteamerica. Investigaciones recientes han revelado la presencia de paleomadrigueras en la pre-puna, los desiertos del Monte y Patagonia del oeste argentino, el desierto de Atacama al norte de Chile y sur del Peru, el matorral Mediterraneo de Chile central, y la Puna del Altiplano Andino. Estos hallazgos fortalecen el gran potencial que dichos depositos tienen para reconstruir la vegetacion y el clima en Sudamerica. Con el fin de aportar elementos para la deteccion, uso y analisis de paleomadrigueras de roedores, entregamos una sintesis de los depositos registrados hasta la fecha en Sudamerica, asi como una descripcion de sus probables agentes formadores. Basados en la experiencia Norteamericana entregamos ademas, un resumen de los metodos existentes para la deteccion y analisis de dichos depositos, los sesgos asociados, asi como el aporte potencial que su analisis podria representar en futuros estudios paleoecologicos en las zonas aridas y semiaridas de Sudamerica","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4067/s0716-078x2002000300005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70194874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0080-y
Fabián Figueroa, Pablo Pedreros, Fabiola Cruces, Roberto Abdala-Díaz, Víctor Hernández, José Becerra, Roberto Urrutia
BackgroundThe invasive diatom Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt has received considerable attention in recent years due to its rapid geographic expansion and massive proliferation, which have altered habitat availability for benthic species and triggered negative effects on stream ecosystems. We evaluated the changes in the community structure of phytobenthos caused by the temporal variation in D. geminata coverage, in addition to the environmental variables correlated with the temporal variation of this invasive microalga in the Andean sector of the Biobio River basin, Chile.MethodsEnvironmental parameters were measured during the austral summer of 2014–2015, when phytobenthos samples were collected and used to develop a relative abundance matrix of taxa by calculating species richness and Shannon diversity. Multivariate techniques were used to establish the relationships among environmental variables, including D. geminata coverage, and the phytobenthic community.ResultsMassive proliferation of D. geminata occurs during summer (December–January). According to multiple regression analysis, electrical conductivity, temperature and total phosphorus were the variables that best explained the variation in D. geminata coverage. When D. geminata coverage was over 50%, phytobenthic species richness was significantly higher than at the uninvaded site, without a significant change in Shannon diversity. In addition, the % coverage of this invasive microalga and total phosphorus concentration were variables that differentiated phytobenthic communities among the study sites.ConclusionsEnvironmental factors such as conductivity, temperature and total phosphorus concentration influenced the temporal variability of D. geminata mats. In addition, the massive growth of this invasive diatom caused a higher species richness without altering Shannon diversity. Our results suggest that the spatio-temporal variability of D. geminata correlated with environmental variables will help predict the habitat suitability of this alga in other Andean rivers and allow a better understanding of ecological habitat alterations.
近年来，入侵硅藻Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt由于其快速的地理扩张和大规模的增殖，改变了底栖生物栖息地的可得性，并对河流生态系统造成了负面影响，引起了人们的广泛关注。在智利Biobio河流域的安第斯河段，我们评估了由D. geminata盖度的时间变化引起的底栖植物群落结构的变化，以及与这种入侵微藻的时间变化相关的环境变量。方法在2014-2015年南方夏季采集底栖植物样本，测量环境参数，通过计算物种丰富度和香农多样性建立分类群相对丰度矩阵。采用多变量技术建立了包括双叶草盖度在内的环境变量与底栖植物群落之间的关系。结果在夏季(12 - 1月)，双叶田鼠大量繁殖。经多元回归分析，电导率、温度和总磷是最能解释赤杨盖度变化的变量。当双叶草盖度超过50%时，底栖植物物种丰富度显著高于未入侵样地，Shannon多样性变化不显著。此外，该入侵微藻的覆盖百分比和总磷浓度是区分不同研究点底栖植物群落的变量。结论电导率、温度、总磷浓度等环境因子影响了双叶草垫的时间变异性。此外，这种入侵硅藻的大量生长在不改变香农多样性的情况下导致了更高的物种丰富度。研究结果表明，双叶藻的时空变化与环境变量的相关性将有助于预测该藻类在安第斯山脉其他河流中的栖息地适宜性，并有助于更好地了解生态栖息地的变化。
{"title":"Effect of Didymosphenia geminata coverage on the phytobenthic community in an Andean basin of Chile","authors":"Fabián Figueroa, Pablo Pedreros, Fabiola Cruces, Roberto Abdala-Díaz, Víctor Hernández, José Becerra, Roberto Urrutia","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0080-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0080-y","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundThe invasive diatom Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) M. Schmidt has received considerable attention in recent years due to its rapid geographic expansion and massive proliferation, which have altered habitat availability for benthic species and triggered negative effects on stream ecosystems. We evaluated the changes in the community structure of phytobenthos caused by the temporal variation in D. geminata coverage, in addition to the environmental variables correlated with the temporal variation of this invasive microalga in the Andean sector of the Biobio River basin, Chile.MethodsEnvironmental parameters were measured during the austral summer of 2014–2015, when phytobenthos samples were collected and used to develop a relative abundance matrix of taxa by calculating species richness and Shannon diversity. Multivariate techniques were used to establish the relationships among environmental variables, including D. geminata coverage, and the phytobenthic community.ResultsMassive proliferation of D. geminata occurs during summer (December–January). According to multiple regression analysis, electrical conductivity, temperature and total phosphorus were the variables that best explained the variation in D. geminata coverage. When D. geminata coverage was over 50%, phytobenthic species richness was significantly higher than at the uninvaded site, without a significant change in Shannon diversity. In addition, the % coverage of this invasive microalga and total phosphorus concentration were variables that differentiated phytobenthic communities among the study sites.ConclusionsEnvironmental factors such as conductivity, temperature and total phosphorus concentration influenced the temporal variability of D. geminata mats. In addition, the massive growth of this invasive diatom caused a higher species richness without altering Shannon diversity. Our results suggest that the spatio-temporal variability of D. geminata correlated with environmental variables will help predict the habitat suitability of this alga in other Andean rivers and allow a better understanding of ecological habitat alterations.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 5","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-25DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0079-4
Rocío A. Cares, Consuelo Sáez-Cordovez, Alfonso Valiente-Banuet, Rodrigo Medel, Carezza Botto-Mahan
BackgroundEulychnia acida is an endemic Chilean cactus species whose fruits show several traits that, taken as a whole, are compatible with a seed dispersal syndrome by large herbivore vertebrates. Since only a few large native mammals exist in Chile at present, cactus fruit consumption and seed dispersal may be coopted by introduced mammals as predicted by Janzen and Martin’s (1982) hypothesis for tropical ecosystems.FindingsWe describe the current frugivore species of E. acida in a protected semiarid-Mediterranean ecosystem using field measurements and feeding experiments. In addition, to examine a potential role as seed dispersers of the cactus species, we offered fruits and performed germination tests on seeds defecated by Lama guanicoe and the introduced goat Capra a. hircus under captivity conditions. Our data indicate that while fruits of E. acida are pecked by the Chilean tinamou, Nothoprocta perdicaria, and the Chilean mockingbird, Mimus thenca, and eaten by the brush-tailed rodent, Octodon degus, none of these species could be considered a legitimate seed disperser. Unlike L. guanicoe, the goat C. a. hircus did not reduce seed germination, having a neutral effect.ConclusionsResults from this study indicate that introduced C. a. hircus was the only species showing a potential role in the seed dispersal process of E. acida. In the absence of native frugivore species, goats might play an important role in population recruitment of the endemic cactus. These results extend Janzen and Martin’s (1982) anachronism hypothesis to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem.
deulychnia acid是智利特有的一种仙人掌，它的果实显示出几个特征，作为一个整体，与大型食草脊椎动物的种子传播综合征是相容的。由于智利目前只有少数大型本土哺乳动物，因此正如Janzen和Martin(1982)对热带生态系统的假设所预测的那样，仙人掌果实的消耗和种子的传播可能被引入的哺乳动物所取代。研究结果通过野外测量和饲养实验，描述了半干旱地中海生态系统中酸拟南芥的现状。此外，为了研究仙人掌作为种子传播者的潜在作用，我们提供了果实，并在圈养条件下对Lama guanicoe和引进的山羊Capra a. hircus排便的种子进行了发芽试验。我们的数据表明，虽然酸叶蝉的果实会被智利的鹦鹉(Nothoprocta perdicaria)和智利的反舌鸟(Mimus thenca)啄食，也会被刷尾啮齿动物(Octodon degus)吃掉，但这些物种都不能被认为是合法的种子传播者。与山核桃果不同，山羊山核桃不降低种子萌发，具有中性作用。结论引种的石菖蒲是唯一在酸菖蒲种子传播过程中发挥潜在作用的物种。在缺乏本地食果物种的情况下，山羊可能在仙人掌的种群补充中发挥重要作用。这些结果将Janzen和Martin(1982)的时代错误假说扩展到智利地中海生态系统。
{"title":"Frugivory and seed dispersal in the endemic cactus Eulychnia acida: extending the anachronism hypothesis to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem","authors":"Rocío A. Cares, Consuelo Sáez-Cordovez, Alfonso Valiente-Banuet, Rodrigo Medel, Carezza Botto-Mahan","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0079-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0079-4","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundEulychnia acida is an endemic Chilean cactus species whose fruits show several traits that, taken as a whole, are compatible with a seed dispersal syndrome by large herbivore vertebrates. Since only a few large native mammals exist in Chile at present, cactus fruit consumption and seed dispersal may be coopted by introduced mammals as predicted by Janzen and Martin’s (1982) hypothesis for tropical ecosystems.FindingsWe describe the current frugivore species of E. acida in a protected semiarid-Mediterranean ecosystem using field measurements and feeding experiments. In addition, to examine a potential role as seed dispersers of the cactus species, we offered fruits and performed germination tests on seeds defecated by Lama guanicoe and the introduced goat Capra a. hircus under captivity conditions. Our data indicate that while fruits of E. acida are pecked by the Chilean tinamou, Nothoprocta perdicaria, and the Chilean mockingbird, Mimus thenca, and eaten by the brush-tailed rodent, Octodon degus, none of these species could be considered a legitimate seed disperser. Unlike L. guanicoe, the goat C. a. hircus did not reduce seed germination, having a neutral effect.ConclusionsResults from this study indicate that introduced C. a. hircus was the only species showing a potential role in the seed dispersal process of E. acida. In the absence of native frugivore species, goats might play an important role in population recruitment of the endemic cactus. These results extend Janzen and Martin’s (1982) anachronism hypothesis to the Chilean Mediterranean ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 6","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0078-5
Miguel Ángel Soto, Jonathan Pena Castro, Laura Ines Walker, Luiz Roberto Malabarba, Mateus Henrique Santos, Mara Cristina de Almeida, Orlando Moreira-Filho, Roberto Ferreira Artoni
BackgroundAmong Neotropical fishes, the family Characidae is highly diverse and speciose and its taxonomy is not completely resolved. In Chile, the family is represented by five species, all within the genus Cheirodon, of which C. pisciculus, C. galusdae, C. kiliani, and C. australe are endemic, while C. interruptus is introduced. We compared chromosomal markers in order to appreciate the taxonomy and evolution of these trans-Andean fishes.ResultsThe specimens were photographed in stereomicroscope to observe the ventral protrusive teeth and cusps for morphological analysis and species identification. All of the species analysed had equally diploid chromosome number 2n = 50, with karyotypes dominated by high number of acrocentric chromosomes as compared to those of other members of Cheirodontinae. The distribution of heterochromatin was inconspicuous and was similar in all the species. The number of active NORs (nucleolus organizer regions) was polymorphic, with the greater number of them in C. kiliani and C. galusdae. The location of 5S and 18S rDNA ranged in number and position, showing two sites in different chromosomes. The fluorescent in situ hybridization with telomeric probe did not reveal interstitial sites in all analysed species.ConclusionsThe comparative analysis of karyotypes and morphological markers revealed a biogeographic pattern of distribution, with the species that occur in the southern region forming one group and those in central and northern Chile forming another.
在新热带鱼类中，特征科具有高度的多样性和种类，其分类尚未完全确定。在智利，该科有5种代表，都属于铁齿龙属，其中C. pisciculus, C. galusdae, C. kiliani和C. australe是特有的，而C. interruptus是引进的。为了了解这些跨安第斯鱼类的分类和进化，我们比较了染色体标记。结果在体视显微镜下观察标本的腹突牙和尖牙，进行形态分析和种类鉴定。所有种类的染色体数目均为2n = 50，与其他种类相比，其核型以高数量的顶心染色体为主。异染色质分布不明显，在所有种属中分布相似。活性NORs(核仁组织区)数量呈多态分布，以黄麻和锦葵居多。5S和18S rDNA的位置在数量和位置上都有差异，在不同的染色体上显示两个位点。使用端粒探针的荧光原位杂交在所有分析的物种中均未显示间隙位点。结论核型和形态标记的比较分析显示了其生物地理分布格局，主要分布于智利南部地区和智利中北部地区。
{"title":"Evolution of trans-Andean endemic fishes of the genus Cheirodon (Teleostei: Characidae) are associated with chromosomal rearrangements","authors":"Miguel Ángel Soto, Jonathan Pena Castro, Laura Ines Walker, Luiz Roberto Malabarba, Mateus Henrique Santos, Mara Cristina de Almeida, Orlando Moreira-Filho, Roberto Ferreira Artoni","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0078-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0078-5","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundAmong Neotropical fishes, the family Characidae is highly diverse and speciose and its taxonomy is not completely resolved. In Chile, the family is represented by five species, all within the genus Cheirodon, of which C. pisciculus, C. galusdae, C. kiliani, and C. australe are endemic, while C. interruptus is introduced. We compared chromosomal markers in order to appreciate the taxonomy and evolution of these trans-Andean fishes.ResultsThe specimens were photographed in stereomicroscope to observe the ventral protrusive teeth and cusps for morphological analysis and species identification. All of the species analysed had equally diploid chromosome number 2n = 50, with karyotypes dominated by high number of acrocentric chromosomes as compared to those of other members of Cheirodontinae. The distribution of heterochromatin was inconspicuous and was similar in all the species. The number of active NORs (nucleolus organizer regions) was polymorphic, with the greater number of them in C. kiliani and C. galusdae. The location of 5S and 18S rDNA ranged in number and position, showing two sites in different chromosomes. The fluorescent in situ hybridization with telomeric probe did not reveal interstitial sites in all analysed species.ConclusionsThe comparative analysis of karyotypes and morphological markers revealed a biogeographic pattern of distribution, with the species that occur in the southern region forming one group and those in central and northern Chile forming another.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 7","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-26DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6
R. L. Caetano, Cesar Carriço, Doris Mendonça de Abreu Freitas, Z. T. Pinto
{"title":"Ultrastructure of sensilla on antennae and maxillary palps in three Mesembrinellidae species","authors":"R. L. Caetano, Cesar Carriço, Doris Mendonça de Abreu Freitas, Z. T. Pinto","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40693-018-0077-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65743701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-18DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7
Laura T. Cervantes-Ramírez, M. Ramírez-López, P. Mussali-Galante, M. L. Ortiz-Hernández, E. Sánchez-Salinas, E. Tovar-Sánchez
{"title":"Heavy metal biomagnification and genotoxic damage in two trophic levels exposed to mine tailings: a network theory approach","authors":"Laura T. Cervantes-Ramírez, M. Ramírez-López, P. Mussali-Galante, M. L. Ortiz-Hernández, E. Sánchez-Salinas, E. Tovar-Sánchez","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40693-018-0076-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65743651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-24DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0075-8
Marta Vargas, Elda Jofré, Carlos Navarrete, Jaime Bravo, Fabiola Jamett, Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau, Cristian Ibáñez
Background“Garra de Leon” (Leontochir ovallei) is an ephemeral endangered Alstroemeriaceae species endemic to Chile. Despite many efforts to improve the conservation of this species, the stimulation of dormant seeds and the production of rhizomes under controlled conditions remain unexplored. The aims of this study were to examine the germination responses of L. ovallei seeds under different in vitro conditions and to evaluate the formation of viable rhizomes after transplantation from in vitro to ex vitro conditions.MethodsWe evaluated five in vitro seed germination treatments: (1) acid scarification, (2) acid scarification followed by imbibition of seeds in aerated water, (3) imbibition of seeds in gibberellic acid, (4) clipping of seeds with a scalpel, and (5) seeds without any treatment (control). Seedlings obtained under in vitro conditions were transplanted to ex vitro conditions following a gradual acclimation process. After eight months, the number of rhizomes per plant was counted. To test asexual multiplication, each rhizome with its respective storage organ was divided using a scalpel and then left to rest for two years before subsequent evaluation of viability. After that period, the rhizomes were re-hydrated, and the emergence of plants after three months was evaluated.ResultsSeeds exposed to treatment 2 showed the highest germination percentage (36%), followed by the seeds whose coats were clipped (14%) and seeds treated with sulphuric acid (8%). The seed germination of the control treatment was 3%. After transplantation to ex vitro conditions, we obtained 220 rhizomes, with an average of three to six rhizomes per plant. After two years of dormancy, a total of 34 rhizomes (of 220 rhizomes) reactivated growth after re-ydration, indicating that, at least, 15,5% responded positively to watering.ConclusionsWe found that the seed germination of L. ovallei was increased by strong acidic conditions, suggesting that the main type of seed dormancy in this species is physical. However, germination was further increased by aeration, indicating embryo dormancy. In addition, we were able to obtain viable rhizomes by transplanting seedlings from in vitro to ex vitro conditions, which may be helpful for the propagation and ex situ conservation of this rare geophyte of Chile and potentially other geophyte species adapted to wet-dry cycle environments.
“Garra de Leon”(Leontochir ovallei)是智利特有的一种短暂濒危的Alstroemeriaceae物种。尽管为改善该物种的保护做出了许多努力，但在受控条件下刺激休眠种子和产生根茎的方法仍未得到探索。本研究的目的是研究不同离体条件下卵形草种子的萌发反应，并评价其在离体和离体条件下移植后可存活根茎的形成。方法对5种体外种子萌发处理进行评价:(1)酸划伤处理，(2)酸划伤后加曝气水吸胀处理，(3)赤霉素吸胀处理，(4)刀剪种子，(5)种子不做任何处理(对照)。在离体条件下获得的幼苗经过逐渐驯化后移植到离体条件下。8个月后，计算每株根茎的数量。为了测试无性繁殖，用手术刀将每个根茎及其各自的储存器官分开，然后静置两年，然后进行生存能力评估。在这段时间之后，对根茎进行再水化，并在三个月后评估植株的出苗情况。结果处理2的种子发芽率最高(36%)，其次是剪皮处理(14%)和硫酸处理(8%)。对照处理的种子发芽率为3%。移植到离体条件后，我们获得220根根茎，平均每株3至6根根茎。休眠2年后，220个根茎中有34个根茎在再水化后恢复了生长，这表明至少有15.5%的根茎对浇水有积极反应。结论强酸性环境能促进卵圆草种子萌发，表明该植物种子休眠的主要方式为物理休眠。而曝气后，萌发率进一步提高，表明胚处于休眠状态。此外，我们还通过离体移栽获得了有活力的根状茎，这可能有助于这种智利稀有地植物的繁殖和迁地保护，也可能有助于其他适应干湿循环环境的地植物物种。
{"title":"Sexual and asexual reproductive aspects of Leontochir ovallei, a rare and endangered geophyte of the Atacama Desert","authors":"Marta Vargas, Elda Jofré, Carlos Navarrete, Jaime Bravo, Fabiola Jamett, Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau, Cristian Ibáñez","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0075-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0075-8","url":null,"abstract":"Background“Garra de Leon” (Leontochir ovallei) is an ephemeral endangered Alstroemeriaceae species endemic to Chile. Despite many efforts to improve the conservation of this species, the stimulation of dormant seeds and the production of rhizomes under controlled conditions remain unexplored. The aims of this study were to examine the germination responses of L. ovallei seeds under different in vitro conditions and to evaluate the formation of viable rhizomes after transplantation from in vitro to ex vitro conditions.MethodsWe evaluated five in vitro seed germination treatments: (1) acid scarification, (2) acid scarification followed by imbibition of seeds in aerated water, (3) imbibition of seeds in gibberellic acid, (4) clipping of seeds with a scalpel, and (5) seeds without any treatment (control). Seedlings obtained under in vitro conditions were transplanted to ex vitro conditions following a gradual acclimation process. After eight months, the number of rhizomes per plant was counted. To test asexual multiplication, each rhizome with its respective storage organ was divided using a scalpel and then left to rest for two years before subsequent evaluation of viability. After that period, the rhizomes were re-hydrated, and the emergence of plants after three months was evaluated.ResultsSeeds exposed to treatment 2 showed the highest germination percentage (36%), followed by the seeds whose coats were clipped (14%) and seeds treated with sulphuric acid (8%). The seed germination of the control treatment was 3%. After transplantation to ex vitro conditions, we obtained 220 rhizomes, with an average of three to six rhizomes per plant. After two years of dormancy, a total of 34 rhizomes (of 220 rhizomes) reactivated growth after re-ydration, indicating that, at least, 15,5% responded positively to watering.ConclusionsWe found that the seed germination of L. ovallei was increased by strong acidic conditions, suggesting that the main type of seed dormancy in this species is physical. However, germination was further increased by aeration, indicating embryo dormancy. In addition, we were able to obtain viable rhizomes by transplanting seedlings from in vitro to ex vitro conditions, which may be helpful for the propagation and ex situ conservation of this rare geophyte of Chile and potentially other geophyte species adapted to wet-dry cycle environments.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 9","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-14DOI: 10.1186/s40693-018-0074-9
Miguel A. Pequeño-Ledezma, Eduardo Alanís-Rodríguez, Víctor M. Molina-Guerra, Arturo Mora-Olivo, Alejandro G. Alcalá-Rojas, José Guadalupe Martínez-Ávalos, Fortunato Garza-Ocañas
BackgroundThe composition, structure and biological diversity of two regenerated areas after livestock activities in a Tamaulipan thornscrub vegetation from Northeast Mexico were evaluated. The regeneration of each area was evaluated with the establishment of 12 sampling sites of 50m2. From the data obtained ecological indexes such as: Importance Value Index and Diversity (alpha and beta) were evaluated.ResultsA total of 17 families, 40 genera and 42 species were registered, the most representative family was Fabaceae with 11 spp. The intensive livestock area had 36 species; a Margalef index of 4.44 and a 1.24 Shannon index, while the extensive livestock area had 32 species, a Margalef index of 4.24 and a 2.16 Shannon index. The communities evaluated have a (48%) mean similarity.Conclusions1) Regenerated communities after livestock use showed higher richness of species and alpha diversity.2) Evaluated communities have a mean similarity of (48%). 3) Even after 25 years of regeneration the most dominant species was Cenchrus ciliaris that is used for cattle forage.
{"title":"Plant composition and structure of two post-livestock areas of Tamaulipan thornscrub, Mexico","authors":"Miguel A. Pequeño-Ledezma, Eduardo Alanís-Rodríguez, Víctor M. Molina-Guerra, Arturo Mora-Olivo, Alejandro G. Alcalá-Rojas, José Guadalupe Martínez-Ávalos, Fortunato Garza-Ocañas","doi":"10.1186/s40693-018-0074-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40693-018-0074-9","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundThe composition, structure and biological diversity of two regenerated areas after livestock activities in a Tamaulipan thornscrub vegetation from Northeast Mexico were evaluated. The regeneration of each area was evaluated with the establishment of 12 sampling sites of 50m2. From the data obtained ecological indexes such as: Importance Value Index and Diversity (alpha and beta) were evaluated.ResultsA total of 17 families, 40 genera and 42 species were registered, the most representative family was Fabaceae with 11 spp. The intensive livestock area had 36 species; a Margalef index of 4.44 and a 1.24 Shannon index, while the extensive livestock area had 32 species, a Margalef index of 4.24 and a 2.16 Shannon index. The communities evaluated have a (48%) mean similarity.Conclusions1) Regenerated communities after livestock use showed higher richness of species and alpha diversity.2) Evaluated communities have a mean similarity of (48%). 3) Even after 25 years of regeneration the most dominant species was Cenchrus ciliaris that is used for cattle forage.","PeriodicalId":21247,"journal":{"name":"Revista Chilena de Historia Natural","volume":"40 10","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138496604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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